Geiseldiplomatie
Hostage diplomacy, also hostage-diplomacy,[1] is the taking of hostages for diplomatic purposes.
Overview
Hostage diplomacy is the taking of hostages for diplomatic purposes.[2] It is an asymmetric tool of diplomacy.[3]Vorlage:Better source
Modern examples
China
Vorlage:See also From 1967 to 1969 the PRC kept two dozen British diplomats and civilians as de facto hostages. The British were able to effect the release of their personnel by decoupling the hostage situation from broader political and economic issues through protracted negotiation.[2]
It is widely believed that China detained two Canadians in response to the arrest of Meng Wanzhou.[4][5][6] In 2019 Australian Yang Hengjun's detention was also linked to a renewed effort at hostage diplomacy in response to the arrest of Meng Wanzhou. Prior to Hengjun's detention Australian government had sharply criticized the Chinese government for detaining the two Canadians.[7][8][9]
The Lowy Institute has concluded that China’s use of hostage diplomacy, among other things, undermine’s their “peaceful rise” narrative.[10]
Turkey
According to Eric Edelman and Aykan Erdemir of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, hostage diplomacy has been widely used by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[11] The case of Andrew Brunson, an American pastor working in Turkey imprisoned in 2016, has been widely referred to as a case of diplomatic hostage taking.[12]
Iran
Vorlage:Further Modern Iranian hostage diplomacy began soon after the Iranian revolution with the Iran hostage crisis.[13]
Iran's government has used hostage diplomacy as a key diplomatic tool. Hostages have included Jason Rezaian, Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, Ana Diamond, Siamak Namazi, Jolie King, Kylie Moore-Gilbert, Morad Tahbaz, Kamal Foroughi, Aras Amiri, Kameel Ahmady, and Anousheh Ashouri.[14]
North Korea
Vorlage:Further North Korea has made wide use of hostage diplomacy as a tool against the USA, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia and various European nations.[15][16][17] Those held hostage are often tourists or exchange students who are either charged with minor offenses or espionage.[18] In recent years it has been speculated that the regime of Kim Jong Un had evolved from using hostages to gain leverage to using hostages to gain leverage and as human shields to protect against a feared American intervention.[19] The case of Otto Warmbier, which ended in Warmbier’s death soon after his release, is a particularly well known example of North Korean hostage diplomacy.[15][16]
See also
References
- ↑ Hari M. Osofsky: Understanding "Hostage-Diplomacy": e Release of Wei Jingsheng and Wang Dan. In: Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 1998, S. 143–147 (yale.edu [abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019]).
- ↑ a b Chi-Kwan Mark: Hostage Diplomacy: Britain, China, and the Politics of Negotiation, 1967–1969. In: Diplomacy & Statecraft. 20. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 2009, S. 473–493, doi:10.1080/09592290903293803.
- ↑ Jason Rezaian: Iran's hostage factory. In: washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Jamie Fullerton: Canadians mark one year in Chinese detention as 'diplomatic hostages' In: The Telegraph, The Daily Telegraph, 8. Dezember 2019. Abgerufen im 21 January 2020
- ↑ Lynette Ong: China Is Shooting Itself in the Foot Over Huawei. In: foreignpolicy.com. Foreign Policy, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Lily Kuo: 'Hostage' diplomacy: Canadian's death sentence in China sets worrying tone, experts say In: The Guardian, 15. Januar 2019. Abgerufen im 16 December 2019
- ↑ Rory Medcalf: Arrest of Yang Hengjun drags Australia into China's hostage diplomacy. In: nsc.crawford.anu.edu.au. Australian National University, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Robyn Dixon: China's arrest of Australian writer is called 'hostage diplomacy'. In: latimes.com. The Los Angeles Times, 24. Januar 2019, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Ankit Panda: China's 'Hostage Diplomacy' Cannot Be Allowed to Stand. In: thediplomat.com. The Diplomat, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ ALI WYNE and MICHAEL J. MAZARR: The real US–China competition: Competing theories of influence. In: The real US–China competition: Competing theories of influence. The Lowy Institute, abgerufen am 4. Februar 2020.
- ↑ Aykan Erdemir & Eric Edelman: Erdogan's Hostage Diplomacy: Western Nationals in Turkish Prison. In: s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com. Foundation for the Defense of Democracy, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ DIEGO CUPOLO: Turkey's Dangerous Game of 'Hostage Diplomacy'. In: theatlantic.com. The Atlantic, 6. Mai 2018, abgerufen am 16. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Catherine Philip: Kylie Moore-Gilbert: Iran uses crises to get what it wants. In: thetimes.co.uk. The Times, abgerufen am 1. Mai 2020.
- ↑ Foreign Staff: Iran's 'hostage diplomacy': All the known detainees with British links In: The Telegraph, 11. September 2019. Abgerufen im 16 December 2019
- ↑ a b Doug Bock Clark: The Untold Story of Otto Warmbier an American Hostage. In: gq.com. GQ, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ a b Choe Sang-Hun: Otto Warmbier's Death a New Wedge Between U.S. and North Korea In: The New York Times, 20. Juni 2017. Abgerufen im 17 December 2019
- ↑ North Korea is holding our citizens hostage, says Malaysia's PM Najib, after tit-for-tat travel bans. In: scmp.com. South China Morning Post, 7. März 2017, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Lee Min-yong: https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/countering-north-koreas-hostage-diplomacy/. In: thediplomat.com. The Diplomat, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2019.
- ↑ Stella Kim and Saphora Smith: North Korea's 'Hostage Diplomacy': Kim Uses Detained Americans as Leverage. In: nbcnews.com. NBC News, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2019.