Kolonialarchitektur in Nordamerika
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Die Kolonialarchitektur, in der auf dem Gebiet der Vereinigten Staaten zwischen ungefähr 1600 und 1850 Häuser, Kirchen und Regierungsgebäude erbaut wurden, hat mehrere Unterstile, je nachdem von welcher Kolonialmacht bzw. welcher Einwanderergruppe sie stammt. Man unterscheidet zwischen First Period English, dem französischen, spanischen, holländischen und deutschen Stil sowie der späteren Georgianischen Architektur.[1]
Subtypes
Several relatively distinct regional styles of colonial architecture are recognized in the United States.
Building styles in the 13 colonies were influenced by techniques and styles from England, as well as traditions brought by settlers from other parts of Europe. In New England, 17th-century colonial houses were built primarily from wood, following styles found in the southeastern counties of England. Dutch Colonial structures, built primarily in the Hudson River Valley, Long Island, and northern New Jersey, reflected construction styles from Holland and Flanders and used stone and brick more extensively than buildings in New England. In Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, a style called "Southern Colonial" is recognized, characterized by 1½-storey brick houses, often with large chimneys projecting from the ends of the house. Along the lower Delaware River, Swedish colonial settlers introduced the log cabin to America. A style sometimes called Pennsylvania colonial appeared later (after 1681) and incorporates Georgian architectural influences. A Pennsylvania Dutch style is recognized in parts of southeastern Pennsylvania that were settled by German immigrants in the 18th century.[2]
Early buildings in some other areas of the United States reflect the architectural traditions of the colonial powers that controlled these regions. Architectural styles of Louisiana and French Canada are identified as French colonial, and reflect medieval French influences. The Spanish colonial style evokes Renaissance and Baroque architectural styles of Spain and Mexico; in the United States it is found in Florida, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and California.[2]
French Colonial
Developed in French-settled areas of North America beginning with the founding of Quebec in 1608 and New Orleans, Louisiana in 1718, as well as along the Mississippi River valley to Missouri.
The early French Colonial house type of the Mississippi River Valley region was the "poteaux-en-terre", constructed of heavy upright cedar logs set vertically into the ground. These basic houses featured double-pitched hipped roofs and were surrounded by porches (galleries) to handle the hot summer climate.
By 1825, in areas prone to flooding the "raised cottage" was developed with the houses being constructed atop raised brick walls, typically eight feet tall for protection from flood waters. In dry times, the basement remained cool and was used for cooking and storage.
By 1770, the basic French Colonial house form evolved into the "briquette-entre-poteaux" (small bricks between posts) style familiar in the historic areas of New Orleans and other areas. These homes featured double louvred doors, flared hip roofs, dormers and shutters.[3]
Spanish Colonial
Developed with the earlier Spanish settlements in the Caribbean and Mexico, the Spanish Colonial style in the United States can be traced back to St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest established city in the country, founded in 1565. The early type of dwelling in Spanish Florida was the "board house", a small one-room cottage constructed of pit-sawn softwood boards, typically with a thached roof. During the 18th century, the "common houses" were covered whitewashed lime mortar with an oyster shell aggregate. Typically two-story, the houses included cooling porches to accommodate the Florida climate.[4]
The style developed in the Southwest with Pueblo design influences from the indigenous Puebloan peoples architecture.
In Alta California, present day California, the style developed differently, being too far for imported building materials and without skilled builders, in a strong simple version for building the missions by the Spanish between 1769 and 1823. The Californios with Mexican Ranchos built California adobe haciendas.
Dutch Colonial
Developed from around 1630 with the arrival of Dutch colonists to New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley in what is now New York.[5] Initially the settlers built small, one room cottages with stone walls and steep roofs to allow a second floor loft. By 1670 or so, two-story gable-end homes were common in New Amsterdam.
In the countryside of the Hudson Valley, the Dutch farmhouse evolved into a linear-plan home with straight-edged gables moved to the end walls. Around 1720, the distinctive gambrel roof was adopted from the English styles, with the addition of overhangs on the front and rear to protect the mud mortar used in the typically stone walls and foundations.[6]
German Colonial
Developed after about 1675 or so, when the Delaware River Valley area (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware) of the United States was settled by immigrants from Sweden, Finland, Scotland, Ireland, Germany (Deutsch) and several other northern European nations. The early colonists to this region adapted the "half-timber" style of construction then popular in Europe, which used a frame of braced timbers filled-in with masonry (brick or stone). However, the colonists modified the method to typically include a first floor of field stones, and a second floor and roof system of timbers or logs. Eventually, field stones became the building material of choice for the entire homes, as they grew from one-room cottages to larger farmhouses.
The "bank house" was a popular form of home during this period, typically constructed into a hillside for protection during the cold winters and hot summers of the region.
The two-story "country townhouse" was also common around Pennsylvania during this time.[7]
Georgian Colonial
(New England and mid-Atlantic Regions) (1720–1780) The defining characteristics of Georgian architecture are its square, symmetrical shape, central door, and straight lines of windows on the first and second floor. There is usually a decorative crown above the door and flattened columns to either side of it. The door leads to an entryway with stairway and hall aligned along the center of the house.[8] All rooms branch off of these. Georgian buildings, in the English manner were ideally in brick, with wood trim, wooden columns and entablatures painted white. In the US, one found both brick buildings as well as those in wood with clapboards. They were usually painted white, though sometimes a pale yellow. This differentiated them from most other structures that were usually not painted.
A Georgian Colonial-style house usually has a formally-defined living room, dining room and sometimes a family room. The bedrooms are typically on the second floor. They also have one or two chimneys that can be very large. Also the stone walls of the structure would be made two feet in width. This was common because of the lack of wooden frames in the structures.
See also
- List of house types
- List of house styles
- Colonial Revival architecture
- Spanish Colonial Revival architecture
- Federal architecture
- Saltbox
- Cape Cod (house)
References
External links
- Historic Home - New England Antique Real Estate
- Wells-Thorn House, Deerfield, Massachusetts
- About: Colonial Houses
- Examples of Colonial House style at Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia
- Examples of Colonial House style at Colonial Salem, Massachusetts
- The Restoration of a Colonial House in Virginia
- Colonial House PBS series.
[[es:Arquitectura colonial de Estados Unidos]] [[pt:Arquitetura colonial dos Estados Unidos]]
- ↑ Colonial House Styles and Examples, OldHouses.com website (Copley Internet Systems, Inc.), auf englisch, abgerufen am 24. Oktober 2009
- ↑ a b Colonial architecture in North America, Enyclopedia Britannica Online, accessed October 23, 2009
- ↑ Lester Walker (1996), American Shelter : An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, p. 92. (1998 edition: ISBN 9780879518714 and ISBN 0879518715)
- ↑ Lester Walker (1996), American Shelter : An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, p. 41. (1998 edition: ISBN 9780879518714 and ISBN 0879518715)
- ↑ Hudson Valley Architecture: The Colonial Era (1609–1783), Hudson River Valley Institute website, accessed October 24, 2009
- ↑ Lester Walker (1996), American Shelter : An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, p. 58. (1998 edition: ISBN 9780879518714 and ISBN 0879518715)
- ↑ Lester Walker (1996), American Shelter : An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, p. 72. (1998 edition: ISBN 9780879518714 and ISBN 0879518715)
- ↑ Jackie Craven, 1690s - 1830: Georgian Colonial House Styles, in Picture Dictionary of House Styles in North America and Beyond, About.com:Architecture website, accessed October 24, 2009