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Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:Multiple issues Vorlage:Use mdy dates Vorlage:Use American English Vorlage:Infobox record label The Island Def Jam Music Group (IDJMG) was an American recording music unit, formed on December 31, 1998 (New Year's Eve) by Universal Music Group. It consisted of labels created under the operations of Island Records and Def Jam Recordings. [1] On April 1, 2014, Universal Music Group publicly announced the disbandment of the Island Def Jam Music Group, leaving IDJMG and its affiliated subsidiaries compelled as separate sister labels. [2]

In 2024, Universal Music rebranded Island and Def Jam under Republic Records as Republic Corps.[3]

History

1999: Seagram buyout of PolyGram and unit formation

On December 10, 1998, The Seagram Company completed its seven-month $10.6 billion plan to acquire PolyGram and consolidated its music label unit with that of MCA Music, forming Universal Music Group.[4][5][6]

Following the formation of Universal Music Group, and just in time for New Year's Day 1999, Island Def Jam Music Group was founded by merging 14 or more recording labels, including those consisting of Island Records, Def Jam Recordings and Mercury Records. Although IDJMG brought all three labels together, they continued to operate as separate, autonomous labels. Music industry executive Lyor Cohen was installed as the unit's president.[7]

The Island Def Jam Music Group was also one of the four newly established Universal Music label groups, along with the Universal Motown Republic Group, Verve Label Group and Interscope Geffen A&M Records.[8][9]

In the United Kingdom, Island Records handled its own operations under Universal's Island Records Group, while Def Jam UK was created and distributed by Mercury, which also handled its artists in that region under the banner. U.S. distribution was rescinded by IDJMG.Vorlage:Citation needed

1999-2001: Success

IDJMG's first official release was Biohazard's album New World Disorder, which was released by Mercury Records on June 8, 1999. By that time, the Rush Associated Labels portfolio (which had been a holding ground for Def Jam) was absorbed into Island Def Jam, with most of its labels, including Def Soul, Roc-A-Fella and Murder Inc. Records, joining forces all of which had been a part of the Def Jam Label Group since its PolyGram era between 1996 and 1998. For Island, some of its divisions had been either sold off or folded into IDJMG; both of which being 4th & B'way Records and Island Black Music, with many of its artist rosters (including hip hop and R&B acts) being transferred into Def Jam.[10]

For Mercury, its various artists of certain genres would later be drafted to either Motown (by then unrelated to IDJ until 2011), Def Jam (urban) or Island (pop, rock, alternative music and/or other non-urban genres).[9] Some of Mercury's non-urban roster would stay under the label by choice, while some of its international divisions either remained active or would be folded (including Mercury UK, which would oversee Def Jam or Island US releases).[8]

In 2000, the unit launched Def Jam Germany, the first international Def Jam label.[11] The following year, a country label, Lost Highway Records, was formed. The label operated as an imprint of Mercury Records, but had since been moved to Universal Music's Nashville division following the dissolution of IDJMG in 2014. In the summer of 2001, Island Def Jam acquired a controlling interest in the rock label, Roadrunner Records.[12] Edel SE & Co. KGaA, a German music distributor which owned 17% of Roadrunner at the time, threatened to take legal action against Universal.[13]

At the turn of the 21st Century the label achieved significant commercial success with records by influential hip hop artists including LL Cool J, Method Man, Redman, DMX, N.O.R.E.[14]

2002–2009: Restructure, Murder Inc. problems, Roc-A-Fella buyout and new leadership

In early 2002, the label bought Mariah Carey's label contract with future UMG sister label Virgin Records.[15][16][17] In December 2002, she released Charmbracelet. In July 2002, Island Def Jam released Murder Inc. Records' second compilation album, Irv Gotti Presents: The Inc. The album peaked in the top 3 of the Billboard 200, and was certified Gold by the RIAA.

In 2003, Fefe Dobson, Everlast, and Patti LaBelle all became part of the unit.[18][19] On January 3, the label unit was forced to cut all ties with producer Irv Gotti and his label, Murder Inc. Records, after a federal investigation and office raid considering allegations of money laundering in connection to an illegal operation maintained by a drug lord.[20][21] On March 25, 2003, Island Def Jam released rap group The Diplomats' debut album Diplomatic Immunity. Despite not producing any major hits, the success of the singles Built This City and Dipset Anthem led to the album being certified Gold by the RIAA. That May, Island Def Jam received a cease and desist from Steve Gottlieb, founder of TVT Records, regarding the release of a Cash Money Click reunion album, which IDJMG restricted because of member Ja Rule's obligations with Def Jam.

President Lyor Cohen obliged Gotti and Ja Rule not to record the album for TVT, but instead have IDJMG and UMG distribute it to avoid conflict of interest. TVT's lawsuit[22][23] cites copyright infringement, fraud and tortious interference.[24] Ultimately, TVT was awarded $132 million in damages with Cohen found liable for $56 million.[25] It was later revised two years later as TVT's cash award was reduced to $126,000 after Island Def Jam successfully appealed the judgment with a claim of this situation not being fraud nor infringement, but instead, breach of contract.[26][27][28] At the end of the year, Dobson's self-titled debut was released on December 9, as was on the same date as Def Soul artists 112's Hot & Wet and Musiq Soulchild's Soulstar. Then, in May 2004, Everlast and LaBelle released their albums, White Trash Beautiful and Timeless Journey, under Island and Def Soul Classics respectively. At the same time, L.A. Reid was appointed president and CEO of the Island Def Jam Music Group after he was dismissed from Arista Records. Cohen left Island Def Jam to join Warner Music Group, bringing with him colleagues Kevin Liles and Julie Greenwald.[29][30]

In December, the unit acquired the remaining 50 percent interest in Roc-A-Fella Records in exchange for appointing co-founder Jay-Z president of Def Jam Recordings; the other 50 percent had been purchased by former Def Jam parent company, PolyGram, in 1997. As a result, fellow Roc-A-Fella cohorts Damon Dash and Kareem "Biggs" Burke were forced off the label.[31][32] Then, in early 2005, the group extended a new label deal renewal with Ludacris' Disturbing tha Peace, making IDJMG a 50 percent stakeholder.[33] In April, with L.A. Reid's leadership, Mariah Carey returned from a two-year hiatus with The Emancipation of Mimi. The album sold 404,000 copies in its first week and opened to widespread acclaim from critics; an improvement over its predecessor, Charmbracelet.[34] That same year, Island Def Jam reached a breaking point when they signed a newcomer, a Barbadian singer named Rihanna. Her debut single "Pon de Replay" was an instant hit.[35]

In 2006, IDJMG ended their partnership with Roadrunner Records, selling the label to Warner Music.[36] Shakir Stewart was appointed senior vice president of A&R in October.[37] A year later, Steve Bartels was appointed chairman and COO of Island Def Jam, reporting to L.A. Reid and then-CEO of Universal Music, Doug Morris.[38][39] On December 22, 2007, Jay-Z announced his vacancy from his presidency of Def Jam, invoking L.A. Reid to step in rather than find a replacement.[40][41][42] On November 1, 2008, Shakir Stewart committed suicide, vacating his positions as senior vice president of A&R at Island Def Jam and executive vice president of Def Jam.[43][44][45] He was posthumously replaced by Christopher Hicks, a former executive from Warner Music Group.[46]

2010–11: Motown induction and GOOD Music partnership

Throughout 2010, Island Def Jam generated more public success from Justin Bieber ("Baby"), Kanye West (My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy) and Rihanna ("Only Girl (In the World)").

In 2011, former RCA/Jive Label Group chairman Barry Weiss was assigned to become the new chairman of the Universal Motown Republic Group while at the same time assuming the CEO position at Island Def Jam Music Group.[47][48] Under Weiss' leadership, Motown Records became an imprint of the Island Def Jam Music Group shortly after the disbandment of the UMRG.[49] Kanye West's imprint, GOOD Music, was given a 10-year distribution partnership with IDJMG.[50][51] GOOD Music assumed marketing, while Def Jam took over the manufacturing and distribution of its releases. The first official album released under the new partnership was Big Sean's debut, Finally Famous. In May, Def Soul Records was folded into Island Def Jam as a part of a rearrangement of the Island Def Jam Music Group's multi-genre strategy.Vorlage:Citation needed

That August, a Jay-Z and Kanye West collaborative album, Watch the Throne, was released under Island Def Jam's distribution. The album sold 436,000 copies in its first week, producing the biggest first-week sales of 2011 hip hop and also the highest for IDJMG since Mariah Carey's 2005 album.[52]

2013: Final outbreak

In 2013, Fall Out Boy, Iggy Azalea, and Neon Trees solidified more success at the unit. Respectively, Fall Out Boy's Save Rock and Roll accumulated 154,000 copies, debuting at number one on Billboard.[53] For Iggy Azalea, her single, "Change Your Life", went gold despite debuting at number 47 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[54][55] Neon Trees' single, "Sleeping with a Friend", made the number seven position on the Adult Top 40 chart after receiving positive feedback.[56]

The Island Def Jam Music Group's operations in the United Kingdom were also changed that year with Mercury UK being absorbed into the new Virgin EMI Records. With the absorption of Mercury UK also involved the end of Def Jam UK, with all of Island, Def Jam, Republic, Virgin and Motown's artists being distributed under the newly reiterated imprint in the region. It occurred following UMG's acquisition of the recording music division of EMI a year earlier.[57][58]

2014: Disbandment

On April 1, 2014, Lucian Grainge, chairman and CEO of the Universal Music Group, confirmed the disbandment of the Island Def Jam Music Group. The unit ceased to exist after East Coast label faction CEO Barry Weiss' departure.[59][60][61] Grainge explained: Vorlage:Cquote It was believed that Weiss was dissatisfied with the fact that he would be demoted at Universal Music with Michele Anthony being promoted to executive vice president at the company's recorded music unit and John Janick replacing Jimmy Iovine as chairman and CEO of Island Def Jam's sister unit, Interscope Geffen A&M.[62][63] He was also in talks with Grainge to create a new joint venture with UMG.[64][65]

With Island Def Jam disbanded,[66][67] operations had been traced solely into all three label units: Def Jam Recordings will now act as its own label under Universal Music, as so Island Records, which Def Jam remains a sister label to, but with new farther relations. Meanwhile, Motown Records currently operates under the Capitol Music Group.[68][69] Mercury Records had folded into Island following the closure, but had since been reactivated in 2022 by Universal Music and later moved to Republic Records.[67][70][71]

In terms of corporate leadership, Steve Bartels was reassigned to CEO of Def Jam until 2018,[72][73] David Massey remained president and CEO of Island (also until 2018),[74][75][76] and Ethiopia Habtemariam was named president of Motown before leaving in 2022.[77][78][79][80] As of 2022, despite the shutdown, there is a Facebook and Instagram joint account and Universal Music France subunit called Island Def Jam France, taking the unit name and being maintained by UMG France to promote both labels' music altogether.[81] IDJ France also promotes and produces releases under sister labels Capitol, Motown, Virgin Music and Republic Records. Guenael "G.G." Fray has been appointed the deputy director of both IDJ and Polydor Records' French operations since January 2023.[82]

2024: Republic Corps

In 2024, Universal Music sister label Republic Records revived the Island Def Jam Music Group as its flagship label, renaming it Republic Corps.[83] It was a strategy imposed by UMG to combine its labels, Republic, Island and Def Jam, under the "East Coast" operation. Republic Corps and Universal's New York City label operations are under the supervision of Republic co-founder Monte Lipman.[84]

Awards and accolades

According to the 2012 radio airplay analysis of the music industry service Mediabase, IDJMG became the number-one rhythmic label with seven number-one songs played on rhythmic radio stations, including songs from Rihanna, Kanye West, Jay-Z, Ne-Yo, and Justin Bieber.[85]

Labels

Island Records

Def Jam Recordings

Mercury Records

Motown Records

  • Motown Gospel

Other labels, divisions or affiliate

Former or defunct

Notable artists before dissolvement

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:Def Jam Recordings

Normdaten (Typ fehlt):


  1. ↑ Universal Buys Out Def Jam. In: New York Post. 26. Februar 1999, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  2. ↑ Ben Sisario: Universal Music Group Breaks Up Its Island Def Jam Division In: The New York Times, 1. April 2014. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  3. ↑ Dan Rys: UMG’s East Coast Labels Reorganize as ‘Republic Corps’ With New Structure. In: Billboard. 12. März 2024, abgerufen am 11. Oktober 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  4. ↑ Seagram buys PolyGram - May 21, 1998. In: money.cnn.com. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  5. ↑ Seagrams completes PolyGram acquisition - Dec. 10, 1998. In: money.cnn.com. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  6. ↑ Chuck Phillips, Claudia Eller: Seagram Uncorks $10.6-Billion Deal to Buy PolyGram. In: Los Angeles Times. 22. Mai 1998, abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  7. ↑ Lyor Cohen. In: Music Business Worldwide. 22. August 2023, abgerufen am 12. Januar 2025 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  8. ↑ a b Chuck Philips: Merger Puts Seagram at Top of Music Charts. In: Los Angeles Times. 10. Dezember 1998, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  9. ↑ a b Neil Strauss: A Major Merger Shakes Up the World of Rock In: The New York Times, 21. Dezember 1998. Abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  10. ↑ B. J. Steiner: 14 Defunct Hip-Hop Labels - XXL. In: XXL Mag. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  11. ↑ Def Jam Germany ist Geschichte. (deutsch: Def Jam Germany is History). In: Hiphop.de. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (deutsch).
  12. ↑ ROADRUNNER LANDS ATISLAND DEF JAM. In: HITS Daily Double. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  13. ↑ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc., 4. August 2001 (englisch, google.com).
  14. ↑ Jeff Leeds: Island Def Jam Label on Right Track. In: Los Angeles Times. 26. September 2001, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  15. ↑ Mariah Carey Signs Deal with Island Records. In: Hollywood.com. 9. Mai 2002, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  16. ↑ Virgin Records pays Mariah Carey $28 million to end contract. In: The Quad-City Times. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  17. ↑ Laura M. Holson: Mariah Carey And Universal Agree to Terms Of Record Deal In: The New York Times, 9. Mai 2002. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  18. ↑ .: ACCESS all areas ONLINE. 17. Januar 2009, archiviert vom Original am 17. Januar 2009; abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  19. ↑ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc., 27. September 2003 (englisch, google.com).
  20. ↑ Drugs, Friends & Allegations: Inside The Murder Inc. Raid. In: MTV. Archiviert vom Original am 21. November 2022; abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  21. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  22. ↑ TVT Records v. Island Def Jam Music Group, 262 F. Supp. 2d 188 (S.D.N.Y. 2003). In: Justia Law. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  23. ↑ TVT v. Island Def Jam - Google Scholar. In: scholar.google.com. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  24. ↑ The Discography. In: thediscography.org. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  25. ↑ Ja Ruling: Island Def Jam, Lyor Cohen Ordered To Pay $132 Million To TVT. In: MTV. Archiviert vom Original am 11. August 2022; abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  26. ↑ Def Jam/ TVT Battle Over Ja Rule Picks Up After Reversal. In: MTV. Archiviert vom Original am 21. November 2022; abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  27. ↑ TVT Records Loses $54 Million to Def Jam. In: HipHopDX. 15. Juni 2005, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  28. ↑ Grouchy Greg Watkins (@GrouchyGreg): Def Jam and Lyor Cohen Win Ruling, TVT Vows Appeal. In: AllHipHop. 15. Juni 2005, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  29. ↑ Tim Arango: HIP-HOPPING MAD – SIMMONS RIPS DEF JAM BOSS L.A. REID. In: New York Post. 12. August 2004, abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  30. ↑ Johnnie L. Roberts: DEF JAM'S NEW TUNE. In: Newsweek. 29. August 2004, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  31. ↑ Jay-Z, Dame Dash Sell Roc-A-Fella Records; Jay Named Def Jam Prez. In: MTV. Archiviert vom Original am 10. August 2022; abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  32. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  33. ↑ Tim Arango: DEF JAM LABEL FOR LUDACRIS. In: New York Post. 14. Januar 2005, abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  34. ↑ Mariah Carey's new album enjoys huge early sales In: Reuters, 17. April 2008. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch). 
  35. ↑ Bianca Gracie: An Oral History of Rihanna's Debut Song, 'Pon de Replay'. In: Vulture. 28. Mai 2020, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  36. ↑ Warner Music Group to Acquire Majority Stake in Roadrunner Music Group. In: Warner Music Group. 18. Dezember 2006, abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  37. ↑ Stewart Rises To IDJMG SVP/A&R. In: All Access. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  38. ↑ XXL Staff: Steve Bartels Promoted to President/COO of Island Def Jam Music Group - XXL. In: XXL Mag. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  39. ↑ Mike Boyle Billboard, AP, Mike Boyle Billboard, AP: Island Def Jam Music Group ups Bartels. In: The Hollywood Reporter. 14. September 2007, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  40. ↑ Jay-Z resigns as Def Jam's president. In: TODAY.com. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  41. ↑ Jeff Leeds: Jay-Z to Quit His Day Job as President of Def Jam In: The New York Times, 25. Dezember 2007. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  42. ↑ Def Jam To Replace Jay-Z With Evil, Evil Man Who Signed Rick Ross. In: idolator. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  43. ↑ Music and Suicide: A Tragic History. In: BET. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  44. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  45. ↑ Shakir Stewart of Def Jam Recordings dies at 34. In: Los Angeles Times. 5. November 2008, abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  46. ↑ Hilary Lewis: Island Def Jam Hires Warner Music A&R Exec As New Vice President. In: Business Insider. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  47. ↑ Shirley Halperin: Barry Weiss Named Chairman and CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Motown Republic Group. In: The Hollywood Reporter. 17. März 2011, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  48. ↑ Barry Weiss to head up Island Def Jam | Complete Music Update. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  49. ↑ Ed Christman: Motown Records to Share Resources With Island Def Jam. In: The Hollywood Reporter. 27. Juli 2011, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  50. ↑ Kanye's GOOD Music Inks Def Jam Deal. In: Essence. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  51. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  52. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  53. ↑ Who Charted? Fall Out Boy 'Save Rock And Roll' With No. 1 Victories In 27 Countries. In: Spin. 24. April 2013, abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  54. ↑ Gold & Platinum. In: RIAA. Abgerufen am 18. Januar 2025 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  55. ↑ devops: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. In: Billboard. 2. Januar 2013, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2025 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  56. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  57. ↑ Universal Music completes acquisition of EMI Music. In: Music Business Worldwide. 28. September 2012, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  58. ↑ Virgin and Mercury merge to create Virgin EMI Records - Music Ally. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  59. ↑ Claire Atkinson: Barry Weiss out at Universal's Island Def Jam in East Coast shakeup. In: New York Post. 1. April 2014, abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  60. ↑ Shirley Halperin: Music Executive Barry Weiss Steps Down as Island Def Jam Motown Reorganizes. In: The Hollywood Reporter. 1. April 2014, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  61. ↑ UMG Dissolves Island Def Jam, Barry Weiss Steps Down. In: finance.yahoo.com. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  62. ↑ Barry Weiss out at Universal's Island Def Jam in East Coast shakeup. In: New York Post. 1. April 2014, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  63. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  64. ↑ Mir, a J.Mir, a J: Island Def Jam Is Over - XXL. In: XXL Mag. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  65. ↑ Barry Weiss Steps Down As Chairman & CEO Of Island Def Jam. In: The Latest Hip-Hop News, Music and Media | Hip-Hop Wired. 1. April 2014, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  66. ↑ UMG Disbands Island Def Jam. In: BET. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (englisch).
  67. ↑ a b Ben Sisario: Universal Music Group Breaks Up Its Island Def Jam Division In: The New York Times, 1. April 2014. Abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  68. ↑ Thania Garcia: Motown Records Initiates Layoffs as Label Reverses Course, Returning to Capitol Music Group. In: Variety. 17. Februar 2023, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  69. ↑ Dan Rys: Layoffs Hit Motown Records Amid Capitol Reintegration. In: Billboard. 17. Februar 2023, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  70. ↑ Jem Aswad: Republic Relaunches Mercury Records; Post Malone, James Bay Move Over to New Roster. In: Variety. 11. April 2022, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  71. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  72. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  73. ↑ Ed Christman: With Major Grammy Nominations, Def Jam’s Steve Bartels Is Leaving On a High Note. In: Billboard. 1. Dezember 2017, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  74. ↑ Billboard Staff: David Massey Named President of Island Records. In: The Hollywood Reporter. 8. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  75. ↑ Shirley Halperin, Jem Aswad: David Massey Stepping Down From Island Records to Start New Venture. In: Variety. 13. April 2018, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  76. ↑ Stuart Dredge: Sony Music relaunches Arista Records with David Massey. In: Music Ally. 10. Juli 2018, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (britisches Englisch).
  77. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  78. ↑ ETHIOPIA HABTEMARIAM ELEVATED TO CHAIRMAN & CEO OF MOTOWN RECORDS. In: UMG. 1. März 2021, abgerufen am 21. November 2022 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  79. ↑ Jem Aswad: Ethiopia Habtemariam to Step Down From Motown Records. In: Variety. 29. November 2022, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  80. ↑ Ethiopia Habtemariam to step down as Chairwoman and CEO of Motown. In: Music Business Worldwide. 30. November 2022, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  81. ↑ Island Def Jam - Home. In: Facebook. 21. November 2022, archiviert vom Original am 21. November 2022; abgerufen am 21. November 2022.
  82. ↑ GG SAYS "OUI" TO NEW UMG FRANCE ROLE. In: HITS Daily Double. Abgerufen am 21. Januar 2024 (englisch).
  83. ↑ Dan Rys: UMG’s East Coast Labels Reorganize as ‘Republic Corps’ With New Structure. In: Billboard. 12. März 2024, abgerufen am 11. Oktober 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  84. ↑ Jem Aswad: Universal Music Restructuring Continues, East Coast Labels Unite via Republic Corps Division. In: Variety. 12. März 2024, abgerufen am 11. Oktober 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  85. ↑ Mediabase Year-end Edition 2012. In: Mediabase. Clear Communications, Inc, 2012, abgerufen am 8. Februar 2014.
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