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Pazifische Hurrikansaison 2023

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Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:Use mdy dates Vorlage:Infobox hurricane season The 2023 Pacific hurricane season is the current Pacific hurricane season in the Northern Hemisphere. It officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific (east of 140°W), and on June 1 in the central Pacific (from 140°W to the International Date Line); both will end on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific.[1] There was no tropical cyclone activity in the basin for the first six weeks of the season, making this one of the latest-starting seasons on record. When the first system, Hurricane Adrian, developed on June 27, it became the second-latest forming first named storm on record in the eastern Pacific (since 1970), behind only Tropical Storm Agatha in 2016.[2]

The strongest systems so far this season have been Category 3 Hurricane Calvin and Category 4 Hurricane Dora, both of which formed in the Eastern Pacific and tracked into the Central Pacific. Calvin passed just south of the Island of Hawai‘i as a tropical storm, bringing widespread rainfall to the island and to neighboring Maui. Dora passed further to the south of Hawai‘i, but at near-peak intensity. The interaction between Dora and a high-pressure area north of the Hawaiian Islands generated strong gradient winds over the islands which in turn fanned the flames of multiple devastating wildfires. Moreover, Dora became the first tropical cyclone to cross the International Date Line into the Western Pacific since Hector in 2018, and only the second on record to remain at hurricane strength across the eastern, central and western Pacific basins, along with John in 1994.

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Seasonal forecasts

Record Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes 		Ref
Average (1991–2020): 15 8 4 [3]
Record high activity: 1992: 27 2015: 16 2015: 11 [4]
Record low activity: 2010: 8 2010: 3 2003: 0 [4]
Date Source Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes 		Ref
May 4, 2023 SMN 16–22 7–11 3–5 [5]
May 25, 2023 NOAA 14–20 7–11 4–8 [6]
Area Named
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Ref
Actual activity: EPAC 7 5 3
Actual activity: CPAC 0 0 0
Actual combined activity: 7 5 3

In advance of each Pacific hurricane season, forecasts of hurricane activity are issued by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Climate Prediction Center and Mexico's the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN). They include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. According to NOAA, the average eastern Pacific hurricane season between 1991 and 2020 contained roughly 15 tropical storms, 8 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes, with a near-normal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index between 80 and 115.[6] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of Vorlage:Cvt. NOAA typically categorizes a season as above-average, average, or below-average based on the cumulative ACE index, but the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a hurricane season is sometimes also considered.[3]

On May 4, 2023, SMN issued its forecast for the season, forecasting a total of 16–22 named storms developing, with 7–11 hurricanes, and 3–5 major hurricanes.[5] Factors they expected to increase activity were above-average sea surface temperatures across the eastern Pacific and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remaining in the neutral phase, with the possibility of a strong El Niño developing. On May 25, 2023, NOAA issued their outlook, calling for an above-normal season with 14–20 named storms overall, 7–11 hurricanes, 4–8 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 90% to 155% of the median.[6] Vorlage:Clear

Seasonal summary

Vorlage:For timeline

Hurricane Beatriz (2023)Saffir–Simpson scale
Two simultaneous active tropical cyclones in the Pacific Ocean on August 6, 2023, Hurricane Dora (left) and Tropical Storm Eugene (right).

The first several weeks of this Eastern Pacific hurricane season were quiet, as the first system, Hurricane Adrian, did not develop until June 27. Typically, the first named storm forms around June 10.[7] Two days later, as Adrian moved out into the open Pacific, Hurricane Beatriz formed near and tracked parallel to the Mexican coast.[8] Next came Hurricane Calvin, which formed off the southwestern coast of Mexico during the second week of July and became the first major hurricane of the season as it moved steadily west-northwestward toward Hawaii.[9] Hurricane Dora ushered in August by rapidly intensifying to a Category 4 hurricane, while also tracking toward Hawaii.[10] On August 11, Dora crossed the International Dateline to become only the second tropical cyclone on record to be at hurricane strength in the Eastern, Central and Western Pacific basins, the other being John in 1994.[11] Another early August system, Tropical Storm Eugene, formed and remained off the coast of Mexico during its brief life.[12]

This season's ACE index as of 15:00 UTC on August 14, as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the NHC, is approximately 79.5 units.[13] This number represents sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000. Therefore, tropical depressions are not included.[3] Vorlage:Clear

Systems

Hurricane Adrian

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small On June 23, a broad area of low pressure formed off the coast of southern Mexico, in an area which the NHC had for several days been monitoring for potential tropical development.[14] The disturbance quickly became better organized on June 27, and advisories were initiated on Tropical Storm Adrian at 21:00 UTC that same day.[15] Adrian strengthened rapidly, and became the season's first hurricane at 15:00 UTC on June 28, while located about Vorlage:Cvt southwest of Manzanillo, Colima.[16] It then reached Category 2 hurricane status on June 30, with the hurricane maintaining a distinct eye surrounded by a ring of Vorlage:Cvt convection on satellite.[17] Adrian reached maximum sustained winds of Vorlage:Cvt that day,[18] before entering an environment of stronger wind shear and cool sea surface temperatures, causing it to weaken to a tropical storm the next day. Adrian weakened to a tropical depression early on July 2,[19] and degenerated into a remnant low later that day.[20] Vorlage:Clear

Hurricane Beatriz

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small

An area of low pressure formed near the southwest coast of Costa Rica on June 25.[21] Slow to organize, the disturbance ultimately able to do so, becoming Tropical Depression TwoVorlage:NbhE at 09:00 UTC on June 29.[22] Later, at 21:00 UTC, the depression became Tropical Storm Beatriz while located about Vorlage:Cvt south-southwest of Punta Maldonado, Guerrero.[23] Paralleling the coast, Beatriz was upgraded to a hurricane at 15:00 UTC the next day and soon attained peak winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). An eye began to appear on satellite around this time.[24] However, since Beatriz's circulation was severely disrupted by land interaction, the system weakened to a tropical storm early on July 1,[25] and Beatriz dissipated later that day just offshore from Cabo Corrientes, Jalisco.[26]

Due to the threat the developing system posed to southwestern Mexico, the NHC initiated advisories on it early on June 29, designating it as Potential Tropical Cyclone TwoVorlage:NbhE.[27] One person drowned in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, on July 1, while surfing the high waves generated by Beatriz' remnants.[28] Vorlage:Clear

Hurricane Calvin

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small An area of low pressure formed off the coast of Southern Mexico on July 7.[29] The disturbance became better organized over the course of several days, and developed a well-defined center on the afternoon of July 11, becoming Tropical Depression Three-E.[30] By early the next day, the depression had begun developing a central dense overcast, and exhibiting banding features, and so was upgraded with the 09:00 UTC advisory, becoming Tropical Storm Calvin.[31] Calvin moved westward out to sea within a favorable environment with low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, and was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 15:00 UTC on July 13.[32] It then rapidly intensified and became the season's first major hurricane at 15:00 UTC on July 14. It had a well-defined Vorlage:Convert eye at the time, with a pronounced ring of deep convection surrounding it.[33] A weakening trend began later that day, and by early on July 16, the system had fallen to tropical storm strength.[34] Still moving generally westward, the storm crossed the 140th meridian at around 15:00 UTC on July 17, thus entering the central Pacific basin; its sustained winds at the time were near 50 mph (85 km/h).[35] Then, early on July 19, Calvin passed just south of the [[Hawaii (island)|Island of HawaiVorlage:Okinai]].[36] Weakened by the close encounter with land, the storm began losing its tropical characteristics. Calvin became post-tropical by 21:00 UTC on July 19.[37]

All state parks on the Big Island, as well as most of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, were shut beginning the afternoon of July 18, while public schools were closed for the whole of July 19.[38] Eight emergency shelters were opened across the county on July 18.[39] Calvin caused no significant damage; only minor flooding occurred in flood-prone areas of the Big Island.[40] Rainfall reached up to Vorlage:Cvt at Honolii Stream, while peak gusts of Vorlage:Cvt and Vorlage:Cvt were recorded on the summits of Haleakalā and Mauna Kea, respectively.[41] Vorlage:Clear

Tropical Depression Four-E

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small A broad low pressure area associated with a tropical wave formed south of the coast of southwestern Mexico on July 17.[42] The disturbance became better organized by July 21, and at 09:00 UTC, Tropical Depression Four-E formed southwest of the Baja California peninsula.[43] Later that day, the depression's structure began deteriorating. It soon lost all of its deep convection, and, by 15:00 UTC on July 22, had degenerated into a remnant low.[44] Vorlage:Clear

Hurricane Dora

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:See also A tropical wave which the NHC had been monitoring for several days crossed over Central America into the Eastern Pacific on July 29, off the coast of El Salvador, producing a large area of rain and thunderstorms amid a favorable environment.[45] The system became better organized on July 31, and Tropical Depression FiveVorlage:NbhE developed that afternoon.[46] Deep convection increased within the depression, and it strengthened into Tropical Storm Dora early the following day.[47] During August 2–3, Dora rapidly intensified to Category 4 strength, far to the southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Then, after undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle,[48] and weakening to a Category 3, it re-intensified to Category 4, with sustained winds reaching Vorlage:Cvt early on August 4. Later that day and into the next, the system weakened to Category 2, with winds dropping to Vorlage:Cvt, before rebounding. Dora reached Category 4 for a third time on August 5, with sustained winds of Vorlage:Cvt.[10] This re-intensification resulted in Dora acquiring annular traits,[49] displaying a symmetric Vorlage:Convert eye, surrounded by a thick ring of intense thunderstorm activity, wrapped within bands of showers and thunderstorms revolving around its core.[50] At 15:00 UTC the next day, Dora, experiencing a slight fluctuation in intensity while moving toward the west at Vorlage:Cvt, crossed over into the Central Pacific basin.[51] Dora remained a powerful Category 4 hurricane on August 8, as it passed far to the south of the Island of HawaiVorlage:Okinai with sustained winds of Vorlage:Cvt.[52][53] Later, on the morning of August 9, Dora strengthened once again, generating winds of Vorlage:Cvt amid a low-shear, warm sea surface temperatures environment. It continued to display annular characteristics, with a well-defined, symmetrical Vorlage:Convert eye, surrounded by a compact central dense overcast of less than Vorlage:Convert wide.[54] Late that same day, Dora's annular structure deteriorated, leaving the system susceptible to dry air intrusions.[55] During this time, the hurricane passed south of Johnston Island.[56] As a result of the change in storm structure, Dora weakened to Category 3 strength on the morning of August 10.[55] As the day progressed, the hurricane's structure began to degrade some due to southerly shear and a shift in course toward the west-northwest along the southwest edge of a high pressure system.[57] At 21:00 UTC on August 11, Dora weakened to Category 2 strength about Vorlage:Cvt south of Midway Island.[58] Three hours later, it reached the International Date Line, exiting the Central Pacific basin, and was reclassified as Typhoon Dora.[59][60]

Though Dora did not pose a direct threat to the Hawaiian Islands, the National Weather Service in Honolulu did issue numerous weather warnings and advisories, especially red flag warnings, for portions of the various islands in expectation of the hurricane helping enhance trade winds in conjunction with an ongoing drought.[61] A steep pressure gradient between a strong anticyclone to the north of Hawaii and Dora to the south produced incredibly strong gradient winds over the islands which in turn helped cause multiple [[2023 Hawaii wildfires|wildfires on HawaiVorlage:Okinai and Maui]].[62] The fires killed at least 93 people, all on Maui, and damaged or destroyed more than 2,200 buildings, primarily in Lahaina. The wildfires are the deadliest natural disaster in Hawaii's recorded history.[63] Vorlage:Clear

Tropical Storm Eugene

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small

On August 2, the NHC first noted a tropical wave located just to the south of Guatemala, which was anticipated to produce an area of low pressure. A low-pressure area developed as predicted late the next day as the wave passed southwest of Mexico.[64] The low showed signs of organization over the following days, and around 15:00 UTC on August 5 the disturbance developed into Tropical Depression Six-E.[65] Moving northwestward near the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, the cyclone began a quick strengthening trend, becoming Tropical Storm Eugene six hours later.[66] Early on August 6, what appeared on satellite imagery to be a possible eye feature was observed at the center of the storm, but soon deteriorated; Eugene's sustained winds reached Vorlage:Cvt at that time.[67] Later, Eugene moved over cold water west of the Baja California peninsula where its diminishing thunderstorm activity ceased, and it transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone on the afternoon of August 7.[68] Vorlage:Clear

Hurricane Fernanda

Vorlage:Infobox weather eventVorlage:Infobox weather event/CurrentVorlage:Infobox weather event/liveVorlage:Infobox weather event/Footer

On August 11, a broad area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave formed off the coast of southwestern Mexico.[69] A well-defined center of circulation was observed within the disturbance on the afternoon of August 12, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Seven-E in the open ocean south-southwest of the Baja California peninsula.[70] Later that same day, the steadily organizing system strengthened into Tropical Storm Fernanda.[71] Into the next day, Fernanda followed a west-northwestward course, and was displaying signs that it was intensifying, including, very cold central dense overcast cloud tops of near Vorlage:Cvt, and a well defined upper-level outflow over the western half of its circulation.[72] When a faint eye-like feature became visible on satellite imagery that afternoon, the NHC upgraded the system to a Category 1 hurricane.[73] Thus began a period of rapid intensification, during which it became a major hurricane. By 15:00 UTC on August 14, Fernanda had intensified to Category 4 strength, and was moving toward the west at Vorlage:Cvt away from Baja California.[74]

Current storm information

As of 5:00 a.m. HST August 14 (15:00 UTC August 14), Hurricane Fernanda is located within 15 nautical miles of Vorlage Coord: Einbindungsfehler
Bitte verwende Vorlage:Coordinate.Koordinaten fehlen! Hilf mit., about Vorlage:Cvt southwest of the southern tip of Baja California. Maximum sustained winds are Vorlage:Convert, with gusts up to Vorlage:Convert. The minimum barometric pressure is Vorlage:Convert, and the system is moving west-northwest at Vorlage:Convert. Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 25 miles (35 km) from the center and tropical storm-force winds extend outward up to 70 miles (110 km).

For the latest official information, see:

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Tropical Storm Greg

Vorlage:Infobox weather eventVorlage:Infobox weather event/CurrentVorlage:Infobox weather event/liveVorlage:Infobox weather event/Footer On August 11, a broad area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave formed well to the east-southeast of the Hawaiian Islands.[75] A few days later, shower and thunderstorm activity within the disturbance became better organized, and it developed a well-defined circulation. Consequently, Tropical Depression EightVorlage:NbhE formed at 03:00 UTC on August 14.[76] The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Greg six hours later. At the time, the storm was moving westward at Vorlage:Cvt, and was about to enter the Central Pacific basin.[77]

Current storm information

As of 11:00 a.m. HST (21:00 UTC) August 14, Tropical Storm Greg is located within 20 nautical miles of Vorlage Coord: Einbindungsfehler
Bitte verwende Vorlage:Coordinate.Koordinaten fehlen! Hilf mit., about Vorlage:Cvt east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. Maximum sustained winds are Vorlage:Convert, with gusts up to Vorlage:Convert. The minimum barometric pressure is Vorlage:Convert, and the system is moving west at Vorlage:Convert. Tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 35 miles (55 km) from the center.

For the latest official information, see:

Vorlage:Clear

Storm names

Vorlage:See also The following list of names is being used for named storms that form in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W during 2023. This is the same list used in the 2017 season. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2024. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2029 season.[78][79]

For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list.[78] The following four names are next on list for use.

Season effects

This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2023 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident) but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a tropical wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2023 USD.

Vorlage:Saffir-Simpson small

Vorlage:TC stats table start3 Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3 Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3[28] Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3 Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3 Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3[63] Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3 Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3 Vorlage:TC stats cyclone3 Vorlage:TC stats table end3

See also

Portal: Tropical cyclones – Übersicht zu Wikipedia-Inhalten zum Thema Tropical cyclones

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:Commons category

Vorlage:2023 Pacific hurricane season buttons Vorlage:TC Decades Vorlage:Tropical cyclone season

  1. ↑ Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 1. Juni 2023, abgerufen am 5. Juni 2023.
  2. ↑ Brian Donegan: Eastern Pacific could spawn first 2 tropical storms this week after unusually quiet start to hurricane season, FOX Weather, June 26, 2023 
  3. ↑ a b c Background Information: Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season. NOAA Climate Prediction Center, 14. Mai 2022, abgerufen am 1. Juni 2023.
  4. ↑ a b Northeast Pacific Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics. Colorado State University, abgerufen am 8. August 2023.
  5. ↑ a b Temporada de Ciclones Tropicales 2023. (deutsch: Tropical Cyclone Season 2023). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, 4. Mai 2023, abgerufen am 1. Juni 2023 (spanisch).
  6. ↑ a b c NOAA 2023 Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season Outlook. Climate Prediction Center, 25. Mai 2023, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2023.
  7. ↑ Andrew Wulfeck: Eastern Pacific produces first tropical storm of year during potentially busy El Nino pattern, FOX Weather, June 27, 2023 
  8. ↑ Jonathan Bellesless: Hurricane Warning Issued Along Mexico's Pacific Coast For Beatriz. The Weather Channel, 30. Juni 2023, abgerufen am 30. Juni 2023.
  9. ↑ Jeff Masters, Bob Henson: Subtropical Storm Don forms in the remote Atlantic. Yale Climate Connections, 14. Juli 2023, abgerufen am 15. Juli 2023.
  10. ↑ a b Jeff Masters, Bob Henson: 'Clash of the titans': Hurricane forecasters lay odds on an epic battle. Yale Climate Connections, 3. August 2023, abgerufen am 10. August 2023.
  11. ↑ Jennifer Robbins: Hurricane Dora makes history without making landfall In: Hawaii News Now, August 12, 2023 
  12. ↑ Amy Graff: 'It'll feel very sticky': Tropical Storm Eugene's remnants headed for California, August 8, 2023. Abgerufen im August 14, 2023 
  13. ↑ Real-Time Northeast Pacific Ocean Statistics. Colorado State University}, abgerufen am 14. August 2023.
  14. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  15. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  16. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  17. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  18. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  19. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  20. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  21. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  22. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  23. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  24. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  25. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  26. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  27. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  28. ↑ a b "Beatriz" deja un muerto, cortes de energía e inundaciones en Mazatlán (deutsch: "Beatriz" leaves a dead man, power outages and floods in Mazatlan), Expreso, July 1, 2023. Abgerufen im July 3, 2023 (spanish). 
  29. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  30. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  31. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  32. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  33. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  34. ↑ Angeli Gabriel, Aaron Barker, Andrew Wulfeck, Brian Donegan: Calvin weakens to tropical storm in Eastern Pacific before impacting Hawaii this week, FOX Weather, July 16, 2023 
  35. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  36. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  37. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  38. ↑ Big Island schools, parks, more to close as Calvin threatens In: Honolulu Star-Advertiser, July 18, 2023. Abgerufen im July 19, 2023 
  39. ↑ LIST: Schools, parks closed as Hurricane Calvin takes aim at Hawaii Island In: Hawaii News Now, July 19, 2023 
  40. ↑ Calvin now a post-tropical cyclone as it passes far south of Hawaii In: Honolulu Star-Advertiser, July 19, 2023 
  41. ↑ Audrey McAvoy, Mark Thiessen: Tropical Storm Calvin passes over Hawaii and leaves minor flooding in its wake In: ABC News, July 20, 2023. Abgerufen im July 21, 2023 
  42. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  43. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  44. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  45. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  46. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  47. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  48. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  49. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  50. ↑ Jay Hobgood: Hurricane Dora Strengthens Back to Cat. 4. In: weatherusa.net. 5. August 2023, abgerufen am 8. August 2023.
  51. ↑ Aaron Barker, Chris Oberholtz, Steven Yablonski, Heather Brinkmann: Hurricane Dora climbs back to Category 4 as it spins south of Hawaii in central Pacific, FOX Weather, August 6, 2023 
  52. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  53. ↑ Dora remains Category 4 hurricane as passes south of Hawaiʻi Island, bringing high winds, surf, fire hazards. In: Big Island Now. 8. August 2023, abgerufen am 8. August 2023.
  54. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  55. ↑ a b Vorlage:Cite report
  56. ↑ Jay Hobgood: Hurricane Dora Passes South of Johnston Island. In: weatherusa.net. 10. August 2023, abgerufen am 10. August 2023.
  57. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  58. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  59. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Information: T2308 (DORA). Japan Meteorological Agency, archiviert vom Original am 12. August 2023; abgerufen am 12. August 2023.
  60. ↑ Vorlage:Cite JTWC
  61. ↑ Hurricane Dora passing south of Hawaii In: Honolulu Star-Advertiser, August 8, 2023 
  62. ↑ Aditi Sangal, Eric Levenson, Adrienne Vogt: Wildfires burning across Maui prompt evacuations, CNN, August 9, 2023 
  63. ↑ a b Vorlage:Blist
  64. ↑ Brad Reinhart: Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center, 3. August 2023, abgerufen am 6. August 2023.
  65. ↑ Jack Beven: Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center, 5. August 2023, abgerufen am 6. August 2023.
  66. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  67. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  68. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  69. ↑ Robbie Berg: Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center, 11. August 2023, abgerufen am 13. August 2023.
  70. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  71. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  72. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  73. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  74. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  75. ↑ John Cangialosi: Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center, 11. August 2023, abgerufen am 13. August 2023.
  76. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  77. ↑ Vorlage:Cite report
  78. ↑ a b Tropical Cyclone Names. National Hurricane Center, abgerufen am 31. Mai 2023.
  79. ↑ Brian Donegan: Eastern Pacific hurricane season begins May 15: Here's what that means for the US. In: yahoo.com. 14. Mai 2023, abgerufen am 31. Mai 2023.
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