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Südafrika gegen Israel (Völkermordkonvention)

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Vorlage:Short description Benutzer:RMCD bot/subject notice Vorlage:Pp-protected Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox court case The proceedings instituted by South Africa against the State of Israel on 29 December 2023 before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), are officially known as Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel).

South Africa's submission alleges that Israel has committed, and is committing, genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, in violation of the Genocide Convention and places the charges in what it describes as the broader context of Israel's conduct towards Palestinians, including what it described as a 75-year apartheid, 56-year occupation and 16-year blockade of the Strip.[1][2] South Africa has requested that the ICJ render an immediate provisional measures of protection by issuing an order to Israel to immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza.[3][4]

The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs described South Africa as "functioning as the legal arm" of Hamas, while characterizing South Africa's case as relying on "false and baseless claims".[5]

Two days of public hearings were held on 11 and 12 January 2024 at the Peace Palace in The Hague, regarding South Africa's request for provisional measures of protection.[6] Israel is represented by several lawyers including Malcolm Shaw and Tal Becker,[7][8] and the South African legal team includes John Dugard, Adila Hassim, Tembeka Ngcukaitobi and Vaughan Lowe.[9] Israel and South Africa appointed Aharon Barak[8][10] and Dikgang Moseneke, respectively, as ad hoc judges.Vorlage:Sfn[11]

Background

After Israel began the bombing of Gaza following the 7 October attacks, some Palestinians expressed concern that the responding violence would be used to justify genocide against Palestinians by Israel.[12] After the attacks by Hamas, Yoav Gallant, Israeli Minister of Defense, stated "We are fighting human animals, and we are acting accordingly".[13][14] Avi Dichter, Israeli Minister of Agriculture, called for the war to be "Gaza’s Nakba" on Channel 12;[15] Ariel Kallner, another Member of the Knesset from the Likud party, similarly wrote on social media that there is "one goal: Nakba! A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of [1948]. Nakba in Gaza and Nakba to anyone who dares to join".[16] Israeli historian of the Holocaust Omer Bartov wrote an op-ed in The New York Times arguing that, while Israel had not actually committed genocide, such statements contained "deeply alarming language" and "[t]aken together... could easily be construed as indicating a genocidal intent."[17]

Genocide Convention

In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which defined genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". The acts were: killing members of the protected group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the protected group. Victims must be targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a protected national, ethnic, racial or religious group.[18][19]

Both Israel and South Africa have signed and ratified the Genocide Convention without reservation.[20][21]

Proceedings

Public hearings will be held at the Peace Palace in The Hague

Proceedings were instituted on 29 December 2023 at the International Court of Justice pursuant to the Genocide Convention,[21][22] and brought pursuant to Article IX of the convention.[4][23]

Balkees Jarrah, associate international justice director at Human Rights Watch, notes that the ICJ case is not a prosecution of individuals, and does not directly involve the International Criminal Court, which is a separate body[21] that is currently carrying out its own investigation.[24] Jarrah stated that the case presents an opportunity to "provide clear, definitive answers on the question of whether Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people".[21]

According to legal academics, South Africa's request for provisional measures against Israel does not require a determination of whether Israel actually perpetuated genocide, but instead requires the determination that it is "plausible" that genocide occurred.[25][26] Recent rulings in regard to the granting of provisional measures have taken between two weeks and one month after hearings.[27] A final judgement on the case could take years.[21][28]

Separately, hearings begin in February 2024 in regard to a U.N. request for a non-binding advisory opinion on the legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory including East Jerusalem.[29]

South African government position

South Africa accuses Israel of committing acts of genocide in the Gaza Strip in violation of the 1948 Genocide Convention, which defined and prohibited genocide.[30][31] The South African legal team includes John Dugard, Adila Hassim, Tembeka Ngcukaitobi, Max du Plessis, Tshidiso Ramogale, Sarah Pudifin-Jones, Lerato Zikalala, Vaughan Lowe and Blinne Ní Ghrálaigh.[9] South Africa has also appointed former Deputy Chief Justice Dikgang Moseneke as an ad hoc judge.[11][32] During his period of imprisonment on Robben Island, Moseneke had met and befriended fellow anti-apartheid activist and future President Nelson Mandela,[32][33] who went on to become a supporter of the Palestinian cause himself.[34][35] A number of international political figures will be joining the South African delegation, including Jeremy Corbyn and Jean-Luc Mélenchon.[36][37]

In the country's 84-page application it alleged that Israel's actions "are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".[4][38] South Africa requested that the ICJ issue a binding legal order on an interim basis (i.e., prior to a hearing on the merits of the application), requiring Israel to "immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza."[4][38] Additionally, the incumbent South African president Cyril Ramaphosa also compared Israel's actions to apartheid.[39]

The submission states that "acts and omissions by Israel ... are genocidal in character, as they are committed with the requisite specific intent ... to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a part of the broader Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".[31] Genocidal actions alleged in the suit included the mass killing of Palestinians in Gaza, the destruction of their homes, their expulsion and displacement, as well as their blockade on food, water and medical aid to the region. South Africa said that Israel had imposed measures preventing Palestinian births through the destruction of essential health services vital for the survival of pregnant women and their babies. The suit argued that these actions were "intended to bring about their [Palestinians] destruction as a group".[30] South Africa asserts that statements made by Israeli officials, such as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, are evidence of genocidal intent.[30]

The South African application set out nine provisional measures of protection requested:[40]

Number Summary Full description
1 Suspension of military operations The State of Israel shall immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza.
2 The State of Israel shall ensure that any military or irregular armed units which may be directed, supported or influenced by it, as well as any organisations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, take no steps in furtherance of the military operations referred to point (1) above.
3 Prevent genocide The Republic of South Africa and the State of Israel shall each, in accordance with their obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the Palestinian people, take all reasonable measures within their power to prevent genocide.
4 Desist from killing, injuring, destroying life and preventing births The State of Israel shall, in accordance with its obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in relation to the Palestinian people as a group protected by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, desist from the commission of any and all acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention, in particular: Vorlage:Ordered list
5 Prevent displacement, deprivation and the destruction of life The State of Israel shall, pursuant to point (4)(c) above, in relation to Palestinians, desist from, and take all measures within its power including the rescinding of relevant orders, of restrictions and/or of prohibitions to prevent: Vorlage:Ordered list
6 Desist from incitement, and punish acts of and encouragement to genocide The State of Israel shall, in relation to Palestinians, ensure that its military, as well as any irregular armed units or individuals which may be directed, supported or otherwise influenced by it and any organizations and persons which may be subject to its control, direction or influence, do not commit any acts described in (4) and (5) above, or engage in direct and public incitement to commit genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide, or complicity in genocide, and insofar as they do engage therein, that steps are taken towards their punishment pursuant to Articles I, II, III and IV of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
7 Prevent the destruction of and ensure the preservation of evidence The State of Israel shall take effective measures to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence related to allegations of acts within the scope of Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; to that end, the State of Israel shall not act to deny or otherwise restrict access by fact-finding missions, international mandates and other bodies to Gaza to assist in ensuring the preservation and retention of said evidence.
8 Submit ongoing reports to the Court on measures taken The State of Israel shall submit a report to the Court on all measures taken to give effect to this Order within one week, as from the date of this Order, and thereafter at such regular intervals as the Court shall order, until a final decision on the case is rendered by the Court.
9 Refrain from aggravating the situation The State of Israel shall refrain from any action and shall ensure that no action is taken which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.

Israeli government position

Israel rejected the allegations "with disgust"[21] and accused South Africa of "cooperating with a terrorist organisation that is calling for the destruction of the State of Israel".[41] They described the actions of South Africa as blood libel[42][43] and claimed that the proceedings were "abetting the modern heirs of the Nazis".[44]

On 2 January 2024, Israel appeared before the ICJ in response to South Africa's case, which represented an exception in the country's history of ignoring previous international tribunals.[38][45] Israel's legal team includes Malcolm Shaw, Tal Becker, and two other lawyers.[46][47] Israel has also appointed former President of the Supreme Court of Israel Aharon Barak as an ad hoc judge.[8][10][48] Barak's appointment was praised by the majority of the public opinion, due to him being an internationally respected legal authority,[10][48] but also received criticism from several far-right Israeli politicians, including Ministers Bezalel Smotrich and Amihai Ben-Eliyahu,[48] since Barak had harshly criticized the government-backed judicial reform and encouraged the subsequent protests across the country in 2023.[10][48]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded that it was Hamas that was committing genocide, instead of Israel.[49] Netanyahu added that the Israel Defense Forces are "acting as morally as possible".[49] In a later statement, Netanyahu stated that "nobody" could stop Israel from continuing its actions in Gaza, including The Hague.[50] The Israel Defense Forces states that it takes actions to reduce civilian casualties such as warning civilians in targeted areas and not striking certain areas with civilians.[49] The Israeli government has stated multiple times that it wants to eliminate Hamas and not Palestinians.[49]

The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs described South Africa as "functioning as the legal arm" of Hamas, while characterizing South Africa's case as relying on "false and baseless claims".[5] The ministry stated in diplomatic cables that a ruling against Israel "could have significant potential implications that are not only in the legal world but have practical bilateral, multilateral, economic, security ramifications".[46] Israel's defence is expected to require convincing the court that public commentary on the situation in Gaza made by various members of the government coalition does not constitute genocidal intent.[51][52]

The Israeli legal team, led by British jurist Malcolm Shaw, argued that Israel did not possess the "special intent" required for the crime of genocide. Shaw contended that the South African case provided only a partial narrative and asserted that the United Nations' highest court lacked jurisdiction over the Gaza war – a matter awaiting the judges' response. According to Haaretz, what allowed South Africa to present their case was not the actual events of the war, but instead incendiary comments made by certain members of the current Israeli government coalition. Shaw invited the court to consider the decisions of the Israeli cabinets instead of focusing on "random statements by politicians who are not decision-makers".[53]

Analysis

Lawfare, a blog affiliated with the Brookings Institution, likened South Africa's application to proceedings instituted by The Gambia against Myanmar in relation to the Rohingya genocide.[54] Writing in Just Security, an online forum based at the Reiss Center on Law and Security, Alaa Hachem and Professor Oona A. Hathaway note South Africa's invocation of erga omnes partes, a doctrine of legal standing which "allows a State party to a treaty protecting common legal rights to enforce those rights even if the State is not directly affected by the violation".[55] Hachem and Hathaway state that the Rohingya genocide case (specifically, the acceptance of jurisdiction by the ICJ), "revolutionized" the doctrine of erga omnes. They concluded that it was "highly likely" the Court will find that South Africa has standing to institute the proceedings. They also stated that establishing genocidal intent is "extraordinarily challenging".[55]

Professor Luciano Pezzano, writing in the Blog of the European Journal of International Law, argues that invoking Article IX of the Genocide Convention is a means by which uninvolved states can fulfill their obligation to prevent genocide.[56]

David Scheffer, who served as the first United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues, criticized South Africa's case for what he called a "complete lack of recognition... that Israel is at war," and argued that any Palestinian civilian deaths are the result of a military action against an enemy which Israel has "a justifiable right to attack in self-defense," rather than genocidal intent. Scheffer said that in a military and responsorial context of events since the October 7 attack, coupled with Israel's evacuation of Gazan civilians and its humanitarian aid efforts, would make it "clearly a line too far to try to argue that it is Israel that actually has the intent to commit genocide when Israel is responding to a genocidal act in order to prevent further genocide against Israel."[57]

Marc Weller, Professor of International Law and International Constitutional Studies at Cambridge University, argues that "Israel cannot avoid scrutiny of its use of force and associated practices, and possible interim measures of protection, simply by invoking self-defence."[58] While stating that Israel suffered what he describes as an "atrocious attack" that will likely inform the Court's analysis of its self-defence claim, he concludes that the claim of self-defence does not bar the issuance of provisional measures of protection.[58]

David Keane, a law professor focusing on the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, states that the allegation in South Africa's application that Israel practices apartheid "is a remarkable statement coming from South Africa, which perhaps has been somewhat overshadowed by the overarching genocide claim."[59] Keane notes that South Africa's application referred to the work of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[59]

In a series of posts on Verfassungsblog, University of Haifa law professor Itamar Mann stated that it "seems rather unlikely" that the Court would grant all provisional measures sought by South Africa, following oral argument in the case.[60] He argued that the Court may impose a range of provisional measures, but would likely stop short of ordering Israel to suspend hostilities.[60] He described South Africa’s lack of reference to the ongoing armed conflict as a litigation strategy that may work against its case.[61] He expressed concern that the provisional measures may legitimate what he described as extended or potentially "endless" war in Gaza.[60]

Other international responses

States and international organizations

In support

South Africa's case has been supported by the following states and international organizations:

Vorlage:Columns-list

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in dark green, observer states in light green

On 10 January, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva expressed support for the lawsuit, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stating, "The president expressed his support for South Africa's initiative to call on the International Court of Justice to order Israel to immediately cease all acts and measures that may constitute genocide".[62] Slovenia announced that it will participate in the ICJ proceedings initiated by the UN General Assembly concerning Israel's allegedly controversial activities in Gaza and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.[63]

South Africa's genocide case against Israel:
  • South Africa
  • Countries that have supported South Africa
  • Countries that have supported Israel
  • Israel

    • Namibian President Hage Geingob criticized Germany for supporting Israel at the case, claiming Germany had failed to draw lessons after having perpetrated the 1904 Herero and Namaqua genocide: "Germany cannot morally express commitment to the United Nations Convention against genocide, including atonement for the genocide in Namibia, whilst supporting the equivalent of a holocaust and genocide in Gaza."[64][65]

    Belgian government position

    On 9 January, Belgian Deputy Prime Minister Petra de Sutter stated she was encouraging her government to support the suit, stating, "Belgium cannot stand by and watch the immense human suffering in Gaza. We must act against the threat of genocide".[66] Belgium's Development Minister Caroline Gennez questioned Germany's stance, saying: "German friends: are you really going to be on the wrong side of history twice? Are we going to continue to stand by if ethnic cleansing were to take place? Surely that was 'nie wieder'? So I hope Germans will want to look deep into their own hearts, unburdened by their own historical traumas."[67] Belgian PM Alexander De Croo and foreign minister Hadja Lahbib expressed disapproval with Gennez's comments, with the latter saying: "If we want to play a role, it should be that of mediator and not prosecutor."[68]

    In opposition

    Vorlage:Columns-list

    South Africa's case has been opposed by the United States, U.S. National Security Council spokesperson John Kirby said the U.S. found the "submission meritless, counterproductive, completely without any basis in fact whatsoever".[69] U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken called the genocide accusation against Israel "meritless".[70]

    Guatemala said that the filing was regrettable and that Israel was making a "legitimate defense against the attacks of the terrorist group Hamas".[71]

    Austrian Chancellor Karl Nehammer and Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala said in a joint statement that they "oppose any attempts to politicize the ICJ."

    Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó condemned the "legal attack launched against Israel".[72]

    British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak had the opinion that South Africa's case was "completely unjustified and wrong", according to his spokesperson.[49]

    Germany has announced its opposition to South Africa's application and its intention to intervene before the ICJ on Israel's behalf.[73] Germany's Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck stated: "You can criticise the Israeli army for acting too harshly in the Gaza strip, but that is not genocide."[72]

    Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese declared that the Australian government will not participate in South Africa's genocide case against Israel.[74] Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong said that "Our support for the ICJ and respect for its independence does not mean we accept the premise of South Africa’s case".[75]

    The Irish government has announced it will not join South Africa's case against Israel. Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar said: "I would be a little bit uncomfortable about accusing Israel, a Jewish state, of genocide given the fact that six million Jews - over half the population of Jews in Europe - were killed."[76]

    Neutrality

    Canada's Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, said he did not accept the premise of South Africa's genocide motion, although Global Affairs Canada has stated that Canada will abide by the ICJ ruling in the case.[77][78] Opposition Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre accused Trudeau of "sinister and hypocritical" doublespeak on the issue.[79] Canada's unclear position caused confusion, and it was initially widely misreported that Canada opposed the application.[78] Israel's Consul-General in Toronto, Idit Shamir, claimed that "Canada is siding with Israel in its defence against allegations of genocide."[80] On 18 January 2024, Israel's ambassador to Canada called on the Canadian government to clarify its position.[81]

    Movements, parties, and unions

    The lawsuit has also been supported by hundreds of activist groups, NGOs, political parties, unions, and other organizations, with (as of mid-January 2024) over 1400 showing support in the form of a letter organized by the newly-formed International Coalition to Stop Genocide in Palestine.[82][83][84][85][86][87] Some of that letter's signatories, and other supportive organizations, include:

    Vorlage:Columns-list

    Individuals and other groups

    Raz Segal, an Israeli historian of genocide, stated the case was notable due to the "mountain of evidence on genocidal intent that’s been expressed by people with command authority".[88] Rosalie Silberman Abella, a former puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, called the ICJ proceedings an "abuse of the principles of the international legal order."[89] Pierre Poilievre, leader of Canada's official opposition, the Conservative Party, called the accusation "a shameless and dishonest attack on Jewish people and the Jewish state."[90][91]

    The National Council of Canadian Muslims said it was "beyond disappointed" by the Canadian government's response.[92]

    Christian Zionist groups throughout South Africa, including Christian View Network, Bridges for Peace and International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem, condemned their government's decision to take Israel to the ICJ, and South Africa's refusal to condemn Hamas.[93]

    On 18 January, a group of survivors of the Bosnian genocide wrote an open-letter to the ICJ, urging the court to "implement necessary provisional measures swiftly to protect Palestinians in Gaza" and avoid repeating the "grievous mistake" of failing to protect civilians from genocide.[94]

    Volker Türk, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said: "It is not a blood libel to deplore the failure to hold to account Israeli soldiers and armed settlers who have killed hundreds of Palestinians in the West Bank since October 7, or the prolongation of a war whose conduct has raised grave international humanitarian and human rights law concerns."[95]

    Ofer Cassif, an Israeli politician representing the left-wing party Hadash, signed South Africa's petition and accused Israel of genocide.[96] In response, lawmakers began proceedings to expel him from the Knesset.[97] On 9 January, an open letter to the ICJ signed by over 600 Israelis stated their support for South Africa's case.[98]Vorlage:Additional citation needed A group of New Zealand's legal experts, led by David Williams and Jane Kelsey, signed an open-letter urging Prime Minister Christopher Luxon to support South Africa's petition.[99]

    See also

    References

    Vorlage:Reflist

    Bibliography

    Vorlage:2023 Israel–Hamas war Vorlage:Portal bar

    1. ↑ Stéphanie Maupas: Israel-Hamas war: South Africa brings 'genocide' case before international courts In: Le Monde.fr, January 1, 2024. Abgerufen im January 6, 2024 „'Long years of apartheid'... The South African lawyers have relied on UN reports, reports by Palestinian journalists and research by NGOs, because Israel prevents the international press from entering the Gaza Strip, as well as investigators from the International Criminal Court and the UN Human Rights Commission. They added that this genocide is committed "against a background of apartheid, expulsion, ethnic cleansing, annexation, occupation, discrimination and ongoing denial of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination."“ 
    2. ↑ Anita Powell: South Africa to Take Israel to Top UN Court on Genocide Claim in Gaza. In: Voice of America. 5. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2024: „In the court application, South Africa argues that the treatment of Palestinians also bears strong resemblance to South Africa's own racially motivated apartheid regime, which ended in 1994 with Mandela's election. "It is important," the submission reads, "to place the acts of genocide in the broader context of Israel's conduct towards Palestinians during its 75-year-long apartheid, its 56-year-long belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory and its 16-year-long blockade of Gaza, including the serious and ongoing violations of international law associated therewith, including grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and other war crimes and crimes against humanity."“
    3. ↑ The request for provisional measures is made under Article 74 of the Rules of the Court web.archive.org Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Archiv-URL im Parameter 'url' anstatt URL der Originalquelle. Entferne den vor der Original-URL stehenden Mementobestandteil und setze den Archivierungszeitstempel in den Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive.today' oder 'archive-is' ein, sofern nicht bereits befüllt., which states that "A request for the indication of provisional measures shall have priority over all other cases."
    4. ↑ a b c d Proceedings instituted by South Africa against the State of Israel on 29 December 2023. In: International Court of Justice. 29. Dezember 2023, abgerufen am 5. Januar 2024. ALT Link
    5. ↑ a b Mohammed Salem, Nidal Al-Mughrabi, Anthony Deutsch: Netanyahu condemns ICJ genocide case; Gazans return to wasteland in north In: Reuters, 12 January 2024. Abgerufen im 13 January 2024 
    6. ↑ 12 January press release: Conclusion of the public hearings held on Thursday 11 and Friday 12 January 2024. In: International Court of Justice. 12. Januar 2023, abgerufen am 13. Januar 2024.
    7. ↑ Itamar Eichner: Professor Malcolm Shaw to represent Israel in the Hague In: Ynetnews, January 4, 2024. Abgerufen im January 7, 2024 (englisch). 
    8. ↑ a b c Itamar Eichner: Former Supreme Court Chief Justice Aharon Barak to represent Israel in The Hague (Memento des Originals vom January 8, 2024 im Internet Archive) In: Ynetnews, January 7, 2024 (englisch). 
    9. ↑ a b Rorisang Kgosana: The 'A-team' lawyers representing South Africa at the world court against Israel. In: TimesLIVE. 5. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2024.
    10. ↑ a b c d Isabel Kershner: Israel Picks Holocaust Survivor Judge for Genocide Case, Surprising Some In: The New York Times, 8 January 2024. Abgerufen im 15 January 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
    11. ↑ a b Kgaugelo Masweneng: Dikgang Moseneke to join bench of judges in Israel-Hamas world court case. In: TimesLIVE. 5. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024 (en-za).
    12. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb
    13. ↑ Jessica Buxbaum: 'Erase Gaza': How genocidal rhetoric is normalised in Israel. In: New Arab. 30. November 2023, abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2023 (englisch).
    14. ↑ Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel. In: Times of Israel. 9. Oktober 2023, abgerufen am 13. Januar 2024.
    15. ↑ Israel right-wing ministers' comments add fuel to Palestinian fears. In: NBC News. 14. November 2023, abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2023 (englisch).
    16. ↑ In Israel's call for mass evacuation, Palestinians hear echoes of their original catastrophic exodus. In: AP News. 13. Oktober 2023, abgerufen am 5. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    17. ↑ Omer Bartov: Opinion | What I Believe as a Historian of Genocide (Memento des Originals vom 18 December 2023 im Internet Archive) In: The New York Times, 10 November 2023. Abgerufen im 16 December 2023 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
    18. ↑ Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide: Legal definition of genocide. United Nations, 2014, abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2023.
    19. ↑ Voice of America: What Is Genocide? Voice of America, 15. März 2016, archiviert vom Original am 11. August 2017; abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2023.
    20. ↑ United Nations Treaty Collection. In: treaties.un.org. Abgerufen am 16. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    21. ↑ a b c d e f South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza In: Associated Press, December 29, 2023. Abgerufen im January 5, 2024 (englisch). 
    22. ↑ Roni Caryn Rabin, Hiba Yazbek, Thomas Fuller: Israel Faces Accusation of Genocide as South Africa Brings Case to U.N. Court In: The New York Times, 11. Januar 2024. Abgerufen am 13. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
    23. ↑ Vorlage:Cite press release
    24. ↑ Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, respecting an investigation of the Situation in Palestine. In: International Criminal Court. 3. März 2021;.
    25. ↑ Emily Rauhala, Steve Hendrix: Israel rejects genocide allegations at international court (Memento des Originals vom 12 January 2024 im Webarchiv archive.today) In: The Washington Post, 12 January 2024. Abgerufen im 14 January 2024 
    26. ↑ Jeremy Sharon: 'We should be worried': Israel faces peril at The Hague in Gaza 'genocide' case In: The Times of Israel, 10 January 2024. Abgerufen im 14 January 2024 
    27. ↑ South Africa's ICJ case could be a game changer. In: Mondoweiss. 10. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 11. Januar 2024.
    28. ↑ Hague court begins hearing case alleging Israeli genocide in Gaza. In: www.ft.com. Abgerufen am 11. Januar 2024.
    29. ↑ South Africa tells the UN top court Israel is committing genocide in Gaza as a landmark case begins. In: AP News. 11. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 11. Januar 2024.
    30. ↑ a b c Shola Lawal: Can South Africa's ICJ case against Israel stop war in Gaza? In: Al Jazeera, 3 January 2024. Abgerufen im 5 January 2024 
    31. ↑ a b Patrick Wintour: Stakes high as South Africa brings claim of genocidal intent against Israel (Memento des Originals vom January 6, 2024 im Internet Archive) In: The Guardian, 4 January 2024. Abgerufen im 5 January 2024 
    32. ↑ a b Anna Lombardi: L'Aia, il giudice sudafricano cresciuto accanto a Mandela. (deutsch: The Hague, the South African judge who grew up with Mandela). In: la Repubblica. 11. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024 (it-it).
    33. ↑ Dikgang Moseneke tries as a judge to live out Mandela's ideals. News24, 7. Dezember 2012, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024.
    34. ↑ La causa del Sudafrica contro Israele per genocidio, spiegata. In: Il Post. 11. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024 (it-it).
    35. ↑ Address by President Nelson Mandela at International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People, Pretoria. In: www.mandela.gov.za. 4. Dezember 1997, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024 (en-za).
    36. ↑ Jeremy Corbyn joins South Africa's ICJ case on Gaza genocide. In: The Jerusalem Post. 9. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2024.
    37. ↑ French opposition leader in Hague to attend trial against Israeli government. Abgerufen am 11. Januar 2024.
    38. ↑ a b c Mike Corder: South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court In: ABC News, January 2, 2024. Abgerufen im January 5, 2024 (englisch). 
    39. ↑ Traci Carl: South Africa accuses Israel of genocide in a U.N. court. In: The New York Times, December 29, 2023. Abgerufen im January 5, 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
    40. ↑ APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS, Paragraph 144: E. Provisional Measures Requested
    41. ↑ Léonie Chao-Fong, Martin Belam, Reged Ahmad: Israel-Gaza war live: Israel hits back at South Africa after it launches genocide case at UN's top court In: The Guardian, December 29, 2023. Abgerufen im January 5, 2024 (britisches Englisch). 
    42. ↑ South Africa launches case at The Hague accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza In: The Herald, December 29, 2023 (englisch). 
    43. ↑ Julian Borger: South Africa launches case at UN court accusing Israel of genocide In: The Guardian, 29 December 2023. Abgerufen im 6 January 2024 
    44. ↑ Tovah Lazaroff: Israel to defend itself at Int'l Court of Justice's genocide hearing on Gaza In: The Jerusalem Post, January 2, 2024 
    45. ↑ Israel to contest genocide case filed by South Africa at International Court of Justice. In: www.aa.com.tr. Abgerufen am 4. Januar 2024.
    46. ↑ a b Barak Ravid: Inside Israel's plan to quash South Africa's Gaza genocide case. In: Axios. 5. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2024.
    47. ↑ , Jeremy Sharon British lawyer to defend Israel from Gaza genocide claims in The Hague (Memento des Originals vom January 6, 2024 im Internet Archive) In: The Times of Israel, January 5, 2024. Abgerufen im January 7, 2024 
    48. ↑ a b c d Antonio Pita: Israel entrusts defense against genocide charges to its most prestigious judge, a Netanyahu critic and Holocaust survivor. In: El País English. 12. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    49. ↑ a b c d e Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Raffi.
    50. ↑ Neri Zilber: Netanyahu says 'nobody' will stop Israel including Hague court. In: Financial Times. Abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024.
    51. ↑ Jamie Dettmer: How Israel will fight Gaza genocide accusations in The Hague In: Politico, 5. Januar 2024. Abgerufen am 6. Januar 2024 
    52. ↑ Carolina Landsmann: Don't Blame the Gatekeepers for the Genocide-inciting Extremists in Israel's Government In: Haaretz, 5. Januar 2024. Abgerufen am 6. Januar 2024 
    53. ↑ Alon Pinkas: At Int'l Court of Justice Hearing, Israel Presents Robust Defense Despite Half-wit Politicians In: Haaretz, 12 January 2024. Abgerufen im 13 January 2024 (englisch). 
    54. ↑ Hyemin Han: South Africa Institutes ICJ Proceedings Against Israel for Genocide Convention Violations. In: Lawfare. 3. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    55. ↑ a b Alaa Hachem, Oona A. Hathaway: The Promise and Risk of South Africa's Case Against Israel. In: Just Security. 4. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
    56. ↑ Luciano Pezzano: The Obligation to Prevent Genocide in South Africa v. Israel: Finally a Duty with Global Scope? In: EJIL: Talk! 4. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    57. ↑ Elena Burnett, Kathryn Fox, Ari Shapiro: Former war crimes ambassador-at-large on Israel's defense to genocide allegations In: NPR, 12. Januar 2024. Abgerufen am 14. Januar 2024 
    58. ↑ a b Marc Weller: Does the ICJ have the Legal Authority to Pronounce itself on the Right to Self-Defence? In: EJIL: Talk! 10. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    59. ↑ a b South Africa v Israel and CERD's Early Warning and Urgent Action Procedure: Part II. In: Opinio Juris. 16. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2024 (amerikanisches Englisch).
    60. ↑ a b c Itamar Mann: Managed Violence: Provisional Measures in South Africa’s Genocide Application. In: Verfassungsblog. 15. Januar 2024, doi:10.17176/20240116-004249-0 (britisches Englisch, verfassungsblog.de).
    61. ↑ Itamar Mann: The Missing Party: On South Africa’s Legal Strategy in its Genocide Application before the ICJ. In: Verfassungsblog. 11. Januar 2024, doi:10.17176/20240112-004241-0 (britisches Englisch, verfassungsblog.de).
    62. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen AlJazeera2609413.
    63. ↑ Minister Fajon: Slovenia one of the few EU Member States in the ICJ proceedings against Israel | GOV.SI. In: Portal GOV.SI. Abgerufen am 16. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    64. ↑ Namibia condemns Germany for defending Israel in ICJ genocide case. In: Al Jazeera. Abgerufen am 14. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    65. ↑ Namibia pans former colonial ruler Germany for defending Israel from genocide claim. In: Times of Israel. Abgerufen am 14. Januar 2024.
    66. ↑ Adam Fulton, Léonie Chao-Fong, Martin Belam, Helen Livingstone, Helen Livingstone (Earlier): Belgium's deputy prime minister voices support for genocide case against Israel, 9 January 2024 
    67. ↑ Belgium's Development Minister criticises Germany over pro-Israeli stance. In: The Brussels Times. 12. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 16. Januar 2024 (englisch).
    68. ↑ De Croo distances himself from minister's statement on German support for Israel. In: Belga. 12. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 16. Januar 2024 (en-be).
    69. ↑ US rebukes South Africa for 'meritless' genocide suit against Israel In: The Times of Israel, Jewish News Syndicate, January 4, 2024. Abgerufen im January 5, 2024 
    70. ↑ Blinken: Genocide Charge Against Israel Is 'Meritless'; Palestinians Must Be Allowed Return to North Gaza In: Haaretz, January 9, 2024. Abgerufen im 10 January 2024 
    71. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen auto2.
    72. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Why is the EU mostly silent.
    73. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen auto1.
    74. ↑ Albanese says Australia will not participate in ICJ case against Israel and instead focus on 'political solution' In: The Guardian, 15 January 2024 
    75. ↑ 'We don't accept' genocide case: Wong In: The Australian, 16 January 2024 
    76. ↑ Explained: Ireland's position on the genocide case against Israel In: RTÉ, 11 January 2024. Abgerufen im 15 January 2024 
    77. ↑ Canadian, UK leaders reject premise of ICJ genocide case against Israel In: The Times of Israel, 13 January 2024. Abgerufen im 18 January 2024 
    78. ↑ a b After days of confusion, Trudeau government says it will abide by ICJ on genocide case against Israel In: CBC News, 16 January 2024. Abgerufen im 18 January 2024 
    79. ↑ Canada doesn't accept premise of S. Africa genocide motion -PM In: Reuters, 12 January 2024 
    80. ↑ Justin Trudeau breaks silence over Canada's position on Israel genocide allegations In: Toronto Star, 12 January 2024. Abgerufen im 18 January 2024 
    81. ↑ Trudeau government needs to clarify stance on 'genocide' claims against Israel, ambassador says In: Edmonton Journal, 18 January 2024 
    82. ↑ Abdullahi Jimoh: Over 100 Global Organisations Rally for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ. In: News Central TV. 4. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2024.
    83. ↑ Julia Conley: 100+ Global Rights Groups Urge Support for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ. In: Common Dreams. 3. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 6. Januar 2024.
    84. ↑ We Support South Africa's Genocide Convention Case Against Israel. In: Progressive International. 8. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 8. Januar 2024.
    85. ↑ South Africa's ICJ Case Against Israel Backed by Over 1,000 Organizations. In: The Palestine Chronicle. 10. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 13. Januar 2024.
    86. ↑ Over 1,000 organizations unite in support of South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ. In: Anadolu Agency. 11. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 13. Januar 2024.
    87. ↑ Organizational Sign-on Letter Calling on States to Support South Africa's Genocide Convention Case Against Israel at the ICJ. In: Google Forms. 30. Dezember 2023, abgerufen am 13. Januar 2024.
    88. ↑ Genocide scholar says South Africa has made 'strong case'. In: Al Jazeera. Abgerufen am 13. Januar 2024.
    89. ↑ Former supreme court judge says Hague case is an 'insult to meaning of genocide' In: The Jewish Chronicle, January 11, 2024. Abgerufen im 12 January 2024 
    90. ↑ Canada doesn't accept premise of S. Africa genocide motion -PM. In: New Straits Times. Reuters, 13. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2024: „Canada's opposition Conservative Party, which has a commanding lead in the polls, accused Trudeau of "sinister and hypocritical" double speak on the issue.“
    91. ↑ Trudeau says Canada supports the UN court but not necessarily genocide claim against Israel In: CBC News, January 12, 2024. Abgerufen im 15 January 2024 „Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre dismissed South Africa's genocide allegations against Israel, calling them a shameless and dishonest attack on Jewish people and the Jewish state. "I find it incredible these countries have not accused Hamas of genocide when it's in Hamas's charter that they want to commit genocide against Israel."“ 
    92. ↑ Canada not getting behind 'premise' of South Africa's genocide case against Israel In: CTV News, 12 January 2024. Abgerufen im 18 January 2024 
    93. ↑ South African Christian leaders oppose ICJ charge: Cannot keep silent In: Jerusalem Post, 10 January 2024. Abgerufen im 12 January 2024 
    94. ↑ Bosnia's Srebrenica genocide survivors urge UN court to protect Gaza. In: Al Jazeera. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2024.
    95. ↑ Concern About Palestinian and Israeli Human Rights Is Not a 'Blood Libel' In: Haaretz. Abgerufen im 10 January 2024 
    96. ↑ Israeli MK Causes Uproar in Knesset After Signing Petition Accusing Israel of Genocide in Gaza In: Haaretz. Abgerufen am 10. Januar 2024 (englisch). 
    97. ↑ 70 Israeli Lawmakers Sign Motion to Expel MK for Supporting ICJ Genocide Charges In: Haaretz. Abgerufen am 10. Januar 2024 (englisch). 
    98. ↑ Ibrahim Husseini: Over 650 Israelis back South Africa ICJ case against Israel. The New Arab, 9. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2024.
    99. ↑ Justin Wong: Government urged to join genocide case against Israel. In: The Post. Abgerufen am 14. Januar 2024.
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