Peterhouse
Vorlage:Infobox Oxbridge College
Peterhouse ist das älteste bestehende College der Universität Cambridge. Es wurde 1284 von Hugh von Balsham, Bischof von Ely gegründet. Peterhouse hat 284 Studenten, 130 Postgraduierte und 45 Fellows, es ist damit das kleinste College in Cambridge, das auch Studenten beiderlei Geschlechts aufnimmt. Der Name Peterhouse wird ohne den Zusatz „College“ verwendet.
Geschichte
Die Legende setzt die Gründung der Universität Cambridge auf den Beginn des 13. Jahhunderts. Offiziell gilt das Gründungsdatum von Peterhouse als Gründungsdatum der Universität. 1280 erlaubte König Eduard I. dem (für Cambridge zuständigen) Bischof von Ely, Hugh von Balsham, einige Studenten im St.-John's-Spital (heute St John’s College)[1], wo diese nach den Regeln des Merton College leben sollten.[2]. Da das Zusammenleben der Studenten mit den anderen Insassen des Spitals nicht klappte[3], wurden 1284 für die Studenten und den Master zwei Häuser außerhalb der Stadtmauer, beim Stadttor Trumpington erworben. Die dort befindliche Peterskirche diente als Namensgeber und Collegekirche[3]. Nach dem Tod des Bischofs Hugh (1286) konnte mit dem von ihm hinterlassenen Betrag von 300 Mark weiteres Land südlich der Kirche erworben werden, um das Hauptgebäude zu errichten.
Der 1553 ernannte Master Andrew Perne schaffte es, sowohl von Maria, der Katholischen als auch Elisabeth I. unterstützt zu werden. Bei seinem Tod im Jahr 1589 hinterlies Perne dem College seine umfangreiche Bibliothek und ein gewisses Vermögen, mit dem Geld konnten einige Stipendien eingerichtet werden und die Bibliothek bildet den Grundstein der heute „Perne Library“ genannten Bibliothek des Colleges.[4]
Der Master der Jahre 1626-1634, Matthew Wren, war ein Förderer des Arminianismus. Uner ihm und seinem Nachfolger John Cosin war Peterhouse als Zentrum des Arminianismus in England bekannt. Unter Cosin wurde die Kapelle nach William Lauds Vorstellungen umgebaut.[3] 1643, zu Begin des englischen Bürgerkriegs, wurde Cosin abgesetzt und die Kapelle nach puritanischen Prinizipien von Statuen und DeKorationen befreit.[3]
Zum 600jährigen Jubiläum von Peterhouse lies Lord Kelvin in einige Gebäuden des Colleges elektrische Beleuchtung installieren.
In den 1980ern war Peterhouse mit der Conservative Party von Margaret Thatcher eng verbunden. So sind die konservativen Politiker Michael Portillo und Michael Howard Abgänger von Peterhouse, der Master dieser Zeit, Hugh Trevor-Roper, geriet aber wiederholt in Konflikt mit dieser Linie einiger Petrianer.[5]
Gebäude
Peterhouse has its main site situated on Trumpington Street, to the south of Cambridge's town centre. The main portion of the college is just to the north of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and its grounds run behind the museum. The buildings date from a wide variety of times, and have been much altered over the years. The college is reputed to have been at least partially destroyed by fire in 1420. The entrance of the college has shifted through its lifetime as well, with the change being principally the result of the demolition of the row of houses that originally lined Trumpington Street on the east side of the college. In 1574, a map shows the entrance being on the south side of a single main court. The modern entrance is to the east, straight onto Trumpington Street.[1]
First Court
The area closest to Trumpington Street is referred to as First Court. It is bounded to the north by the Burroughs building (added in the 18th century), to the east by the street, to the south by the Porters' lodge and to the west by the chapel. Above the Porters' lodge is the Perne Library, named in honour of Andrew Perne, a former Master, and originally built in 1590 to house the collection that he donated to the college. It was extended towards the road in 1633 and features interior woodwork that was added in 1641-8 by William Ashley, who was also responsible for similar woodwork in the chapel.[6] Electric lighting was added to the library in 1937.[7] The area above the Perne Library was used as the Ward Library (the college's general purpose library) from 1952 to 1984, but it has now been moved to its own building in the north-west corner of the college site.[8]
Kapelle
Die Kapelle wurde 1628 an Stelle der alten Unterkünfte, in der Nähe des Haupeingang von der Trumpington Street, errichtet. Zuvor war die naheliegende Marienkriche (die im 13. Jahrhundert noch Simon Petrus geweiht war) als Collegekapelle verwendet worden. Die Kapelle wurde am 17. März 1632 von Francis White, Bischof of Ely konsekriert.[1]
The building’s style reflects the contemporary religious trend towards Arminianism The Laudian Gothic style of the Chapel mixes Renaissance details but incorporated them into a traditional Gothic building. The Chapel’s Renaissance architecture contains a Pietà altarpiece and a striking ceiling of golden suns. Its placement in the centre of one side of a court, between open collenades is unusual, being copied for a single other college (Emmanuel) by Christopher Wren.[9] The original stained glass was destroyed by Parliamentarians in 1643, with only the east window’s crucifixion scene (based on Rubens' Le Coup de Lance) surviving. The current side windows are by Max Ainmuller, and were added in 1855. The cloisters on each side of the Chapel date from the seventeenth cenrury. Their design was classicised in 1709, while an ornamental porch was removed in 1755. The music manuscripts from the early years of the Chapel survive, and are one of the most important collections of Tudor and Jacobean church music. The restoration of the 1763 John Snetzler organ in the Chapel was by Noel Mander.
The first person buried in the Chapel was Samuel Horne, a fellow of the college.[1] Horne was probably chaplain.
Old Court
Old Court lies beyond the Chapel cloisters. To the south of the court is the dining hall, the only College building that survives from the thirteenth century. Between 1866 and 1870, the hall was restored by the architect George Gilbert Scott, Jr.. Under Scott, the timber roof was repaired and two old parlours merged to form a new Combination Room. The stained glass windows were also replaced with Pre-Raphaelite pieces by William Morris, Ford Madox Brown and Edward Burne-Jones.[3] The fireplace (originally built in 1618) was restored with tiles by Morris, including depictions of St Peter and Hugo de Balsham.[10] The hall was extensively rennovated in 2006-7.
The north and west sides of Old Court were added in the fifteenth century, and classicised in the eighteenth century.[3] The chapel makes up the fourth, east side to the court. Rooms in Old Court are occupied by a mixture of fellows and undergraduates. The west and north sides of the court also house Peterhouse’s JCR, and the student bar.
Gisborne Court
Gisborne Court is accessible through an archway leading from the west side of Old Court. It was built in 1825-6.[3] Its cost was met with part of a benefaction of 1817 from the Rev. Francis Gisborne, a former Fellow. The court is built in white brick with stone dressings in a simple Tudor Gothic style from the designs of William Mclntosh Brookes. Only three sides to the court were built, with the fourth side being a screen wall. The wall was demolished in 1939, leaving only its footing.[11] The College is currently considering plans to build a fourth side in a similar style. Rooms in Gisborne Court are mainly occupied by undergraduates. Many previously housed distinguished alumni, including Lord Kelvin in I staircase.
Fen Court and the Birdwood Building
Beyond Gisborne Court is Fen Court, a twentieth century building partially on stilts. Fen Court was built between 1939 and 1941 from designs by H. C. Hughes and his partner Peter Bicknell.[12] It was amongst the earliest buildings in Cambridge designed in the style of the Modern Movement pioneered by Walter Gropius at the Bauhaus. The carved panel by Anthony Foster over the entrance doorway evokes the mood in Britain as the building was completed. It bears the inscription DE PROFUNDIS CLAMAVI MCMXL - "out of the depths have I cried out 1940". These are the first words of Psalm 130, one of the Penitential Psalms. Alongside the inscription is a depiction of St Peter being saved from the sea.
The adjacent bath-house, known as the Birdwood Building, makes up the western side of Gisborne Court. This was also designed by Hughes and Bicknell, and was built between 1932 and 1934.[12]
Ward Library
The north-east corner of the main site is occupied by the Ward Library. The building it is housed in was originally the University Museum of Classical Archaeology and was designed by Basil Champneys. It was adapted to its modern purpose by Robert Potter in 1982.
Gärten
While officially being named the Grove, the grounds to the south of Gisborne Court have been known as the Deer Park since deer were brought there in the nineteenth century. During that period it achieved fame as the smallest deer park in England. After the First World War the deer sickened and passed their illness onto stock that had been imported from the Duke of Portland’s estate at Welbeck Abbey in an attempt to improve the situation.
The remainder of the college's gardens divide into areas known as the Fellows' Garden, just to the south of Old Court and the Scholars' Garden, at the south end of the site, surrounding the William Stone Building.
The William Stone building
The William Stone building lies to the south of the Deer Park and was funded by a £100,000 bequest from William Stone (1857-1958), a former scholar of the college. Erected in 1963-4, to a design by Sir Leslie Martin and Sir Colin St John Wilson, it is an eight-storey brick tower.[13] It houses a mixture of Fellows and undergraduates. It has recently been refurbished, converting the rooms to be en-suite.
The Burroughs building
The Burroughs building is situated at the front of the college, parallel to the Chapel. It is named after its architect, Sir James Burroughs, the Master of Caius, and was built in 1736. It is one of several Cambridge neo-Palladian buildings designed by Burroughs. Others include the remodelling of the Hall and Old Court at Trinity Hall and the chapel at Clare College.
The Master’s Lodge
The Master’s Lodge is situated across Trumpington Street from the College, and was bequeathed to the College in 1727 by a Fellow, Dr Charles Beaumont, son of a former Master, Joseph Beaumont. It is built in red brick in the Queen Anne style.
Herberge
Die Herberge liegt nahe der Wohnung des Masters und wurde 1926 im Neu-Georgianischen Stil errichtet. In ihm wohnen zur Zeit die Studenten und einige Fellows. Wärend des Zweiten Weltkrieges war hier die London School of Economics untergebracht.[14]
Wappen
Das College hat im Laufe sienr Geschichte fünf verschiedene Wappen benutzt.
Das Wappen zeigt innen das Wappen des Gründers Hugh de Balsham, und außen die Kronen der Diözese Ely.[15]
Bekannte Absolventen
Zu den Mitgliedern von Peterhouse gehören drei Nobelpreis-Träger: Aaron Klug, Archer J. P. Martin und Max Ferdinand Perutz weitere bekannte Absolventen sind William Thomson, 1. Baron Kelvin und Augustus FitzRoy, 3. Duke of Grafton.
Ein bekannter Student des Peterhouse im 18. Jahrhundert war der Dichter und Historiker Thomas Gray, er verlies das College noch vor seinem Abschluss und wechselte in das Pembroke College[3]
Im 20. Jahhundert war das College sowohl für deine Leistungen in der Geschichtswissenschaft als auch in der Naturwissenschaft bekannt. Bekannte Fellows der historischen Fachrichtung waren Adolphus William Ward, Harold Temperley, Herbert Butterfield, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Maurice Cowling und Niall Ferguson. bekannte Fellows der Naturwissenschaft waren Aaron Klug, Max Perutz, Archer J. P. Martin und James Dewar.[16]
Gesellschaften
- The Heywood Society (Theater und Film)
- Junior Common Room
- Middle Common Room
- Boat Club
- Golf Club
- Mountaineering & Climbing
- Perne Club
- History Society
- Kelvin Club
- Politics Society
- Theory Group
- Music Society
- Chapel Choir
- Christian Union[17]
Quellen
- ↑ a b c d Charles Henry Cooper: Memorials of Cambridge. William Metcalfe, Cambridge 1860.
- ↑ 'The colleges and halls: Peterhouse', A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Band 3: The City and University of Cambridge (1959), S. 334-340. Abgerufen am 1. Juli 2008.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Thomas Alfred Walker: Peterhouse. W. Heffer and Sons Ltd, Cambridge 1935.
- ↑ Patrick Collinson, ‘Perne, Andrew (1519?–1589)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (2004).
- ↑ Maurice Cowling Obituary. The Times, abgerufen am 6. April 2010.
- ↑ Peterhouse, Cambridge. Britain Express, abgerufen am 8. September 2008.
- ↑ The Perne Library. In: Peterhouse Architectural Tour. Peterhouse, Cambridge, abgerufen am 8. September 2008.
- ↑ Over the Perne Library. In: Peterhouse Architectural Tour. Peterhouse, Cambridge, abgerufen am 8. September 2008.
- ↑ Old Court, Looking East. In: Peterhouse Architectural Tour. Peterhouse, Cambridge, abgerufen am 8. September 2008.
- ↑ Hall Chimneypiece. In: Peterhouse Architectural Tour. Peterhouse, Cambridge, abgerufen am 8. September 2008.
- ↑ Gisborne Court. In: Peterhouse Architectural Tour. Peterhouse, Cambridge, abgerufen am 8. September 2008.
- ↑ a b Peterhouse Annual Record 2002/2003
- ↑ William Stone Building. In: Peterhouse Architectural Tour. Peterhouse, Cambridge, abgerufen am 8. September 2008.
- ↑ London School of Economics. Abgerufen am 6. April 2010.
- ↑ Peterhouse Annual Record 1999/2000
- ↑ Eminent Petreans. Peterhouse, abgerufen am 6. April 2010.
- ↑ http://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/current-students/clubs-and-societies
Weblinks
- Peterhouse Offizielle Website
- Homepage der Petreaner mit der Peterhouse Society
Christ’s | Churchill | Clare | Clare Hall | Corpus Christi | Darwin | Downing | Emmanuel | Fitzwilliam | Girton | Gonville & Caius | Homerton | Hughes Hall | Jesus | King’s | Lucy Cavendish | Magdalene | New Hall | Newnham | Pembroke | Peterhouse | Queens’ | Robinson | St Catharine’s | St Edmund’s | St John’s | Selwyn | Sidney Sussex | Trinity | Trinity Hall | Wolfson
Koordinaten: 52° 12′ 3,2″ N, 0° 7′ 6,2″ O
Kategorie:College der Universität Cambridge Kategorie:Grade-I-Bauwerk (Cambridgeshire)