Zum Inhalt springen

Arghun

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Dies ist eine alte Version dieser Seite, zuletzt bearbeitet am 14. Februar 2009 um 03:26 Uhr durch KureCewlik81 (Diskussion | Beiträge) (→Konflikte). Sie kann sich erheblich von der aktuellen Version unterscheiden.

Vorlage:Importarikel

From the 14th century Universal History by Rashid al-Din, an image representing Arghun (standing, holding his son Ghazan) under a royal umbrella. Beside him is his father Abaqa on a horse.

Arghun Khan (mongolisch Аргун) (ca. 1258; † 7. März 1291[1]) was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist (although pro-Christian). He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims in the Holy Land. It was also Arghun who requested a new bride from his great-uncle Kublai Khan. The mission to escort the young Kökötchin across Asia to Arghun was reportedly taken by Marco Polo. Arghun died before Kökötchin arrived, so she instead married Arghun's son, Ghazan.

Biografie

Arghuns Ehefrau war Buluqhan Khatun, die Ghazan gebar. Ausschnitt aus einem Buch Raschid al-Din aus dem 14. Jhr

Arghun wurde als Sohn Abaqa Khans und der christlichen mongolischen Prinzessin Doquz Khatun. Arghun selber hatte mehrere Ehefrauen, sein Favorit war Buluqhan Khatun. Sie gebar Arghun zwei Söhne namens Ghazan Ilchan und Öljeitu, die beide später ihrem Vate auf den Thron folgten und später zum Islam konvertierten. Arghun ließ Öljeitu christlich taufen und gab ihm den Namen Nicholas nach Papst Nikolaus IV..[2] Gemäß dem dominikanischen Missionär Riccoldo da Monte di Croce war er a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians.[3] Eine der Schwester Arghuns namens Oljalh heiratete mit dem georgischen Prinzen Wachtang III..[4]

Arghun war ein Buddhist, aber wie die meisten Mongolen zeigte er gegenüber anderen Religionen große Toleranz und so konnten auch die Muslime die Schari'a für sich anwenden. Sein Finanzminister Sa'ad ad dawla war ein Jude. Sa'ad war beim Wiederherstellen der Ordnung in der Verwaltung des Ilchanats effektiv, teilweise in dem er aggressiv den Missbrauch der mongolischen Militärführer anprangerte.[5]

Konflikte

Arghuns Herschaft war relativ friedlich, und es gab wenige Konflikte mit seinen mongolischen Genossen. Er führte einen kurzen Feldzug gegen das Tschagatai-Khanat in Chorasan. In den Jahren 1289 und 1290 hatte er es mit einem Aufstand des Oiratenfürsten Nawrūz, der dann nach Transoxanien fliehen musste, zu tun.

1288 und 1290 schlug er zwei Invasiontruppen der Goldenen Horde unter Tulabugha im Kaukasus zurück.

Während der Herrschaft Arghuns stärkten die Mameluken von Ägypten kontinuierlich ihre Macht in Syrien, und der Mamelukensultan Qalawun eroberte Territorien der Kreuzritter zurück, einige davon, wie die Grafschaft Tripolis waren Vasallen der Mongolen. Die Mameluken eroberten 1285 die nördliche Festung von Margat, 1287 Latakia und vollendeten die Eroberung Tripolis' 1289.[6]

Beziehung zu christlichen Mächten

Arghun was one of a long line of Mongol rulers who endeavoured to established a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Europeans, against their common enemies the Egyptian Mamluks. Arghun even promised that if Jerusalem were conquered, he would have himself baptised. But by the late 13th century, Western Europe was no longer as interested in the waning crusades, and Arghun's missions were ultimately fruitless.[7]

Erste Gesandschaft zum Papst

In 1285, Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope Honorius IV, a Latin translation of which is preserved in the Vatican.[8][9] Arghun's letter mentioned the links that Arghun's family had to Christianity, and proposed a combined military conquest of Muslim lands:[10]

Vorlage:Quote

Zweite Gesandschaft zu König Philip und König Edward

Arghun's ambassador Rabban Bar Sauma travelled from Peking in the East, to Rome, Paris and Bordeaux in the West, meeting with the major rulers of the period, even before Marco Polo's return from Asia.

Apparently left without an answer, Arghun sent another embassy to European rulers in 1287, headed by the Nestorian Chinese monk Rabban Bar Sauma, with the objective of contracting a military alliance to fight the Muslims in the Middle East, and take the city of Jerusalem.[8][11] The responses were positive but vague. Sauma returned in 1288 with positive letters from Pope Nicholas IV, Edward I of England, and Philip IV the Fair of France.[12]

Dritte Gesandschaft

1289 letter of Arghun to Philip the Fair, in the Mongolian script, with detail of the introduction. The letter was remitted to the French king by Buscarel of Gisolfe. The seal is that of the Great Khan, in Chinese characters: "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". The paper is of Korean manufacture. 182x25 cm. French National Archives.[13]

In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of Buscarel of Gisolfe, a Genoese who had settled in Persia. The objective of the mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. Arghun committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disembarked at Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Buscarel was in Rome between July 15 and September 30, 1289, and in Paris in November-December 1289. He remitted a letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, answering to Philippe's own letter and promises, offering the city of Jerusalem as a potential prize, and attempting to fix the date of the offensive from the winter of 1290 to spring of 1291:[14]

Vorlage:Quote

Buscarello was also bearing a memorandum explaining that the Mongol ruler would prepare all necessary supplies for the Crusaders, as well as 30,000 horses.[15] Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to King Edward I. He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to the project but remained evasive about its actual implementation, for which he deferred to the Pope.[16]

Assembly of a raiding naval force

In 1290, Arghun launched a shipbuilding program in Baghdad, with the intent of having war galleys which would harass the Mamluk commerce in the Red Sea. The Genoes sent a contingent of 800 carpenters and sailors, to help with the shipbuilding. A force of arbaletiers was also sent, but the enterprise apparently foundered when the Genoese government ultimately disowned the project, and an internal fight erupted at the Persian Gulf port of Basra among the Genoese (between the Guelfe and the Gibelin families).[17][15]

Vierte Gesandschaft

Arghun sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by Andrew Zagan (or Chagan), who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sahadin.[18]

In 1291, Pope Nicolas IV proclaimed a new Crusade and negotiated agreements with Arghun, Hetoum II of Armenia, the Jacobites, the Ethiopians and the Georgians. On January 5, 1291, Nicolas addressed a vibrant prayer to all the Christians to save the Holy Land, and predicators started to rally Christians to follow Edward I in a Crusade.[19]

However, the efforts were too little and too late. On May 18 1291, Saint-Jean-d'Acre was conquered by the Mamluks in the Siege of Acre.

In August 1291, Pope Nicolas wrote a letter to Arghun informing him of the plans of Edward I to go on a Crusade to recapture the Holy Land, stating that the Crusade could only be successful with the help of the "powerful arm" of the Mongols.[20] Nicolas repeated an oft-told theme of the Crusader communications to the Mongols, asking Arghun to receive baptism and to march against the Mamluks.[21] However Arghun himself had died on March 10, 1291, and Pope Nicholas IV would die in March 1292, putting an end to their attempts at combined action.[22]

Edward I sent an ambassador to Arghun's successor Gaikhatu in 1292 in the person of Geoffrey de Langley, but extensive contacts would only resume under Arghun's son Ghazan.

According to the 20th century historian Runciman, "Had the Mongol alliance been achieved and honestly implemented by the West, the existence of Outremer would almost certainly have been prolonged. The Mameluks would have been crippled if not destroyed; and the Ilkhanate of Persia would have survived as a power friendly to the Christians and the West"[18]

Tod

Arghun died on March 7, 1291,[1] and was succeeded by his brother Gaykhatu.

The 13th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things in the West that many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Arghun: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulagu), Argone (Arghun) or Cassano (Ghazan) are recorded with a high frequency.[23]

Marco Polo

Arghun was the stated reason why Marco Polo was able to return to Venice after 23 years of absence. Arghun, having lost his favourite wife Bolgana, asked his grand-uncle and ally Kublai Khan to send him one of Bolgana's relatives as a new bride. The choice fell to the 17-year-old Kökötchin ("Blue, or Celestial, Dame"). Marco Polo was given the task of accompanying the princess through land and sea routes, navigating on a Mongolian ship through the Indian Ocean to Persia. The journey took two years and Arghun died in the meantime, so Kökötchin instead married Arghun's son Ghazan.

Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ a b "He died on March 7, 1291." Steppes, S. 376
  2. ↑ "Arghun had one of his sons baptized, Khordabandah, the future Oljaitu, and in the Pope's honour, went as far as giving him the name Nicholas", Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Jean-Paul Roux, S.408
  3. ↑ Jackson, S. 176
  4. ↑ Grousset, S. 846
  5. ↑ Robert Mantran (Robert Fossier, ed.): A Turkish or Mongolian Islam in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250-1520, S. 298
  6. ↑ Tyerman, S. 817
  7. ↑ Prawdin, p. 372. "Argun revived the idea of an alliance with the West, and envoys from the Ilkhans once more visited European courts. He promised the Christians the Holy Land, and declared that as soon as they had conquered Jerusalem he would have himself baptised there. The Pope sent the envoys on to Philip the Fair of France and to Edward I of England. But the mission was fruitless. Western Europe was no longer interested in crusading adventures.
  8. ↑ a b Runciman, p.398
  9. ↑ "This Arghon loved the Christians very much, and several times asked to the Pope and the king of France how they could together destroy all the Sarazins" - Le Templier de Tyr - French original:"Cestu Argon ama mout les crestiens et plusors fois manda au pape et au roy de France trayter coment yaus et luy puissent de tout les Sarazins destruire" Guillame de Tyr (William of Tyre) "Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum" #591
  10. ↑ The Crusades Through Arab Eyes p. 254: Arghun, grandon of Hulagu, "had resurrected the most cherished dream of his predecessors: to form an alliance with the Occidentals and thus to trap the Mamluk sultanate in a pincer movement. Regular contacts were established between Tabriz and Rome with a view to organizing a joint expedition, or at least a concerted one."
  11. ↑ Rossabi, p. 99
  12. ↑ Boyle, in Camb. Hist. Iran V, pp. 370-71; Budge, pp. 165-97. Source
  13. ↑ Grands Documents de l'Histoire de France, Archives Nationales de France, p.38, 2007.
  14. ↑ Runciman, p.401
  15. ↑ a b Jean Richard, p.468
  16. ↑ "Histoire des Croisades III", p.713, Rene Grousset.
  17. ↑ "Only a contingent of 800 Genoese arrived, whom he (Arghun) employed in 1290 in building shipd at Baghdad, with a view to harassing Egyptian commerce at the southern approaches to the Red Sea", p.169, Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West
  18. ↑ a b Runciman, p.402
  19. ↑ Dailliez, p.324-325
  20. ↑ Schein, p.809
  21. ↑ Jackson, p.169
  22. ↑ Runciman, p.412
  23. ↑ Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West, p.315

Quellen

VorgängerAmtNachfolger
TekuderIlchan von Persien
1284–1291		Gaichatu

[[Kategorie:Mann]] [[Kategorie:Mongole]] [[Kategorie:Khan]] [[Kategorie:Geboren 1258]] [[Kategorie:Gestorben 1291]] {{Personendaten |NAME=Arghun |ALTERNATIVNAMEN= |KURZBESCHREIBUNG= |GEBURTSDATUM=1258 |GEBURTSORT= |STERBEDATUM=1291 |STERBEORT= }} [[ar:أرغون خان]] [[ca:Arghun Khan]] [[en:Arghun]] [[es:Arghun]] [[eo:Arghun]] [[fa:ارغون]] [[fr:Arghoun]] [[ko:아르군 칸]] [[mn:Аргун]] [[nl:Arghun]] [[ja:アルグン]] [[pt:Arghun]] [[ru:Аргун-хан]] [[zh:阿魯渾]]

Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arghun&oldid=56636824“