Menschenrechte in Russland

In recent years Vladimir Lukin, current Ombudsman of the Russian Federation, has invariably characterized the human rights situation in Russia as unsatisfactory. However, as he said in his report on the situation in 2006, this shouldn't discourage, because building a lawful state and civil society in such a complex country as Russia is a hard and long process. He said that, in 2006, the major flow of complaints, as usual, concerned social and economic rights.

Sergey Kovalev, former Ombudsman and a member of the Moscow Helsinki Group, in a 2006 interview with Radio Freedom, said there were fundamental problems with human rights in Russia. He said blood had been spilt in Chechnya and death squads were acting there. He claimed that the basic norms of the Constitution of Russia did not work; there was no independent Parliament, no independent judiciary, and one could only dream about free and open elections. He said the government was ready to murder its citizens, referring to the use of mysterious chemical agent during Moscow theater hostage crisis and claiming that during the Beslan school hostage crisis hostages' lives were disregarded for political reasons.

Alvaro Gil-Robles, the first Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, in his 2005 report expressed his impression of the scale of changes which the country has experienced since the end of the Soviet era. He said, "the fledgling Russian democracy is still, of course, far from perfect, but its existence and its successes cannot be denied." He noted that since 1996 Russian legislation has been radically reformed in order to bring it in line with European standards and most of the current weaknesses lie in implementing the existing law. Another major difficulty is the death penalty, still provided for in Russian law. Gil-Robles also noted that some of the recent reforms have raised concerns "among the public as to whether democratic achievements will remain in place".

Overview

Vladimir Lukin in his 2005 annual report on the situation noted major troubles in the socio-economic sphere, corruption and cases of inhumane treatment by police, problems of inefficiency in the judicial system and state of vulnerable social groups (children, pensioners, military, prisoners and patients of psychiatric clinics) and potentially dangerous situation in Chechnya. Along with that positive social development in 2005, according to Lukin included rising accessibility of global media and information resources, improvement of conditions in investigation cells, rise of the role of juries, rise of popularity of certain civilian initiatives, more just conditions of achieving Russian citizenship.

Violations of human rights in Russia include widespread and systematic torture of persons in custody by police , dedovshchina in Russian Army, neglect and cruelty in Russian orphanages , violations of children's rights . During the Second Chechen War there were summary executions and "disappearance" of civilians in Chechnya . According to ombudsman of Chechen Republic Nurdi Nukhazhiyev, the most complex and painful problem (as of March 2007) is finding over 2700 abducted, unaccounted for and forcefully held citizens; analysis of complaints of citizens of Chechnya shows that social problems ever more often come to the foreground, while yet two years ago complaints mostly concerned violation of right for life. According to Amnesty International there is discrimination, racism, and murders of members of ethnic minorities . Since 1992 at least 44 journalists were killed .

The Federal Law of 10 January2006 changed the orders affecting registration and operation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Russia. As stated in the 2006 report of Vladimir Lukin, many concerns raised by this Law among human rights groups turned out to be excessive; however certain troubles arose as many foreign NGOs failed to register up to required date October 18, 2006.

Concerns were prompted by the closure of the Russian-Chechen Friendship Society, cases of attacks of local authorities on demonstrators . High concern was caused by murders of opposition lawmakers and journalists Anna Politkovskaya , Yuri Schekochikhin , Galina Starovoitova , Sergei Yushenkov , as well as imprisonments of human rights defenders, scientists, and journalists like Trepashkin , Igor Sutyagin , Valentin Danilov .

In 2006 the Economist weekly magazine published a democracy rating, putting Russia at 102nd place among 167 countries and defining it as a "hybrid regime with a trend towards curtailment of media and other civil liberties." However, Russia was marked with 7 points out of 10 for "electoral process and pluralism", and 5.6 points out of 10 for "political participation" and "civil liberties"; its major flaws were 3.2 points for "functioning of the government" and 3.75 out of 10 for "political culture".

Russia occupies 120th place of 157 countries in the Index of Economic Freedom, composed by Heritage Foundation. (A blogger known under the sobriquet "Konstantin2005" has criticised this rating for subjective treatment of some scores, and "tricky" moments which allegedly lead to the worsening of Russia's position in the rating.)

Judicial and penal system

The judiciary is a subject to manipulation by political authorities according to Amnesty International.. According to Constitution of Russia, top judges are appointed by the Federation Council, following nomination by the President of Russia. Anna Politkovskaya described in her book Putin's Russia stories of judges who did not follow "orders from the above" and were assaulted or removed from their positions Former judge Olga Kudeshkina wrote an open letter in 2005 in which she criticized chairman of Moscow city court O. Egorova for "recommending judges to make right decisions" which allegedly caused more than 80 judges in Moscow to retire in the period from 2002 to 2005. There are large case backlogs and trial delaysVorlage:Fact.

Lengthy pre-trial detention remains a serious problem. Prison conditions fall well below international standardsVorlage:Fact. Over 100,000 inmates have tuberculosis. Human rights groups estimate that about 11,000 inmates and prison detainees die annually, most because of overcrowding, disease, and lack of medical careVorlage:Fact.

In 2001, President Boris Yeltsin pronounced a moratorium on the death penalty. However, Russian Government still violates many promises they made upon entering the Council of Europe. Citizens who appeal to European Court of Human Rights are often prosecuted by Russian authorities, according to the allegations of Politkovskaya

Torture and abuse

The Constitution of Russia forbids arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment. Part 2 of Article 21 of the constitution states that "no one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment…". However Russian police is regularly observed practicing torture - including beatings, electric shocks, rape, asphyxiation - in interrogating arrested suspects.. A popular method is called Phone Call to Putin. In 2000, human rights Ombudsman Oleg Mironov estimated that 50% of prisoners with whom he spoke claimed to have been tortured. Amnesty International reported that Russian military forces in Chechnya rape and torture local women with electric shocks, when electric wires are connected to the straps of their bra on their chest.

In the most extreme cases, hundreds of innocent people from the street were arbitrary arrested, beaten, tortured, and raped by special police forces. Such incidents took place not only in Chechnya, but also in Russian towns of Blagoveshensk, Bezetsk, Nefteyugansk, and others

On April 26, 2007, Radio Freedom announced that unofficial movement "Russia the beaten" in Moscow was created by human rights activists, journalists who "suffered from beatings in numerous Russian cities".[1]

Torture and humiliation are also widespread in Russian army (see also dedovshchina). Many young men are killed or commit suicide every year because of it. It's reported that some young male conscipts are forced to work as prostitutes for "outside clients" Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia works to protect rights of young soldiers.

Crime

In the 1990s, the growth of organized crime (see Russian mafia and Russian oligarchs) and the fragmentation of law enforcement agencies in Russia coincided with a sharp rise in violence against business figures, administrative and state officials, and other public figures. President Vladimir Putin inherited these problems when he took office, and during his election campaign in 2000, the new president won popular support by stressing the need to restore law and order and to bring rule of law to Russia as the only way of restoring confidence in the country's economy.

According to data by Demoscope Weekly, Russian homicide rate showd rise from the level of 15 murders per 100,000 people in 1991 to 32.5 in 1994, then it fell to 22.5 in 1998, that was succeeded by rise with maximum of 30.5 in 2002, and a fall to 20 murders per 100,000 people in 2006.

With the prison population rate of 532 per 100,000 population, Russia is tied with Bermuda United Kingdom and Belarus, second to the United States (2005 data).

Criminology studies show that for first five years since 2000 compared with the average for 1992 to 1999, rate of robberies is up by 38.2% and rate of drug-related crimes is higher by 71.7%.

Politically-motivated prosecutions

Espionage cases

In Soviet period of time scientists encountered sufficient administrative barriers when working with foreign colleagues. After collapse of the Soviet Union which coincided with decrease of governmental financing, many scientists broadened their contacts with foreign laboratories. A point to note is that administrative norms of secrecy in Russia are still more strict than those accepted in the West.

There were several cases when FSB accused scientists for alleged transferring state secrets to different countries, while defendants and their colleagues claimed that transferred information or technologies were based on sources well known in the world. While such cases caused resonance in society, courts considering the cases were often closed from press.

Scientists in question are: Igor Sutyagin (sentenced to 15 years), physicist Valentin Danilov (sentenced to 14 years), physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev (held in 2006 under a written pledge not to leave the city), academician Oskar Kaibyshev (convicted to 6 years of suspended sentence and a fine of $130,000) .

Ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin, who worked with Bellona Foundation, was accused in espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet. He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). Other cases of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko, sentenced to three years imprisonment and later released under a general amnesty , Vladimir Petrenko who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles and was held in pretrial confinement for seven months, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund who was held in pretrial confinement for six months.

Other cases

Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB captain who assisted Soviet dissidents and was sentenced to 8 years of prison in Soviet time, in 1995 was sentenced for 3 years for unlawful store of weapons (which could be a fake Vorlage:Fact). After 1 year he was released and left the country.

Vil Mirzayanov was accused for 1992 article in which he has claimed that Russia was working on chemical WMD, but won the court, and later emigrated to U.S.

Vladimir Kazantsev who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms was arrested in August 1995, and released in the end of the year, however the case was not closed. Investigator Mikhail Trepashkin was sentenced in May 2004 for 4 years of prison. .

Journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov in January 9, 2006 was sentenced for alleged diffamation of the President in his article "Putin as phallic symbol of Russia" to fine of 20,000 roubles (about 695 USD).

Political dissidents from the former Soviet republics, such as authoritarian Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, are often arrested by FSB and extradited to these countries for prosecution, despite protests from international human rights organizations. Special services of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaidjan also kidnap people at the Russian territory, with the implicit approval of FSB

Many people have been also illegally detained to prevent them from demonstrations during G8 Summit in 2006.

Political murders

Vorlage:See also Some Russian opposition lawmakers and investigative journalists are suspected to be assassinated while investigating corruption and alleged crimes conducted by state authorities or FSB: Sergei Yushenkov, ‎Yuri Shchekochikhin, Alexander Litvinenko, Galina Starovoitova, Anna Politkovskaya, Paul Klebnikov.

Situation in Chechnya

The war

The Russian Government's policies in Chechnya are a cause for international concern. It has been reported that Russian military forces have abducted, tortured, and killed numerous civilians in Chechnya[2], but Chechen separatists have also committed abuses [3], such as abducting people for ransom [4], or murders and rapes against not Chechen population. Human rights groups are very critical of cases of Chechens disappearing in the custody of Russian officials. Systematic illegal arrests and torture conducted by the armed forces under the command of Ramzan Kadyrov and Federal Ministry of Interior have also been reported.[5]. There are reports about repressions, information blockade, and atmosphere of fear and despair in Chechnya [6].

As claimed in 2005 report by Memorial, there is a system of "conveyor of violence" in Chechen Republic (as well as in neighbouring Ingushetiya) when a person suspected in crimes connected with activity of separatists squads, is unlawfully detained by members of security agencies, and then disappears. After a while part of detainees is found in centers of preliminary detention (while some allegedly disappear forever), and then he is tortured to confess to a crime or/and to slander somebody else. According to Memorial, psychological pressure is also in use. Known Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya compared this system with Gulag and claimed the number of several hundred cases.

Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all elected and appointed presidents of the unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria including Dzhokhar Dudaev, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Aslan Maskhadov, and Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev.

A number of journalists were killed in Chechnya or supposedly for reporting on the conflict. List of names includes less and more famous: Cynthia Elbaum, Vladimir Zhitarenko, Nina Yefimova, Jochen Piest, Farkhad Kerimov, Natalya Alyakina, Shamkhan Kagirov, Viktor Pimenov, Nadezhda Chaikova, Supian Ependiyev, Ramzan Mezhidov and Shamil Gigayev, Vladimir Yatsina, Aleksandr Yefremov, Roddy Scott, Paul Klebnikov, Magomedzagid Varisov, Anna Politkovskaya [7] [8].

Current stage

In March 2007 interview, Ombudsman of Chechnya Nurdi Nukhazhiyev said the republic inherited many problems, and the most complex and painful was to find over 2700 abducted, unaccounted for and forcifully held citizens. While this question was raised in top governmental bodies, there was no success in its solution. According to Nukhazhiyev, solution might be facilitated after creation of a governmental interdepartment committee, working on the level of the President of Russia.

According to Nurdi Nukhazhiyev, citizens express ever more complaints of social character, which is different from the situation two years ago, when the major stream of complaints concerned violation of right for life. In 2006 Ombudsman's office accepted 1216 citizens and viewed 420 written appeals; over a third of appeals were resolved in favor of declarants; for other third they clarified the people legal methods of securing their rights, some appeals are currently viewed in governmental bodies. Analysis of complaints shows, that typical violations became those of personal and socially economical rights of citizens, including rights of migrants and internally transferred people, housing and property rights, right to work, rights of women and children. According to Nukhazhiyev, this allows to conclude that "peace had already won in consciousness of citizens".

Nukhazhiyev is assured, that the major complexity in resolving social problems is unavailability of legal mechanisms of securing one's rights for many categories of citizens. It is the consequence of imperfection of judiciary in Chechnya: e.g., many vacancies of judges in regional courts are not filled. In this connection an acute problem is to complete forming of the Qualification Board of the Supreme Court of the Chechen Republic.

Some problems in Chechnya can't be solved by the Ombudsman and regional government — it is reconstructing socially economical infrastructure. Nukhazhiyev thinks it's mainly the task of the federal government, and sais Ombudsman's office "completely does not understand, why programs accepted at the highest level aren't executed, and nobody takes personal responsibility for that." The result of it is that "basic branches of Chechnya's economy aren't restored", including the building industry. Nukhadzhiyev reminds, that in the united country its devastated part was always reconstructed by forces of the entire country, and sais that one can't speak about proper securing of rights and liberties of citizens in perspective without reestablishing socially economical sphere and creating job positions, allowing a certain citizen and his family to live decently.

Governmental organizations

Efforts to institutionalize official human rights bodies have been mixed. In 1996, human rights activist Sergey Kovalev resigned as chairman of the Presidential Human Rights Commission to protest the government's record, particularly the war in Chechnya. Parliament in 1997 passed a law establishing a "human rights ombudsman," a position that is provided for in Russia's constitution and is required of members of the Council of Europe, to which Russia was admitted in February 1996. The Duma finally selected Duma deputy Oleg Mironov in May 1998. A member of the Communist Party, Mironov resigned from both the Party and the Duma after the vote, citing the law's stipulation that the Ombudsman be nonpartisan. Because of his party affiliation, and because Mironov had no evident expertise in the field of human rights, his appointment was widely criticized at the time by human rights activists. International human rights groups operate freely in Russia, although the government has hindered the movements and access to information of some individuals investigating the war in ChechnyaVorlage:Fact.

Non-governmental organizations

The lower house of the Russian parliament passed a bill by 370-18 requiring local branches of foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to reregister as Russian organizations subject to Russian jurisdiction, and thus stricter financial and legal restrictions. The bill gives Russian officials oversight of local finances and activities. The bill has been highly criticized by Human Rights Watch, Memorial organization [9], and the nonprofit think tank Indem for its possible effects on international monitoring of the status of human rights in Russia. [10] [11] In October 2006 activities of many foreign nongovernmental organizations have been suspended using this law, officials said that "the suspensions resulted simply from the failure of private groups to meet the law's requirements, not from a political decision on the part of the state. The groups would be allowed to resume work once their registrations are completed" Current status of these organizations is unknown.

Press freedom in the Russian regions as of 2006
Green: Quite free
Orange: Not quite free
Red: unfree
Grey: No data (Free regions were not found)
Source: Glasnost Defense Foundation

Freedom of religion

The Constitution of Russian Federation provides for freedom of religion and the equality of all religions before the law as well as the separation of church and state. The influx of missionaries over the past several years has led to pressure by groups in Russia, specifically nationalists and the Russian Orthodox Church, to limit the activities of these "nontraditional" religious groups, including the Roman Catholic Church. In response, the Duma passed a new, restrictive, and potentially discriminatory law in October 1997. The law is very complex, with many ambiguous and contradictory provisions. The law's most controversial provisions separates religious "groups" and "organizations" and introduce a 15-year rule, which allows groups that have existed for 15 years or longer to obtain accredited status. According to Russian dissident priest Gleb Yakunin, new religion law "heavily favors the Russian Orthodox Church at the expense of all other religions, including Judaism, Catholicism, and Protestantism.", and it is "a step backward in Russia's process of democratization" [12]. Anna Politkovskaya described cases of prosecution and murders of Muslims by Russian secret services. However, there are plenty of Muslims in higher government, Duma, and business [13][14][15]

Commissioner of Council of Europe Alvaro Gil-Robles said in his report on his visits in Russian Federation in 2004, "I have been impressed by the tremendous religious revival enjoyed by all faiths in Russia since the end of the 1980s and all the more so as this has generally been in an atmosphere of concord. Article 52 of the Constitution guaranteeing freedom of conscience and religion is generally respected. Indeed, this process is actively supported at all levels of the State. While the Constitution stipulates the strict separation of State and religion, the federal and regional authorities provide funding and material assistance to the different communities to foster the parallel development of religion and tolerance", although mentioning also some problems such as discrimination of Jehovah's witnesses and that "Catholics are not always heeded as well as the other religions by federal and local authorities".

Press freedom

Reporters Without Borders put Russia at 147th place of the World Press Freedom Index (in the list of 168 countries) According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, since 1992 forty-two journalists have been killed in Russia for their professional activity. Thirty have been killed during President Boris Yeltsin's reign, and the rest were killed under current president Vladimir Putin [16]. According to Glasnost Defence Foundation, there were 9 cases of death of journalists in 2006, as well as 59 attacked journalists, and 12 attacks on editorial offices. [17]. In 2005, the list of all cases includes 7 deaths, 63 attacks, 12 attacks on editorial offices, 23 facts of censorship, 42 criminal prosecutions, 11 illegal layoffs, 47 cases of detention by militsiya, 382 lawsuits, 233 cases of obstruction, 23 closings of editorial offices, 10 evictions, 28 confiscations of printed production, 23 cases of stopping broadcasting, 38 refusals to distribute or print production, 25 acts of intimidation, and 344 other violations of Russian journalist's rights [18].

Most recently, Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, famous for her criticisms of President Vladimir Putin, Russia's actions in Chechnya, and the pro-Kremlin Chechyan government, was assassinated in Moscow. Former KGB officer Oleg Gordievsky believes that murders of writers Yuri Shchekochikhin (author of "Slaves of KGB" [19]), Anna Politkovskaya, and Aleksander Litvinenko show that FSB has returned to the practice of political assassinations [20] which were conducted in the past by Thirteenth KGB Department., though there were no confirmations of that whatsoever.

Ethnic minorities

Some observers believe that there is a growing intolerance and racist violence in Russia. According to Sova Information Centre, 44 people were murdered and close to 500 assaulted on racial grounds in 2006 [21]. According to official sources, there are 150 "extremist groups" with over 5000 members in Russia.

According to nationwide opinion poll carried by VCIOM in 2006, 44% of respondents consider Russia "a common house of many nations" where all must have equal rights, 36% think that "Russians should have more rights since they constitute the majority of the population", 15% think "Russia must be the state of Russian people". However the question is also what exactly does the term "Russian" denote. For 39% of respondents Russians are all who grew and were brought up in Russia's traditions; for 23% Russians are those who works for the good of Russia; 15% respondents think that only Russians by blood may be called Russians; for 12% Russians are all for who Russian language is native, for 7% Russians are adepts of Russian Christian Orthodox tradition.

In 2006 Vladimir Putin said that is necessary to "protect the interests of native population of Russia" considering the situation at the wholesale and retail markets .

There was a short campaign against alleged criminal Georgian-owned businesses in 2006, as a part of 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy. Vorlage:Fact

Almost 300,000 people were fined for immigration violations in Moscow alone in 2005. The numbers are many times higher in 2006, according to NGO Civil Assistance. Vorlage:Fact

Psychiatric institutions

There are numerous cases when people "inconvenient" for Russian authorities are imprisoned in psychiatric institutions during last years.

Little has changed in Moscow Serbsky Institute where many prominent Sovied dissidents were labeled as having sluggishly progressing schizophrenia and incarcerated. This Institute conducts more than 2,500 court-ordered evaluations per year. When war criminal Yuri Budanov was tested there in 2002, the panel conducting the inquiry was led by Tamara Pechernikova, who condemned poet Natalya Gorbanevskaya in past. Budanov was found not guilty by reason of "temporary insanity". Ater public outrage, he was found sane by another panel that included Georgi Morozov, the former Serbsky director who declared many dissidents insane in the 1970s and 1980s. Serbsky Institute also made an expertise of mass poisoning of hundreds of Chechen school children by an unknown chemical substance of strong and prolonged action, which made them completely incapabale for many months. Panel found that the disease was caused simply the "psycho-emotional tension".

Disabled and children's rights

Currently, the estimated orphan population in Russia is 2 million and the street children is 4 million According to an earlier Human Rights Watch report in 1998, "Russian children are abandoned to the state at a rate of 113,000 a year for the past two years, up dramatically from 67,286 in 1992." "Of a total of more than 600,000 children classified as being “without parental care,” as many as one-third reside in institutions, while the rest are placed with a variety of guardians." "From the moment the state assumes their care, orphans in Russia—of whom 95 percent still have a living parent—are exposed to shocking levels of cruelty and neglect." Once officially labelled as retarded, Russian orphans are "warehoused for life in psychoneurological internaty. In addition to receiving little to no education in such internaty, these orphans may be restrained in cloth sacks, tethered by a limb to furniture, denied stimulation, and sometimes left to lie half-naked in their own filth. Bedridden children aged five to seventeen are confined to understaffed lying-down rooms as in the baby houses, and in some cases are neglected to the point of death." Life and death of disabled children in the State institutions was described by writer Ruben Galiego. Still, the recent adoption law made it more difficult to adopt Russian children from abroad.

Human trafficking

There has been a growing awareness of human trafficking as a human rights issue in Europe (see main article: trafficking in human beings). The end of communism and collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia has contributed to an increase in human trafficking, with the majority of victims being women forced into prostitution. [22] [23] Russia is a country of origin for persons, primarily women and children, trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Russia is also a destination and transit country for persons trafficked for sexual and labour exploitation from regional and neighbouring countries into Russia and beyond. Russia accounted for one-quarter of the 1,235 identified victims reported in 2003 trafficked to Germany. The Russian government has shown some commitment to combat trafficking but has been criticised for failing to develop effective measures in law enforcement and victim protection. [24] [25]

See also

• Human rights in the Soviet Union
• Human rights in Europe
• Politics of Russia
• International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
• Moscow Helsinki Group
• International human rights instruments

External links

• 2005 Annual Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in Russian Federation, by Vladimir Lukin.
• Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights of Council of Europe on his visits to the Russian Federation in 2004, by Mr. Alvaro Gil-Robles
• Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, by Ms. Louise Arbour
• Russian Federation Homepage at Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
• Russian committee against torture
• SOVA Information Center
• Human Rights Watch: Russia (overview)
• Human Rights Watch: Russia (specific issues)
• List of links related to Human Rights in Russia
• Press releases on human rights in Russia
• Attacks on freedom of expression in Russia - IFEX
• IPI watch list
• Human rights watch: Widespread torture in the Chechen Republic
• Stigma and Discrimination against HIV-Positive Mothers and their Children in Russia
• Religious discrimination
• "HIV/AIDS and Human Rights in Russia" - UN Chronicle
• Jewish Human Rights Web-Site
• Human Rights, Civil Society, and Democratic Governance in Russia: Current Situation and Prospects for the Future - by Barry Lowenkron, US Department of State, February 8, 2006
• Russia: High-Profile Killings, Attempted Killings In The Post-Soviet Period, Radio Free Europe, October 19, 2006

Further reading

• David Satter. Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State. Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09892-8.
• Andrew Meier. Black Earth: A Journey through Russia After the Fall. W. W. Norton & Company. 2005. ISBN 0-393-32641-1
• Politkovskaya, Anna (2004) Putin's Russia
• Jonathan Weiler. Human Rights in Russia: A Darker Side of Reform. Lynne Rienner Publishers 2004. ISBN 1-58826-279-0 [26]
• Archana Pyati. The New Dissidents: Human Rights Defenders and Counterterrorism in Russia. Human Rights First. 2005. ISBN 0-9753150-0-5 Link to internet version and Information about author
• Emma Gilligan. Defending Human Rights in Russia: Sergei Kovalyov, Dissident and Human Rights Commissioner, 1969-96 (BASEES/Curzon Series on Russian & East European Studies) RoutledgeCurzon. 2003. ISBN 0-415-32369-X Link to internet version
• Pamela A. Jordan. Defending Rights in Russia: Lawyers, the State, And Legal Reform in the Post-Soviet Era 2006. ISBN 0-7748-1163-3.

FSB, terror

• Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
• Yuri Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, and Geoffrey Andrews. Blowing up Russia : Terror from within. 2002. ISBN 1-56171-938-2

Chechnya

• Khassan Baiev, Ruth Daniloff. The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire. Walker & Company. 2004. ISBN 0-8027-1404-8.
• Politkovskaya, Anna (2003) A Dirty War: A Russian reporter in Chechnya
• Politkovskaya, Anna (2003) A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya
• Today In The UK - Journalists Murdered in Chechnya