Diskussion:Reginald McKenna

Kann jemand diese folgenden Zitat verifizieren ? Originaltext:

Ein englischer, Bankier, Reginald McKenna, der einst der Finanzminister seines Landes und dann mehrere Jahre Chairman (Präsident) der Midland Bank, eine der 5 größten Banken (Big Five) in England, war, erklärte bei einer Jahresversammlung der Aktieninhabern dieser Bank: "Das Volk weiß im allgemeinen nicht, dass der Umsatz des im Umlauf befindlichen Geldes von den Handlungen der Banken abhängt. Jedes direkte oder ungedeckte (overdraft) Bankdarlehen erhöht den im Umlauf befindlichen Kredit und jede Rückerstattung eines Bankdarlehens senkt diesen Kredit um den Betrag, der der Rückführung gleich kommt." Da McKenna auch Finanzminister war, wusste er sehr gut, wo die größere der beiden Mächte, die der Bank oder die der höchsten Regierung des Landes, ihren Sitz hat. Er war sogar offen genug, was bei den Bankiers dieses Niveaus sehr selten ist, folgendes zu erklären: "Sie (die Banken) herrschen über den Kredit der Nation lenken die Lebensregeln der Regierungen und halten das Schicksal der Völker in ihren Händen."

Hmm ich erinnere mich in irgendeiner Lloyd-George Biografie (eventuell von Gilbert, aber leg micbh nicht fest) gelesen zu haben wie McKenna (nach seinem politischen Sturz versteht sich :) ) anfang der 20er Jahre über ehemalige Kabinettskollegen gelästert hat er als Vorsitzender der Midland Bank hätte gar keinen Grund eiferüchtig zu sein, er sei ja weitaus mächtiger und bedeutender als irgendso ein Premierminister. Das haut in die selbe Kerbe. Ansonsten ist, wie schon verschiedentlich bemerkt wurde, dei Erforschung der Rolle von McK, in den Jahren 1895-1915 ein Forschungsdesiderium, der Mann hat sher viel im Schattenahften agiert, und hatte erheblichen Einfluss auf Asquith, eine Monografie wäre hier mal angebracht. --Zsasz 15:09, 9. Aug 2006 (CEST)

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MacKenna is one of the few names from which the old Gaelic prefixes of Mac and O were not generally dropped in the dark period of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and in 1890 Mac (or Mc) Kenna outnumbers Kenna by a factor of ten to 1. Though almost always written MacKenna (or in modern times McKenna), in the spoken language Kenna is quite common and in some places, notably Clare and Kerry, the emphasis is on the final A, with the result that births have been from time to time registered under many synonyms - such as Kennagh, Ginnaw and even Gna. These forms are peculiar to Co. Kerry. By origin, however, the MacKennas do not belong to Munster. They are a branch of the southern Ui Neill but, nevertheless, they are seated in south Ulster, their territory being Truagh (the modern barony of Trough in the northern part of Co. Monaghan). A branch of this sept settled in the parish of Maghera. Co. Down in the seventeenth century. The MacKennas, though "lords of Truagh", were not prominent in mediaeval times. O'Dugan in the "Topographical Poems" says that they were originally Meathmen before they settled in Truagh. In Irish it was Mac Cionaodha (now Mac Cionnaith), meaning son of Cionaoidh.

The following is a translation of an address presented by the Lord of Truagh to Hugh Roe (or Red Hugh) O'Donnell, then in his 15th year of age, on the occasion of his escape from Dublin Castle A.D. 1587, when the said Red Hugh was making his way home to Tirconnell:

one hair of a ringlet of thine.

Then come to my home, 'tis the home of a friend, In the green woods of Truagh thou art safe from thy foes: Six sons of Mackenna thy steps shall attend, And their six sheathless skeans shall protect thy repose."

Shirley's "History of Monaghan" ties the family to Portinaghy, parish of Donogh, where one of the name was sheriff. In 1640 sixteen McKennas were in the barony of Trough, three of whom were protestant. In 1659 there were over 90 heads of families of the name in Monaghan. In 1591, Patrick McKenna was granted Ballydavough, Ballymeny and Ballylattin and twelve other estates.

In Ulster, the name is sometimes found as McKenney and McKinney, though both of these names can also have other origins.

Little more is known of the MacKennas in earlier times, and it is not until the eighteenth century that a variety of McKenna writers began to emerge. Niall MacKenna (circa 1700), a poet and harpist, was born in the The Fews, County Armagh, but settled in County Louth. He is remembered best for his pretty song "Little Celia Connellan".

Theobald MacKenna (died 1808) was secretary, in 1791, to the Catholic Committee, a moderate group eager for parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation. Deeply disturbed by Wolfe Tone's republicanism and the anti-religious gospel of the French Revolution, he resigned. He favoured the linking of Ireland's parliament with that of Britain, but when the Act of Union was passed he was bitterly disillusioned by all its broken pledges. He wrote many scathing pamphlets expressing his disgust. In his writings he also promoted the idea of raising the Catholic Church in Ireland to the establishment status enjoyed by the Protestant Church.

Father Charles MacKenna, a parish priest, left his native Trough to be a chaplain with the Irish Brigade in France and fought at the battle of Fontenoy in 1745.

John O Hart's Irish Landed Gentry lists a number of high-ranking MacKenna officers who served with these Irish Brigades.

John (Juan) MacKenna (1771 - 1814) was born at Clogher, County Tyrone. His great-great-grandfather, John, a Jacobite High Sheriff in County Monaghan, had been killed by the Williamites shortly before the battle of the Boyne. A kinsman Alexander O Reilly, a general in the Spanish army who had been Governor of Louisiana from 1767 to 1769, took the young John MacKenna to Spain in 1784 and had him enrolled in the Royal Academy of Mathematics at Barcelona. From there he graduated to the Irish corps of engineers in the Spanish army where he served under Alexander O Reilly. Promotion was not fast enough for him and, in 1796, John MacKenna set sail for Peru with an introduction to a fellow Irishman, the Viceroy Ambrosio O Higgins. His engineering training had been thorough, and was of great benefit to Chile, where he became Governor of Osorno. A most skilled engineer, he was given the job of building fortifications along the coast when an invasion from France was threatened. In 1810 he joined the revolutionary party led by Carrera, but they soon fell out and MacKenna was banished, only to be recalled and promoted to brigadier-general in order to fight the Spanish. When Bernardo, son of Ambrosio O Higgins supplanted Carrera, MacKenna joined him. He became caught up in the power struggle between these two rival dictators and, in a duel in Buenos Aires, was killed by Carrera's brother. He had married a Chilean lady whose name was Vicuna, and his son, Benjamina Vicuna MacKenna (1831 - 86), far from following in the family military career, became a very distinguished Chilean writer and historian.

The stream of MacKenna writers continued in Ireland with no less than three Stephen MacKennas. Two were novelists who wrote in the mid-1880s. The third, Stephen MacKenna (1872 - 1934), is famous for his translation of Plotinus. He started off inauspiciously enough, working in a Dublin bank, and then went into journalism in London. When he moved to Paris he met many of the leaders of the Irish literary renaissance. He joined the international brigade fighting for Greece when it was attacked by Turkey. This adventure began his enduring love of Greek literature. He travelled extensively and worked as a journalist in the world's capitals. He abandoned a lucrative job with a New York newspaper, disliking its yellow journalism, to return to Dublin to work for the Irish language revival. He took no active part in the 1916 rising because of poor health. Between 1917 and 1930 he concentrated on his major work, the translation of the Enneads of the great Greek philosopher, Plotinus.

Father Lambert McKenna (1870 - 1953), a Jesuit priest born in Dublin, studied in Europe. He collected and edited religious and folk poetry in the Irish language. Working with the Irish Texts Society, he edited the famous Contention of the Bards and many anthologies of Irish bardic poetry and historical works, which had for long been neglected.

Siobhan McKenna (1923 - 86) was born in Belfast and brought up in Galway, where her father, Owen McKenna, was a professor at University College, Galway. Her mother was an O Reilly. Graduating from university with degrees in Irish and French, she studied acting and became Ireland's leading actress, known particularly for her performances in Shaw's St Joan and as Molly Bloom in James Joyce's Ulysses.

The actor-director Thomas Patrick McKenna (born 1929) of Mullagh, County Cavan, is more usually known by his initials, T.P. He has been a member of the Abbey Theatre and has made many stage, screen and television appearances in England.

Many MacKennas emigrated. Charles Hyacinth McKenna, a Dominican priest who was born in Ireland in 1835, went to the United States in 1851. He became a powerful preacher and writer in Jacksonville, Florida.

Joseph McKenna, whose parents were Irish, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1840. He became a legislator, congressman and Supreme Court jurist in California. At one time he was suspected of bias towards promoting the railroads. His record on the bench was praised for sound judgement spiced with social vision.

Martin McKenna (1832 - 1907) belonged to a farming family that emigrated to Australia. He was born in Kilkenny to Patrick McKenna and Anastasia Feehan. In 1845, when the Great Famine was threatening, he emigrated with his cousin, Michael, to Victoria. He worked in the mines before going into business with his cousin and another friend. Together they built up the very successful Campaspe Brewery in Kyneton. They branched out into farming and had between four and five thousand acres. He was Mayor of Kyneton and was elected to the Legislative Assembly. There were eleven McKenna children born in Kyneton.

It is recorded that, in 1874, the great Marshal McMahon, President of France, sold his Castle Ardo, near Ardmore, Waterford, to Sir Joseph McKenna of the National Bank, uncle of the politician Reginald McKenna. As it was more a folly than a home for living in, the McKennas abandoned it in 1918 and Burke's describes it as "a crazy ruin".

Reginald McKenna was a British politician and an expert on taxation during the first quarter of this century.

Heraldry

MacKenna of Trough, County Monaghan, Ireland. The sept of MacCionaith Arms: Vert a fess Argent between three lions' heads affrontee Or. Crest: A salmon naiant proper.

McKenna ³An Triucha² After the name McMahon, the most common surname in Co. Monaghan is McKenna, and searching for McKenna ancestry, particularly in the north of the county, can frequently become more difficult than looking for the proverbial Œneedle in the haystack¹.

Visitors from abroad, with such a search in mind, must be sure of the name of the townland from which their ancestors emigrated and also have some idea of the nick-name or ‘family name’ (as they should be more correctly termed) of the McKennas involved. Based mainly in North Monaghan, this family name has a very long and interesting history, as well as figuring prominently in the annals of the county, and its association down through the years with neighbouring counties, but particularly with the O’Neills of Tyrone.

Legend tells that, in the fourth century, the first McKenna to arrive here was a Hugh McKenna, a minor king or prince from the Kells area of Co.Meath. An avid huntsman, he roused a huge stag on one occasion and pursued it for two full days and nights before finally catching up with it and plunging his dagger into the heart of the beast - at a fort, just north of Emyvale, which, to this day, is still called ‘Liskenna’ (from the Irish ‘Lios Sceine’ meaning ‘the fort of the knife’).

Tired out from his exhaustive hunting and journeying, McKenna was entertained by the local chieftain, a man named Treanor; he then remained on as Treanor’s guest, fell in love with his daughter, and eventually married her. In the interim he received word that his kingdom back home in Meath had been usurped by a fellow kinsman, so instead of returning to Meath he decided to remain on in the north of what is now Co. Monaghan, where he had been made feel so welcome. That lovely legend is still recalled in the McKenna logo or ‘coat of arms’, which depicts a huntsman on horseback, a stag, two hounds, and two crescent moons, signifying the two days and two nights that McKenna had followed the hunt.

Through time, the McKenna offspring and later descendants became very numerous, and these ultimately overcame all neighbouring tribes, to eventually establish for themselves a small kingdom between the McMahons to the south and the O’Neills to the north. This little kingdom or ‘tuath’ as it would have been known then, extended from the Blackwater at Aughnacloy to the ‘lesser’ Blackwater at Monaghan, and from the Slieve Beagh mountains in the west to the castle of Glaslough in the east, encompassing the present parishes of Donagh (sometimes called ‘Upper Truagh’) and Errigal Truagh, an area of approximately eighty square miles.

Of course, the story of the hunt was mere legend, but later history records that McKenna’s tiny kingdom was well and truly established by the time of the arrival of the Normans in the twelfth century (1169). It became known as ‘Triucha Chead a’ Chladaigh’, which loosely translated, simply means the ‘Barony of the Ring Forts’. The parishes of Donagh and Errigal Truagh have a greater proliferation of ring-forts than any other area of its size in Ulster.

Headquarters of the Clan McKenna was firmly established at Tully Hill, just south of the present Emyvale village, and this would survive for an amazing five hundred years - from the mid-12th century to the early 17th century. Originally, a series of three ring forts stood on this hill but only the inner ring and half of the outer ring of the northern fort remains to this day. The fortifications also included a ‘crannog’ on Tully Lough, below the western slope of the hill, and part of this may also still be seen. The 12th century McKenna High Cross and the McKenna Chieftains grave may also still be seen in the neighbouring Donagh Old Graveyard.

Through the centuries the McKennas became embroiled in the tribal wars that prevailed in Ulster right down until the demise of the Gaelic Chieftains at the beginning of the seventeenth century. They were frequently at war with O’Neills to the north and with the McMahons to the south, often helping the one against the other, and even occasionally at war among themselves as different branches of the family vied for over-lordship.

They were very much a part of O’Neill’s army at the Battle of Clontibret in 1595 and again at the Yellow Ford in 1598, but, just as they were part of these great victories, they also had to share in the defeats, and they were in O’Neill’s army again at Kinsale in 1601.

Following the retreat from the tragedy of Kinsale, they were pursued by Mountjoy and the English, who established a new fort for themselves at Monaghan. From there, Mountjoy’s forces destroyed most of McKenna’s fortifications at Tully, Emyvale. The centre fort was completely obliterated and was never restored, but the southern and northern forts were re-built by McKenna who, despite the previous disaster, was again very much involved in the Insurrection of 1641, a war that continued right up until the Cromwellian Settlements of 1652. As punishment for his part in that lengthy war, McKenna’s territory was again invaded and ravaged by English forces under Hamilton in 1642, and again under Stewart in 1643.

Probably the greatest of all the McKenna chieftains was Patrick McKenna who came to power c.1580, but he was unfortunate in that, at that time, the English were encroaching from the south and trying to establish a ‘shire’ in what is now Co. Monaghan. Patrick, who had fought in all the battles of the Nine Years War (1594-1603) died in 1612 and was succeeded by his grandson Niall McKenna, who was leader during the 1641-52 wars.

By 1652, his territory had been so ravaged that he emigrated to Spain where he joined the Spanish army and later died there. Niall was succeeded by his nephew, Phelemy McKenna, who, with four of his sons, was murdered by English forces in 1666 and is buried in Donagh Old Graveyard. His fifth son, Major John McKenna was later appointed High Sheriff of Monaghan by James 1st, and it was this Major John McKenna who led the Catholic Irish forces at the Battle of Drumbanagher, near Glaslough, in 1688, following which he was executed. He too is buried at Donagh.

The Battle of Drumbanagher is sometimes refereed to as ‘The Opening Shots of the Williamite Wars’, but even more frequently it is referred to as ‘McKenna’s Last Stand’ as it was this battle that really brought an end to the power of this once great family.

Defeated at Drumbanagher, the influence of the McKenna Clan declined rapidly and, with the various Plantations of the 17th century, practically all their lands were confiscated and transferred to alien ownership. Despite this, the McKenna name never died but, on the contrary, increased to an amazing rate, to such an extent that the McKennas far outnumber all other surnames in North Monaghan today and is second only to the McMahon name in the entire county.

Many have made great names for themselves in both Irish and World history. General Juan McKenna became prominent in the Liberation of Chile; an Adjutant McKenna held senior office in the 1798 French Expedition led by Napper Tandy; Reginald McKenna became British Chancellor of the Exchequer in the early part of the 20th century and might even have become Prime Minister; Siobhan McKenna became a famed Hollywood screen actress; etc. etc. Just a few of the many who made headlines throughout the globe.

The late Sir Shane Leslie in his excellent book ‘Long Shadows’ wrote: - “Daniel O’Connell brought their (McKenna) Chief from our (Leslie) estate in Truagh (barony of) to London to open a bank. The McKenna family were successful outside their own country; producing a Dictator in South America and a Justice of the Supreme Bench in Washington; O’Connell’s proteges in England were successful bankers. One grandson, Reginald McKenna, became Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer and later presided over the Midland Bank. There was even a moment when, occupying a City of London seat, he might have stopped a gap in Downing Street.”

On the GAA front, the McKenna name has regularly featured very prominently on Emyvale, Truagh, Scotstown and Clogher (Co Tyrone) club teams down through the years. This is only to be expected as the north-Monaghan and south-Tyrone areas form the back-bone of what can truthfully be described as ‘McKenna Country’ but the name also crops up regularly in other clubs much further afield. In the very south of the county, three McKennas, for a long period, manned the full back line of the Inniskeen team, while every single club in Monaghan, without exception, has had a McKenna player at some stage or other. Niall McKenna of the Scotstown club was a selector with county underage teams in recent years, while Sean McKenna from the Monaghan Harps club is a leading Co. Board official and also one of our leading referees, as is Hugh McKenna from the same club. Further north, Eugene McKenna was joint manager of the Tyrone senior team for several years.

Reginald McKenna, 1863-1943 : a lifevon Martin FarrTyp: Englisch : Buch Verleger: London : Frank Cass, 2004. 2. Reginald McKenna, 1863-1943, a memoir.von Stephen McKennaTyp: Englisch : Buch Verleger: London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1948. 3. Reginald McKenna : the pre-war years, a political biographyvon Samuel Herman JenikeTyp: Englisch : Buch : Diplomarbeit/Dissertation/Manuskript Archivarische Materialien Verleger: 1968. 4. 5. 6. The arch-enemy of ecomonic freedom : what banking is, what first it was, and again should bevon Frederick SoddyTyp: Englisch : Buch Verleger: Oxon [i.e. Oxford] : Published by F. Soddy at Knapp, Enstone, 1943. 7. The tonic sol-fa taxes : McKenna's singing lessonvon Alf EllertonTyp: Englisch : Musikalische Partitur : Veröffentlichte Noten : Lieder Verleger: London : Francis, Day & Hunter, ©1915. 8. The arch-enemy of economic freedom What banking is. What first it was and again should be. A reply to Mr. McKenna's 'What is banking?' including a criticism of the Morgenthau and Keynes proposals and a résumé of the author's monetary reform proposals for £ for £ banking,von Frederick SoddyTyp: Englisch : Buch : Mikroform Verleger: Knapp, Enstone, Oxon, The author, 1943. 9. Ordinary general meeting.von Midland Bank (London, England)Typ: Englisch : Fortsetzungs-Veröffentlichung Verleger: [London]

It was Marshal McMahon who put the Ardo property up for sale, and Sir Joseph McKenna was the buyer. The McKenna family (who took over Ardo in 1865) was a distinguished one too. Sir Joseph (he was knighted in August 1867) was a nationalist M.P. for Youghal 1865 - 68 and from 1874 - 1885, later for Monaghan. He had been born in Dublin in 1819, was educated at Trinity College and called to the Bar in 1848. The family was very proud of its connection with St. Oliver Plunkett through Sir Joseph's mother. (A nephew of Sir Joseph's, Reginald McKenna had a most distinguished career in English politics, having been Hon. Sec, to the Treasury, President of the Board of Education, Home Secretary; succeeded Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty and finally became Chancellor of the Exchequer under Asquith). Sir Joseph married in 1842, Esther Lousia Horne of Dublin who died in 1871 and Tony Collis her great grandson says she is buried with her young daughter in Ardmore graveyard. There is a set of purple vestments in Ardmore Church, made from a ball-gown of Lady McKennas. The tenure of the McKennas seemed to have initiated a period of refurbishment and prosperity at Ardo. Frances Curry (mentioned previously) talks in 1895 "of the scrupulously white washed walls, gleaming brilliantly in the sun". In fact, those years from the 1860's to the 1920's seem to have been the heyday of Ardo House. The photographs of the early 20th century show a delightful family home, well looked after as were the splendid out-offices of the adjoining farm. It exuded an air of prosperity and contentment. The late Deug Connell (later to become owner of the place) spoke of a big ball given in Ardo (probably in the early part of the century) when the whole avenue beginning at the approach near his house, was lighted up with lanterns. That must have been the same one of which Mrs Pollock spoke, her daughter, Mrs Dowson told of her father and mother bringing up cold sweets (refrigeration would have been a problem in those days), dancing all night and walking home at dawn. Mrs Dowson also spoke of going on one occasion with her father to visit Sir Joseph who was sitting up in bed wearing his tall hat. He died on 15th August 1906. He had re-married and the second Lady McKenna died in July 1907. Both were buried in a vault in an adjoining field with a large stone angel on guard. Now the place is covered with briars. The lady had been noted for her dedication to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the family was always resentful of the fact that this society got most of the McKenna money and the place was not viable. Sir Joseph McKenna had ten children six girls and four boys from his first marriage. One of his daughters married a grandson of Daniel O'Connell. Another daughter Magdalen Mary aged 13 is buried in the Ardmore graveyard, as also is Kathleen Elizabeth McKenna wife of Joseph (who inherited the place) in 1918. Members of the family lived there for some years before going to England, Madeline who later became Mrs Collis was one of them. For a period in 1920-21 it was let during the summer to the committee of Coláiste Deuglán, so her father Joseph McKenna had vacated the house by then. There was no caretaker and the place was looted, eventually sold and deprived of its roof, so the final period of its desolation began. The Collis family (3 sons, Guy, Tony and Terrence) returned to Ardmore, bought Melrose and used it as a guesthouse in the late 30's, early 40's). They returned to England in the mid 40's (Martin Hurley, my father bought Melrose and there I spent the first ten years of my married life). Guy was in an anti-partition league in England, moved to Leicester and became Lord Mayor of that city and was in frequent communication with me until his death a few years ago. 21.1.1924 Unter der Leitung des britischen Bankiers Reginald McKenna wird in Paris der zweite internationale Sachverständigenausschuss eröffnet Er soll sich mit der frage beshcäftigne wie deutshce Kapitalien zu behandeln sind, die wegen der Inflation ins ausland geschafft wurden ... In Paris legt das Dawes-Komitee sein Gutachten zur Regelung der ... Why was the government ruling Britain in 1925 willing to run such risks? P.J. Grigg was private secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time. He reports a dinner at which supporters and opponents of return argued in front of the Chancellor. Reginald McKenna (a former wartime Chancellor of the Exchequer himself) and John Maynard Keynes argued that overvaluation would discourage exports, create unemployment, put downward pressure on wages, and trigger waves of strikes. P.J. Grigg thought that Keynes did not argue his case very well--but given that the introduction to Grigg's memoirs denounces economists (like Keynes) who tried to teach Britain to "live beyond its means on its wits," it is doubtful that Grigg would have found Keynes and McKenna convincing no matter how well they argued their case.