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Hurrikan Kenna (2002)

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Vorlage:Dablink Vorlage:Infobox Hurricane Hurricane Kenna was the third most-intense Pacific hurricane to strike the coast of Mexico.[1] Kenna was the sixteenth tropical depression, thirteenth tropical storm, seventh hurricane, sixth major hurricane, and third Category 5 hurricane of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season. After forming on October 22 to the south of Mexico from a tropical wave, forecasters consistently predicted the storm to strengthen much less than it actually did. Moving into an area of favorable upper-level conditions and warm sea surface temperatures, Kenna quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) on October 25 while located about 255 miles (410 km) southwest of Puerto Vallarta. Weakening as it turned to the northeast, the hurricane struck near San Blas with winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) before dissipating on October 26 over the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains.

The name "Kenna" was retired from the list of Pacific hurricane names due to its effects on Mexico, which included $101 million in damage (2002 USD) $113 million (2006 USD) and four deaths. The worst of the hurricane's effects occurred between San Blas in Nayarit and Puerto Vallarta in Jalisco, where over 100 people were injured and thousands of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. 95% of the buildings in San Blas were damaged, and hundreds of buildings were destroyed along coastal areas of Puerto Vallarta.

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Preparations

Kenna at landfall

About 27 hours before landfall, Mexican officials issued a hurricane watch from Mazatlán to Cabo Corrientes, with a tropical storm watch issued further south to Manzanillo. Six hours later when its track became more apparent, the watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning from Mazatlán to La Fortuna, with a tropical storm warning southward to Manzanillo.[1]

Roughly 8,800 of the 9,000 residents in the landfall location, San Blas, evacuated, which ultimately contributed to a low death toll.[1] Officials ordered for the evacuation of 50,000 residents and fishermen along the southwest coast of Mexico, including 3,000 in the Islas Marias,[2] 10,000 near Mazatlán, and 15,000 near flood-prone areas. Civil authorities closed all schools and docks in potentially affected areas. The Mexican Red Cross prepared for the storm by shipping 215 tonnes of relief supplies such as food, water, clothing, and medicine to the Red Cross branch in Jalisco. Assistance from the Yucatán Peninsula delivered 10 tonnes of food and water, as well.[3] The Mexican Red Cross prepared 20 emergency shelters in the state of Nayarit.[4] Officials took security measures in Los Cabos where the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation was meeting during the passage of the hurricane. Early forecasts indicated a possible threat to the meeting, causing the Mexican government to prepare for a potential alternate site.[2] Officials recommended boats to stay at port due to severe conditions.[5]

Impact

Hurricane Kenna Rainfall in Mexico

Few official surface observations are available for the passage of the hurricane. Upon making landfall, Kenna was accompanied with an estimated 16 foot (4.9 m) storm surge in San Blas. The surge also affected Puerto Vallarta, with reports of 10 foot (3 m) waves rushing inland from the bay. The hurricane dropped about 1.38 inches (35 mm) of precipitation while passing about 60 miles (95 km) east of the offshore archipelago, Islas Marías. There, sustained winds reached an estimated 106 mph (170 km/h).[1] On land, Kenna dropped heavy rainfall peaking at 18.91 inches (480 mm) at San Ignacio and 12.89 inches (327 mm) near Manzanillo.[6] The highest recorded sustained wind on land was about 100 mph (161 km/h) at Tepic, Nayarit, with wind gusts at Puerto Vallarta reaching 50 mph (80 km/h).[1] The hurricane also produced heavy rainfall in Guerrero, Michoacan, Colima, and Jalisco, and hit Baja California Sur with strong winds and rough seas.[5]

In San Blas, strong winds from the hurricane damaged or destroyed 95% of the homes,[7] with 1,540 houses damaged and 8,800 people affected.[8] There, large commercial shrimp boats were swept up to 900 feet (275 m) inland from their docks. An elderly woman died in the city when the wall of her house collapsed on her.[1] Large portions of the city were covered with building debris and sand washed from the ocean.[9] Elsewhere in Nayarit, flying debris killed a person in Santiago Escuintla. There, two elderly men drowned, one by falling into a river. Both were believed to have been killed during the storm as they fled their homes.[1] In Santiago Escuintla, the hurricane damaged 3,770 homes,[8] and throughout Nayarit, strong winds from the hurricane destroyed the roofs of hundreds of houses.[10] Federal authorities lost communications with at least 30 Indian villages due to the high winds of the hurricane.[9] Kenna destroyed the entire banana, tobacco, and tomato crops in the rural areas of San Blas, Tecuala, and Acaponeta, leaving more than 700 subsistence farmers and their families in need of water and food.[8]

Damage in Puerto Vallarta

In Puerto Vallarta, about 100 miles (164 km) southeast of the landfall location, the storm surge resulted in an estimated damage total of $5 million (2002 USD, $5.6 million 2006 USD), primarily to hotels.[1] The surge flooded the hotels and other waterfront areas, and extended up to 330 feet (100 m) inland. Waist-deep floodwaters swept away vans and cars,[11] ruining several vehicles. The passage of the hurricane destroyed 150 stores near the ocean and extensively damaged three hotels. Damage to the city's port was minor.[12]

The hurricane injured at least 52 in Puerto Vallarta[13] and dozens in San Blas from widespread flying glass and other forms of debris,[1] with two people seriously injured due to the hurricane. Ten municipalities suffered substantial damage,[12] with insured damage in Mexico totaling $96 million (2002 USD, $108 million 2006 USD).[14] Rainfall from the hurricane spread across northern Mexico, causing minor flash floods and mudslides.[8]

The remnants of Kenna entered the south-central United States, resulting in enhanced rainfall in various locations.[1]

Aftermath and Records

Vorlage:Category 5 Pacific hurricanes In April 2003, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Kenna and replaced it with Karina in the list of names for the 2008 Pacific hurricane season. Kenna was the most recent of only seven Pacific hurricane names to be retired.[15]

The Mexican government declared the region in Nayarit near the landfall of Kenna as a disaster area, allowing for the usage of emergency funds.[9] Immediately after the passage of the hurricane, the Mexican Red Cross prepared 180 technical staff and volunteers from seven states to deliver 125 MT of food, medicine, and clothes to the areas most affected.[10] The Mexican government deployed the Mexican Army to the area to remove fallen trees and establish water treatment plants to assist the affected population. The Mexican Navy was sent to assist to support medical personnel in the San Blas area, and the government Department for Family Development assisted the Mexican Red Cross in delivering food. The Corona organization sent 6,600 gallons (25,000 liters) of drinking water and 1,000 food sets for the San Blas area.[8]

Backhoes and dump trucks gradually removed the debris and sand from San Blas.[9] Dozens of storeowners, municipal employees, and volunteers in Puerto Vallarta worked to clear the debris caused by the storm. The remaining stores, bars, and shops placed signs on their windows describing they were open in effort to attract the tourists still in the town.[12] By about two months after the hurricane, most hotels, restaurants, and shops were reopened.[16]

Hurricane Kenna is currently the third most-intense Pacific hurricane to strike Mexico. The only Pacific hurricanes to strike Mexico at a greater intensity were Hurricane Madeline of 1976 and an unnamed storm in 1959.[1] Kenna is the most intense October tropical cyclone to have occurred in the East Pacific, and is the second most intense East Pacific hurricane on record, behind only Hurricane Linda of 1997.[17]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k James L. Franklin: Hurricane Kenna Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center, 2002, abgerufen am 24. Dezember 2006.
  2. ↑ a b Deutsche Presse Agentur: Mexico's Pacific coast bracing for Hurricane Kenna. 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  3. ↑ Mason Booth: Hurricane Kenna Approaches Mexico. Red Cross, 2002, abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2006.
  4. ↑ Santiago Gil & John Horekens: Hurricane Kenna Information Bulletin. (PDF) Mexican Red Cross, 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  5. ↑ a b Deutsche Presse Agentur: Hurricane Kenna strengthens, soaking Mexico's coast. 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  6. ↑ David Roth: Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Kenna. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2007.
  7. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Tropical Cyclones of 2002. 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  8. ↑ a b c d e International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies: Mexico: Hurricane Kenna Information Bulletin No. 02/02. 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  9. ↑ a b c d Mason Booth: Hurricane Kenna roars into Mexico. Disasterrelief.org, 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  10. ↑ a b Fernando Nuño: Mexican subsistence farmers worst hit by hurricane Kenna. International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies, 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  11. ↑ Deutsche Presse Agentur: Kenna makes landfall, pounds Mexico's coast. 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  12. ↑ a b c Agence French-Presse: Puerto Vallarta begins to rebuild following storm Kenna. 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  13. ↑ Xinhua News Agency: Hurricane Kenna leaves three dead, scores injured in Mexico. 2002, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  14. ↑ Guy Carpenter: 2002 Tropical Cyclone Review. 2003, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.
  15. ↑ World Meteorological Organization: Final Report of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. 2003, abgerufen am 2. Januar 2007.
  16. ↑ Brenda Retzlaff: Hurricane Olaf is Now a Tropical Storm. Vallarta Online, 2003, abgerufen am 2. Januar 2007.
  17. ↑ Hurricane Research Division: Hurricane Data for Pacific Hurricanes 1949-2005. NOAA, 2006, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2007.

Vorlage:Retired Pacific hurricanes

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