Priester (Katholizismus)

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Vorlage:Importartikel/Wartung-2023-07

A group of priests and a bishop in the Philippines, 2019

Ein katholischer Priester bekleidet ein geistliches Amt der Stellvertretung Christi innerhalb der katholischen Kirche. In den Stand des Priestertums wird eine Person durch die Priesterweihe aufgenommen. Geweiht werden in der katholischen Kirche ausschließlich Männer.

Priester, die zugleich Ordensleute sind, werden Ordenspriester genannt. Sie unterscheiden sich von Weltpriestern bzw. Diözesanpriestern, die ihren Dienst innerhalb eines bestimmten Bistums tun, z. B. als Pfarrer oder Kaplan innerhalb einer Pfarrei. In der lateinischen Kirche legen die Priester ein Zölibatsgelübde ab, während in den meisten katholischen Ostkirchen verheiratete Männer geweiht werden können.

Ende 2021 gab es weltweit 407.872 katholische Priester, sowohl Ordens- als auch Weltpriester.

Geschichte

A priest celebrating the Traditional Latin Mass

Biblisches Zeugnis und frühes Christentum

Nach biblischer Überlieferung hat Jesus zwölf Männer als Apostel erwählt (XX), die wieder andere bestimmten, um ihnen nachzufolgen. Diesen episkopoi (griechisch Aufseher), kamen Presbyter (presbyteroi, griechisch Ältere) und Diakone zu Hilfe.

As communities multiplied and grew in size, the bishops appointed more and more presbyters to preside at the Eucharist in place of the bishop in the multiple communities in each region. The diaconate evolved as the liturgical assistants of the bishop and his delegate for the administration of church funds and programmes for the poor. Today, the rank of "presbyter" is typically what one thinks of as a priest, although church catechism considers both a bishop and a presbyter as "priests".

Mittelalter

The Pentarchic Church of the three first Holy Synods, which continues to hold various degrees of communion, from which the Catholic Church broke AD1054 - the Great Schism share the tradition of the sacrament of ordination by which the grace of apostolic succession is secured. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church the Church of the East (split in 424), the Oriental Orthodoxy (split in 451) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (split with the East–West Schism of 1054).

Neuzeit

During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and William Tyndale advocated the priesthood of all believers, the idea that all baptized Christians are equally part of the sacred priesthood and that ministerial priesthood has no real authority beyond that of the congregation. This was a complex and controversial matter, contributing to further schisms within the Reformation movement of the Church. The Lutheran-Evangelical Swedish Church maintains the sacrament of ordination and the doctrine of Apostolic Succession, as the Anglican Church. The doctrine is interpreted in various ways by different Protestant denominations, with some dropping apostolic succession and holy orders as a sacrament, as per example the Church of Norway and Denmark who keep their respective Monarchs as Pontifexes, sovereign heads of the church-hierarchy. There are different requirements for the performance of the Eucharistic ceremony to be valid among different kinds of Christian denominations, in regard of who are to oversee the sanctity of the Eucharist and stand as guarantor that the Holy Service is properly performed. There are significant differences particularly regarding the strictness/liberality of whom are welcome to receive the sacraments.

Through the principle of church economy, the Catholic Church Norms at the same time recognizes as valid the Holy Service of denominations practicing the Symbolum Nicaenum, also known as the Nicene Creed, and deem illicit and therefore find the ordination of priests "objectively sacrilegious" in denominations separated from the one, holy, apostolic and catholic (i.e. universal) Church. holding an unbroken apostolic succession. With the Orthodox Catholic Church it shares and defines the so-called First seven ecumenical councils. The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches are 23 Eastern Christian sui iuris (autonomous) particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Bishop of Rome. Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from the Latin Church, they are all in full communion with it and with each other. The Coptic Catholic Church among these 23 is not identical with the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. The US-based expatriate Polish National Catholic Church is an Old Catholic Congregation not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, or any other, except from their trace of Apostolic Succession with the Old Catholics of the Netherlands, yet part of is a communion of Old Catholic churches established in 2008 by the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) of the United States, after the Union of Utrecht began ordaining women and blessing same-sex unions. Since then, it has expanded to include the Nordic Catholic Church (NCC), begun by people who had separated from the Church of Norway, a Lutheran-Evangelical church under sovereignty of the King of the , in opposition to similar practices and has developed a more Catholic theology. The Nordic Catholic Church includes the Christ-Catholic Church of German in Germany as a daughter-church, which traces its history through the Old Catholics of the Union of Utrecht and the Polish-Catholic Church of the Republic of Poland. In AD2008 the Old Catholics of the Union of Scranton broke away from the Union of Utrecht after the Union of Utrecht began ordaining women and blessing same-sex unions. It is after this it has expanded to include the Nordic Catholic Church . The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Congregation of the East holds apostolic succession, but is not in communion with either the Oriental Orthodox Congregation in full communion with the Roman or the Eastern Orthodox Church. In contrast to the Evangelical-Lutheran religion of Denmark and Norway, the Church of Sweden practices Apostolic Succession, and holds Ordination as a sacrament. Recognition of the ordination of Anglican Church priests was denied in 1896 by Pope Leo XIII through the papal bull Apostolicae curae, over a dispute in the wording of the Anglican ceremony starting in the 1500s.

Märtyrer des 20. Jahrhunderts

In the time of National Socialism there were countless priests who offered resistance. In many cases they acted against the instructions of their church superiors. Many were executed or sent to concentration camps. The Austrian priest Heinrich Maier, who saw himself as Miles Christi, headed a resistance group which, among other things, passed on plans and production sites for V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to the Allies, which were crucial for the war. The Group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews. Like Maier, many priests were brutally tortured by the Gestapo and in the concentration camps.Vorlage:Sfn

Zweites Vatikanum

In 1965, the Second Vatican Council released Presbyterorum Ordinis on the ministry and life of priests, and Optatam Totius on the training of priests.

Since 1970, the number of Catholic priests in the world has decreased by about 5,000, to 414,313 priests as of 2012. but the worldwide Catholic population has nearly doubled, growing from 653.6 million in 1970 to 1.229 billion in 2012. This has resulted in a worldwide shortage of Catholic priests. In 2014, 49,153 Catholic parishes had no resident priest pastor. The number of priests is increasing in Africa and Asia, but not keeping pace with growth in Catholic populations there. The number of priests is falling in Europe and the Americas faster than the number of local Catholics is declining. This has resulted in some African and Asian priests being recruited to European and American churches, reversing the historical practice of Catholic missionaries being sent from Western countries to the rest of the world.

Missbrauch

In the 1990s and 2000s, the cases of sexual abuse by Catholic priests gained worldwide attention, with thousands of accused priests and tens of thousands of alleged victims. The church estimated that over the 50 years ending in 2009, between 1.5% and 5% of Catholic priests had a sexual encounter with a minor, and Thomas Plante estimated a figure of 4%. Public anger was fueled by the revelation that many accused priests were transferred to another parish rather than being removed from ministry or reported to police. The scandal caused some Catholics to leave the church, made recruitment of new priests more difficult, and resulted in billions of dollars in lawsuit settlements and bankruptcies that increased financial pressure to close parishes with declining membership. In February 2019, clerical abuse of nuns, including sexual slavery, has been acknowledged by the Pope.

Entwicklung in Zahlen

Weltweit gibt es 407.872 Priester (Stand 2021), sowohl in Orden als auch in Diözesen.

Worldwide, the number of priests has remained fairly steady since 1970, decreasing by about 5,000. This stagnation is due to a balancing of large growth in Africa and Asia and a significant decrease in North America and Europe.

// Entwicklung Deutschland?

Theologie des Priestertums

Ordination to the priesthood (Latin Church); devotional card, 1925

The theology of the Catholic priesthood is rooted in the priesthood of Christ and to some degree shares elements of the ancient Hebraic priesthood as well, since the Catholic priesthood is considered the fulfillment of the priesthood of the Old Covenant. A priest is one who presides over a sacrifice and offers that sacrifice and prayers to God on behalf of believers. Jewish priesthood which functioned at the temple in Jerusalem offered animal sacrifices at various times throughout the year for a variety of reasons.

In Christian theology, Jesus is the Lamb provided by God himself as the sacrifice for the sins of the world. Before his death on the cross, Jesus celebrated the Passover with his disciples (the Last Supper) and offered blessings over the bread and wine respectively, saying: "Take and eat. This is my body" and "Drink from this all of you, for this is my blood, the blood of the covenant, poured out for the forgiveness of sins." (Matthew 26:26–28 Jerusalem Bible). The next day Christ's body and blood were visibly sacrificed on the cross.

Catholics believe that it is this same body, sacrificed on the cross and risen on the third day and united with Christ's divinity, soul and blood which is made present in the offering of each Eucharistic sacrifice which is called the Eucharist. The Catholic Church teaches the doctrine of transubstantiation, which states that the substances, or underlying reality, of the bread and wine is supernaturally changed by the Words of Consecration of the priest in the ritual of the Mass. At the same time, the accidents (that is, the outward appearances and attributes) remain that of bread and wine: i.e. under normal circumstances, scientific analysis of the Eucharistic elements would indicate the physical-material properties of wine and bread.

Thus Catholic priests, in celebrating the Eucharist, join each offering of the Eucharistic elements in union with the sacrifice of Christ. Through their celebration of the Holy Eucharist, they make present the one eternal sacrifice of Christ on the cross.

The Catholic Church teaches that the Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacrifice of Christ on the Cross are one and the same sacrifice (as decrees in the Council of Trent affirmed); "The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice," whereas the Jewish concept of memorial states "..the memorial is not merely a recollection of past events....these events become in a certain way present and real" and thus "...the sacrifice Christ offered once and for all on the cross remains ever present." Properly speaking, in Catholic theology, as expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas, "Only Christ is the true priest, the others being only his ministers." Thus, Catholic clergy share in the one, unique, Priesthood of Christ as his instruments.

Ausbildung

→ Hauptartikel: Katholisches Priesterseminar

Nach katholischem Kirchenrecht ist das Priestertum eine Berufung, die das Leben für immer in Dienst nimmt, und nicht ein zeitweise auszuübender Beruf. Das kirchliche vorgeschriebene Ausbildungsprogramm soll die künftigen Priester befähigen, ihren Dienst wirksam zu verrichten. Die Priesterausbildung wird durch das kanonische Recht in can. 232-264 CIC geregelt. Sie umfasst nicht nur die akademische, sondern auch die menschliche, soziale, geistliche und pastorale Bildung.

Das Gesamtziel der Ausbildung in den Priesterseminaren ist die Vorbereitung der Priesteramtskandidaten auf die Seelsorge. Verantwortlich für die offizielle Berufung zur Weihe ist jeder einzelne Ordinarius - z. B. der Bischof eines Bistums oder der Generalobere eines Ordens. Nur ein Bischof kann die Weihe vornehmen. Jeder Weihe, die vor dem üblicherweise vorgesehenen Zeitpunkt erfolgt, also vor Abschluss des Studiums, muss der Bischof ausdrücklich zustimmen.

In der Regel dauert die Ausbildung fünf oder sechs Jahre, je nach dem von der Bischofskonferenz vorgesehenen Ausbildungsverlauf.

• In Deutschland und Österreich schließen Priesterkandidaten das Theologiestudium mit einem akademischen Grad (Magister theologiae, Diplom-Theologe, Master of Arts in Theologie) ab. Das Studium dauert fünf Jahre und geht mit einem Jahr geistlicher Ausbildung (plus Erlernen der alten Sprachen) und zwei Jahren pastoraler Praxis (während derer der Kandidat zum Diakon geweiht wird) einher. In der Regel verbringen die Priester die gesamte Zeit in einem Priesterseminar, mit Ausnahme eines "Frei-Jahrs".
• In den Vereinigten Staaten müssen die Priester ein Grundstudium in Philosophie absolvieren und zusätzlich vier bis fünf Jahre lang an einem Priesterseminar eine theologische Ausbildung auf Hochschulniveau absolvieren. Der Master of Divinity ist der häufigste Abschluss.
• In Schottland ist vor dem Eintritt ins Priesterseminar ein Vorbereitungsjahr vorgeschrieben, das der geistlichen Ausbildung gewidmet ist, gefolgt von einem mehrjährigen Studium.
• In Europa, Australasien und Nordamerika schließen Seminaristen in der Regel mit einem Master of Divinity oder einem Master of Theology ab, einem vierjährigen Berufsabschluss (im Gegensatz zum Master of Arts, der ein akademischer Abschluss ist). Mindestens vier Jahre müssen für das theologische Studium am Hauptseminar aufgewendet werden.
• In Afrika, Asien und Südamerika sind die Programme flexibler und werden je nach Alter und akademischen Fähigkeiten der Weihekandidaten entwickelt.

versch. Aspekte, irgendwo unterbringen

In der kirchlichen Lehre werden manchmal auch alle getauften (Laien-)Mitglieder als "gemeinsames Priestertum" bezeichnet, was mit dem Amtspriestertum des geweihten Klerus verwechselt werden kann.

Unlike usage in English, "the Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to the ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters. The words presbyter, presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests in the English use of the word or presbyters."

Titel

Weihezeremonie

During the Rite of Ordination, after the bishop, the priests present lay their hands on the ordinands.

Coat of arms of a Catholic priest

Siehe auch --> Weihesakrament

The Rite of Ordination is what makes one a priest, having already been a deacon and with the minister of Holy Orders being a validly ordained bishop.

The Rite of Ordination occurs within the context of Holy Mass. After being called forward and presented to the assembly, the candidates are interrogated. Each promises to diligently perform the duties of the Priesthood and to respect and obey his ordinary (bishop or religious superior). Then the candidates lie prostrate before the altar, while the assembled faithful kneel and pray for the help of all the saints in the singing of the Litany of the Saints. The essential part of the rite is when the bishop silently lays his hands upon each candidate (followed by all priests present), before offering the consecratory prayer, addressed to God the Father, invoking the power of the Holy Spirit upon those being ordained. After the consecratory prayer, the newly ordained is vested with the stole and chasuble of those belonging to the Ministerial Priesthood and then the bishop anoints his hands with chrism before presenting him with the chalice and paten which he will use when presiding at the Eucharist.Vorlage:Citation needed

Priesterlicher Zölibat

Early Christianity

The earliest Christians were Jews and Jewish tradition has always deemed the married state as more spiritual than the celibate state.Vorlage:Dubious However, some Christian traditions place a higher spiritual value on chastity. According to the Bible, the Apostle Peter had a spouse from Gospel stories of Peter's mother-in-law sick with fever (Matt 8:14, Mark 1:29, Luke 4:38) and from Paul's mention that Peter took along a believing wife in his ministry (1 Cor 9:5). In I Corinthians 7, Paul makes it clear that celibacy is superior to the married state: "Now to the unmarried and the widows I say: It is good for them to stay unmarried, as I do... I would like you to be free from concern. An unmarried man is concerned about the Lord’s affairs—how he can please the Lord. But a married man is concerned about the affairs of this world... An unmarried woman or virgin is concerned about the Lord’s affairs; [b]ut a married woman is concerned about the affairs of this world[.] I am saying this for your own good, not to restrict you, but that you may live in a right way in undivided devotion to the Lord. ...So then, he who marries the virgin does right, but he who does not marry her does better."

From its beginnings, the idea of clerical celibacy has been contested in canon courts, in theology, and in religious practices. Celibacy for Roman Catholic priests was not mandated under canon law for the universal church until the Second Lateran Council in 1139.

The Council of Elvira in Spain (Vorlage:Circa) was the first council to call for clerical celibacy. In February 385, Pope Siricius wrote the Directa decretal, which was a long letter to Spanish bishop Himerius of Tarragona, replying to the bishop's requests on various subjects, which had been sent several months earlier to Pope Damasus I. It was the first of a series of documents published by the church's magisterium that claimed apostolic origin for clerical celibacy.

After the Great Schism

Within a century of the Great Schism of 1054, the Churches of the East and West arrived at different disciplines as to abstaining from sexual contact during marriage. In the East, candidates for the priesthood could be married with permission to have regular sexual relations with their wives, but were required to abstain before celebrating the Eucharist. An unmarried person, once ordained, could not marry. Additionally, the Christian East required that, before becoming a bishop, a priest separate from his wife (she was permitted to object), with her typically becoming a nun. In the East, more normally, bishops are chosen from those priests who are monks and are thus unmarried.

In the West, the law of celibacy became mandatory by Pope Gregory VII at the Roman Synod of 1074. This law mandated that, in order to become a candidate for ordination, a man could not be married. The law remains in effect in the Latin Church, although not for those who are priests of the Eastern Catholic Churches, who remain under their own discipline. (These churches either remained in or returned to full communion with Rome after the schism, unlike for example the Eastern Orthodox Church which is now entirely separate). The issue of mandatory celibacy in the Latin Church continues to be debated.Vorlage:Citation needed

Amtspflichten

Bishops, priests, and deacons who want to become priests are also required to recite the principal and minor offices of the Liturgy of the Hours, or Divine Office, daily, a practice which is also followed by non-ordained people in some religious orders.

A priest who is a pastor is responsible for the administration of a Catholic parish, typically with a single church building dedicated for worship (and usually a nearby residence), and for seeing to the spiritual needs of Catholics who belong to the parish. This involves performing ceremonies for the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, and counseling people. He may be assisted by other diocesan priests and deacons, and serves under the local diocesan bishop, who is in charge of the many parishes in the territory of the diocese or archdiocese. In some cases due to the shortage of priests and the expense of a full-time priest for depopulated parishes, a team of priests in solidum may share the management of several parishes.

According to Catholic doctrine, a priest or bishop is necessary in order to perform the ceremony of the Eucharist, take confession, and perform Anointing of the Sick. Deacons may distribute Holy Communion after a priest or bishop has consecrated the bread and wine, and, in extraordinary circumstances, lay people, called "Extraordinary Ministers of Holy Communion", may do so as well. Priests and deacons ordinarily perform Baptism, but any Catholic can baptize in emergency circumstances. In cases where a person dies before the baptism ceremony is performed, the Catholic Church also recognizes baptism of desire, where a person desired to be baptized, and baptism of blood, when a person is martyred for their faith.

According to canon law, a parish priest or bishop, or another priest or deacon delegated by them, ordinarily performs ("assists") Holy Matrimony, but the role can be delegated to a layperson if that is impractical and the arrangements are supported by the conference of bishops and the Holy See, and in an emergency a couple can perform the ceremony themselves as long as there are two witnesses. Church doctrine says it is the couple actually conferring marriage upon each other, and the minister is merely assisting and witnessing that it has been done properly.

Katholische Ostkirchen

Married Romanian Eastern Catholic priest from Romania with his family

The Catholic Church has different rules for the priesthood in the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches than those in the Latin Church. The chief difference is that most of the Eastern Catholic Churches ordain married men, whereas the Latin Church, with very few exceptions, enforces mandatory clerical celibacy. This issue has caused tension among Catholics in some situations where Eastern churches established parishes in countries with established Latin Catholic populations. In the Americas and Australia, this tension led to bans on married Eastern Catholic priests, all of which were overturned by Pope Francis in 2014.

Within the lands of the Eastern Christendom, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a tightly-knit hereditary caste among some Eastern Christian communities.

Weblinks

Wikiquote: Priester (Katholizismus) – Zitate

• The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Current and historical information about its bishops and dioceses (includes current and historical demographics for priests)
• VISION Vocation Guide information about Roman Catholic priesthood and religious life with directory of men's religious communities and diocesan links.
• Milwaukee Holy Orders: The Making of a Priest web.archive.org Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/ParameterVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Documentary produced by Milwaukee PBS
• Application to Mount Angel Seminary in Oregon (an example of questions asked about potential priests' character and activities)

Siehe auch

• Amovibility, some canon law applying to priests
• List of Catholic priests
• Ordination of women and the Catholic Church
• Religious minister
• Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church
• Impediment (Catholic canon law)