Benutzer:Shi Annan/Gadabuursi
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The Gadabuursi (Vorlage:Lang-so, Vorlage:Lang-ar), also known as Samaroon, is a northern Somali clan. It is a sub-division of the Dir.
Overview
Most Gadabuursi members are descendants of Sheikh Samaroon. However, Samaroon does not necessarily mean Gadabuursi, but rather represents only a sub-clan of the Gadabuursi clan family.
As a Dir sub-clan, the Gadabuursi have immediate lineal ties with the Issa of Djibouti, the Surre (Abdalle and Qubeys) of central/southern Somalia, the Biyomaal of southern Somalia, the Gaadsan subclan of Biimal in Ethiopia and Kenya and the Gurgure .
In terms of subsistence patterns, the Gadabuursi are mainly sedentary agro-pastoralists, supplementing their cattle herding with cereal cultivation.[1]
Politically, the Gadabuursi are represented by the Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA).[2] The former president of the northwestern Somaliland region of Somalia, Dahir Rayale Kahin, also hails from the Gadabuursi clan.
Distribution
The Gadabuursi are concentrated in northwestern Somalia and are the main and pre-dominant clan of the Awdal region and are partially found in the neighboring region of Woqooyi Galbeed (in the Gabilay District), but most of the Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia(the so called region 5).[3][4][5]
The Gadabuursi are also found in Djibouti.
In the Somali Region in Ethiopia, where they almost exclusively inhabit both the Awbere district in the Jijiga Zone and the Dembel district in the Shinile Zone.[6][7][8]
They also reside along the northeastern fringe of the chartered city state of Dire Dawa, which borders the Dembel district.[9] The 2007 Summary and Statistical report of the Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has shown that Awbere is the most populated district in the region.[10]
The Gadabuursi of Ethiopia have expressed a desire to combine the clan's traditional territories of Awbere and Dembel to form a new region-state called Harawo State.[11]
History
The Gadabursi Kingdom was established more than 600 years ago, and consisted of many elders and a King (Ugaas). Hundreds of elders used to work in four sections consisting of 25 elders each:
- Social committee
- Defence - policing authorities consisting of horsemen (referred to as fardoolay) and foot soldiers
- Economy and collection of taxes
- Justice committee
The chairmen of the four sections were called Afarta Dhadhaar, and were selected according to talent and personnel abilities. A constitution, Xeer Gadabursi, had been developed, which divided every case as to whether it was new or had precedents (ugub or curad).
The Gadabursi King and the elders opposed the arrival of the British at the turn of the twentieth century, and subsequently signed an agreement with the latter. Later, as a disagreement between the two parties both arose and intensified, the British installed some people against the Ugaas in hopes of overthrowing him. This would eventually bring about the collapse of the kingdom.
Clan tree
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[13][14]
- Dir
- Gadabuursi (Gadabursi)
- Biimaal (or Bimal)
- Issa
In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:[15]
- Dir
- Isaac
- Garhajis
- Gadabursi
- Isse
- Biyomal
- Gadsan
- Qubeys
- Isaac
The Gadabursi clan according to the Peoples of the Horn of Africa , Nuova Antologia(1890) and many more sources are divided in 2 divisions:[16][17]
- Gadabursi
- Habar Makador
- Habar 'Affan
Notable figures
- Abdi Ismail Samatar, Somali scholar, writer and professor.
- Ahmed Ismail Samatar, Somali writer, professor and former dean of the Institute for Global Citizenship at Macalester College. Editor of Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Abdirahman Duale Beyle, former Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia
- [[ Dr Maohamed Rashid Sh Hasan, somali scholar, writer a,d broadcaster "Current Minister of Goverment"
- Abdisalam Omer, Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia; former Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia
- Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur, inventor of the Borama script
- Dahir Rayale Kahin, third President of Somaliland
- Ahmed Gerri of the Habar Maqdi(Makadi)/Makadur of the Conquest of Abyssinia [18][19]
- Sultan Mahomed Haji Dideh, sultan of Zeila,prosperous merchant and built first mosque in Djibouti. He also proposed the name "Cote francaise des Somalis" to the French[20][21][22]
- Yussur A.F. Abrar, former governor of the Central Bank of Somalia.[23]
- Ugas Nuur, a notable malak of the Gadabursi.[24]
- Ayanle Souleiman, a Djiboutian middle distance runner hailing originally from the Awdal region.
Notes
References
- Country Information and Policy Unit, Somalia Assessment 2001, Home Office, Great Britain
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha, [1], pp. 639 April 2011
- ↑ Somalia Assessment 2001, p. 5
- ↑ Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus: Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B.Tauris, 2005, ISBN 978-0-85771-677-4, S. 296 (englisch, google.com).
- ↑ Somaliland: The Myth of Clan-Based Statehood. Somalia Watch, 7. Dezember 2002, abgerufen am 29. Januar 2007.
- ↑ Federico Battera, Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.): Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B. Taurus, London 2005, ISBN 1-85043-634-7, Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia, S. 296 (google.co.uk [abgerufen am 18. März 2010]).
- ↑ Shinile Agropastoral Livelihood Zone. (PDF) Save the Children, 2001, S. 8, abgerufen am 8. Februar 2012.
- ↑ IL-DUUFKA WEYN EE LALA BEEGSADAY DAD-WEYNAHA GOBOLKA HARAWO. In: Harawo.org. Abgerufen am 8. Februar 2012 (Somali).
- ↑ United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, Field Trip to Jijiga (22-29 April, 1994). (PDF) S. 2, archiviert vom am 18. Dezember 2010.
- ↑ [2] United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, Field Trip to Jijiga (22–29 April 1994), p. 2 (accessed 3 April 2011)
- ↑ Ethiopia Population Census Statistics, [3], p.72 November 2007,
- ↑ Harawo State Petition, [4], March 2011
- ↑ John Anthony Hunt: A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: final report on "An economic survey and reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary, 1. Januar 1951, S. 151 (englisch, google.com).
- ↑ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
- ↑ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure, p. 43
- ↑ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.56 Figure A-2
- ↑ I. M. Lewis: Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press, 1998, ISBN 978-1-56902-105-7, S. 25 (englisch, google.com).
- ↑ Francesco Protonotari: Nuova antologia. Direzione della Nuova Antologia, 1. Januar 1890, S. 343 (italienisch, google.com).
- ↑ Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh, Probably the Habar Makadur , underneath the page as a note [I.M. Lewis]: The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors, 1. Januar 2003, S. 27 (englisch, google.com).
- ↑ I.M. Lewis: Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Pr; Subsequent edition (August 1998), Red Sea Pr; Subsequent edition (August 1998) 1998, ISBN 978-1-56902-104-0, S. 25.
- ↑ Henry a Rayne: Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland. BiblioLife, 2015, ISBN 978-1-297-56976-0 (englisch, google.nl).
- ↑ Rachad Farah: Un embajador en el centro de los acontecimientos. Editions L'Harmattan, 2013, ISBN 978-2-336-32135-6, S. 17 (spanisch, google.com).
- ↑ As indicated in Morin (2005:640) the name of “Cote francaise des Somalis” itself is said to have been proposed by hağği Diideh [Mahad-Ase clan of Gedebursi. He was Prosperous merchant of Zayla who built the first Mosque in Djibouti Ğami ar-Rahma in 1891] to the French administration in imitation of British Somaliland. http://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2011/5127/pdf/Yas_Diss_2010.pdf page 92
- ↑ Yussur Abrar (Dir/Gadabursi), who hails from Borama in Somaliland http://www.africaintelligence.com/ION/politics-power/2013/11/08/yussur-abrar-did-not-last-long,107993799-ART
- ↑ Mohamed Haji Mukhtar: Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1, S. 247 (englisch, google.com).