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Theranos (Vorlage:IPAc-en) was a privately held health technology corporation,[1] initially touted as a breakthrough technology company, but subsequently infamous for its false claims to have devised blood tests that only needed very small amounts of blood.[2][3][4] Founded in 2003 by then-19-year-old Elizabeth Holmes,[5] Theranos raised more than US$700 million from venture capitalists and private investors,[6] resulting in a $10 billion valuation at its peak in 2013 and 2014.[7][8] Investors and the media hyped Theranos as a breakthrough in the large blood-testing market, where the U.S. diagnostic-lab industry posts annual sales of over $70 billion. Theranos claimed its technology was revolutionary and that its tests required only about 1/100 to 1/1,000 of the amount of blood that would ordinarily be needed and cost far less than existing tests.

A turning point came in October 2015, when investigative reporter John Carreyrou of The Wall Street Journal questioned the validity of Theranos' technology. The company faced a string of legal and commercial challenges from medical authorities, investors, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), state attorneys general, former business partners, patients, and others.[9] By June 2016, it was estimated that Holmes's personal net worth had dropped from $4.5 billion to virtually nothing.[10] The company was near bankruptcy until it received a $100 million loan from Fortress Investment Group in 2017 secured by its patents.[11] In September 2018, the company ceased operations.

In July 2016, Theranos received sanctions from the CMS, including the revocation of its CLIA certificate and prohibition of Holmes and other company officials from owning or operating a laboratory for two years.[12] Theranos announced it would close its laboratory operations and wellness centers to work on miniature medical testing machines.[13] In April 2017, Theranos said it had reached a settlement agreement with CMS.[14] Following the CMS sanctions, the Walgreens pharmacy chain terminated its contract with Theranos and filed a lawsuit claiming continuous breaches of contract. The suit was settled out of court, with Theranos compensating Walgreens for a much smaller amount than the claimed $140 million, reported at about $30 million. After all efforts to find a buyer went nowhere, what remained of the company dissolved on September 4, 2018.[15]

On March 14, 2018, Theranos, Holmes, and former company president Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani were charged with "massive fraud" by the SEC.[16] One section of the complaint says Holmes falsely claimed in 2014 that the company had annual revenues of $100 million, a thousand times more than the actual figure of $100,000.[17] Theranos and Holmes agreed to resolve the charges against them, with Holmes paying a fine of $500,000, returning the remaining 18.9 million shares that she held, relinquishing her control of the company, and being barred from being an officer or director of any public company for ten years.[18] According to the agreement, if Theranos were acquired or otherwise liquidated, Holmes would not profit from her ownership until more than $750 million was returned to investors and other preferred shareholders. Theranos and Holmes neither admitted nor denied the allegations in the SEC's complaint.[6] Balwani did not settle.[19] On June 15, 2018, the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California announced the indictment of Holmes on wire fraud and conspiracy charges. Balwani was also indicted on the same charges.[20] The jury selection for the trial will begin on July 28, 2020, and the trial will commence in August 2020.[21]

History

While at Stanford University, Elizabeth Holmes had an idea to develop a wearable patch that could adjust the dosage of drug delivery and notify doctors of variables in patients' blood.[22] She started developing lab-on-a-chip technology for blood tests, and had the idea for a company that would make testing cheaper, more convenient and accessible to consumers.[23] Holmes dropped out of Stanford in 2003 and used the education trust from her parents to found the company that would later be called Theranos, derived from a combination of the words "therapy" and "diagnosis".[24][25] The company's original name was "Real-Time Cures",[7][26][27] which Holmes changed after deciding that too many people were dubious about the word "cure".[7]

Partnerships

In 2012, Safeway invested $350 million into retrofitting 800 locations with clinics that would offer in-store blood tests. However, after many missed deadlines and questionable results from a trial clinic at Safeway's Corporate offices, the deal was called off in 2015.[28] In September 2013, Theranos partnered with Walgreens to offer in-store blood tests at more than 40 locations. Walgreens announced plans to expand its "wellness centers" across the United States.[29] Although Theranos blood tests were reportedly used on drug trial patients for GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, each company stated that there were no ongoing active projects with Theranos in October 2015.[30][31] In November 2016, Walgreen Co. filed suit against Theranos in a federal court in Delaware, for breach of contract. Theranos reported to investors on June 21, 2017 that the suit, which originally sought $140 million in damages, was settled for less than $30 million.[32][33]

In March 2015 the Cleveland Clinic announced a partnership with Theranos to test its technology in order to decrease the cost of lab tests.[34] Theranos became the lab-work provider for Pennsylvania insurers AmeriHealth Caritas and Capital BlueCross in July 2015.[35][36]

In July 2015, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the company's fingerstick blood testing device for the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) outside a clinical laboratory setting.[37][38] Theranos was awarded the 2015 Bioscience Company of the Year by AzBio.[39]

Exposure and downfall

In October 2015, John Carreyrou of The Wall Street Journal reported that Theranos was using traditional blood testing machines to run its tests instead of the company's Edison devices (for a definition, see the Technology and Products section below), and that the company's Edison machines might provide inaccurate results.[40][41] Theranos claimed that the allegations were "factually and scientifically erroneous and grounded in baseless assertions by inexperienced and disgruntled former employees and industry incumbents".[42][43] Walgreens suspended plans to expand blood-testing centers in their stores following the report.[44][45] At that time, the Cleveland Clinic announced that it would work to verify Theranos technology.[46] Theranos fought back against the Journal's investigation, sending lawyers after sources in the story in an effort to stop them from providing information to the press.[3] Tyler Shultz was a key source for the WSJ story. Shultz was a Theranos employee from 2013 to 2014 and the grandson of then Theranos director, former U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz. Tyler Shultz had attempted to bring concerns about the company's activities to his management, and when that had failed, he had spoken to Carreyrou and also, under an alias, reported the company to the New York State Department of Health.[47]

Following the WSJ story, the history of FDA interactions with Theranos was scrutinized. The FDA had received a formal inquiry to look at Theranos blood test devices by the U.S. Department of Defense in 2012 before the devices were commercially available and did not require FDA approval.[48] FDA inspection reports from 2014 and 2015 stated that its containers for blood collection were "not validated under actual or simulated use conditions" and "were not reviewed and not approved by designated individual(s) prior to issuance".[49] The FDA inspection in 2015 resulted in multiple 483s from the FDA where inspectors observed violations of FDA Title 21 Regulations.[50][51] After the inspection, Theranos announced that it would voluntarily suspend its tests apart from the FDA-approved herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) test.[52]

The Arizona Department of Health Services reported issues with the company's Scottsdale lab meeting regulations in September 2015. The reports in which these issues were documented were revealed in the Arizona Republic in November 2015.[53]

In January 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) sent a letter to Theranos based on an inspection of its Newark, California, lab in fall 2015, reporting that the facility did not "comply with certificate requirements and performance standards" and caused an "immediate jeopardy to patient health and safety" due to a test to determine the correct dose of the blood-thinning drug warfarin.[54] Walgreens and Capital BlueCross announced a suspension of Theranos blood tests from the Newark lab.[55]

In March 2016, CMS regulators announced plans to enact sanctions that included suspending Holmes and Balwani from owning or operating a lab for two years and that they would revoke the lab's license.[56] The company did not receive the sanctions until July.[57]

By April 2016, Theranos came under criminal investigation by federal prosecutors and the SEC for allegedly misleading investors and government officials about its technology.[58] The case is considered "extremely unusual" by a former assistant U.S. attorney for the Justice Department.[59] The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce requested information on what Theranos was doing to correct its testing inaccuracies and adherence to federal guidelines in June 2016.[60][61]

In May 2016, Theranos announced that it had voided two years of results from its Edison device.[62] The company announced that about one percent of test results had been voided or corrected from its proprietary machines in June 2016.[63]

In July 2016, Theranos announced that the CMS had revoked its CLIA certificate and issued sanctions prohibiting its owners and operators from owning or operating a lab for two years, suspension of approval to receive Medicare and Medicaid payments, and a civil monetary penalty. The company discontinued testing at its Newark location while attempting to resolve the issues.[12] Theranos announced plans to appeal the decision by regulators to revoke its license to operate a lab in California and other sanctions.[64]

In August 2016 the company withdrew its request for emergency clearance of a Zika virus blood test after a lack of essential safeguards during the testing process was found by federal inspectors.[65][66]

Theranos announced that it would close its laboratory operations and wellness centers and lay off about 40 percent of its work force to work on miniature medical testing machines in October 2016.[13][67][68][69][67]

In January 2017, Theranos announced that it had laid off 41 percent of its workforce, or approximately 155 people, and closed the last remaining blood-testing facility after the lab failed a second major U.S. regulatory inspection.[70][71]

Also that month, the company faced lawsuits from several different entities including Walgreens[72][73] and Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich.[74]

In April 2017, lawyers for Partner Investments LP and two other funds, with combined stakes totaling more than $96 million in Theranos preferred shares, charged that Theranos had threatened to seek bankruptcy protection if the investors did not agree to accept additional stock equity in lieu of litigation. Theranos officials said the funds had mischaracterized the exchange offer, which was discussed before the suit was filed.[75] The suit also alleged that Theranos Inc. had misled company directors about its practices concerning laboratory testing and that it had secretly bought lab equipment to run fake demonstrations.[76] On May 1, 2017, Theranos announced that it had reached an undisclosed settlement with Partner Fund Management LP (PFM). Theranos' General Counsel David Taylor stated: "Theranos is pleased to have resolved both lawsuits with PFM. Although we are confident that we would have prevailed at trial, resolution of these two cases allows our tender offer to go forward and enables us to return our focus where it belongs, which is on executing our business plans and delivering value for our shareholders."[77] In April 2017, Theranos reached a settlement with CMS agreeing to stay out of the blood-testing business for at least two years in exchange for reduced penalties,[78] and signed a consent decree with Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich over violations of the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act. Alleged violations included false advertisement and inaccurate blood testing. Theranos agreed to refund $4.65 million to the state's residents for Theranos blood testing services, providing a refund to every resident who had received a test, regardless of whether the test results were voided or corrected.[79][80][81][82]

In August 2017, Theranos announced it had reached a settlement with Walgreens.[83]

In December 2017, Fortress Investment Group loaned $100 million to Theranos. Theranos had reportedly been on the verge of bankruptcy, with the loan meant to keep the company solvent into 2018.[11][84][85] The loan was secured by Theranos' patents.[86] On April 10, 2018, the company laid off the majority of workers in a renewed bid to avoid bankruptcy. The company's total headcount was down to fewer than 25 employees, after having 800 employees at its peak.[87][88]

In March 2018 the US Securities and Exchange Commission charged Theranos, its CEO Elizabeth Holmes and former president Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani, claiming they had engaged in an "elaborate, years-long fraud" wherein they "deceived investors into believing that its key product – a portable blood analyzer – could conduct comprehensive blood tests from finger drops of blood."[89][90] Holmes reached a settlement with the SEC, which requires her to pay $500,000, forfeit 19 million shares of company stock, and be barred from having a leadership position in any public company for ten years.[91] Balwani did not settle with the SEC.[92]

On June 15, 2018, Holmes and Balwani were indicted on multiple counts of wire fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud. According to the indictment, investors and doctors and patients were defrauded. It is alleged the defendants were aware of the unreliability and inaccuracy of their products, but concealed that information. If convicted, they each face a maximum fine of $250,000 and 20 years in prison. The case has been assigned to Lucy H. Koh, United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.[93][94] The jury selection for the trial will begin on July 28, 2020 and the trial will commence in August 2020.

Shutdown

On September 4, 2018, Theranos announced in an email to investors that it would cease operations and release its assets and remaining cash to creditors after all efforts to find a buyer came to nothing. Most of the company's remaining employees were laid off on the previous Friday, August 31. However, Theranos' General Counsel and new CEO David Taylor and a few support staffers remained on payroll for a few more days.[15] The Wall Street Journal reported that any equity investments in the company were made worthless by the shutdown.

Technology and products

Theranos claimed to have developed devices to automate and miniaturize blood tests using microscopic blood volumes. Theranos dubbed its blood collection vessel the "nanotainer" and its analysis machine the "Edison."[95][96][97] The technology has been criticized for not being peer reviewed.[98][99] Theranos claimed to have data verifying the accuracy and reliability of its tests that would be published.[100] In February 2016, Theranos announced that it would permit the Cleveland Clinic to complete a validation study of its technology.[101] In March 2016, a study authored by 13 scientists appeared in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, where it was stated that the company's blood test results were flagged "outside their normal range 1.6x more often than other testing services", that 68 percent of lab measurements evaluated "showed significant interservice variability", and that "lipid panel test results between Theranos and other clinical services" were "nonequivalent".[102] In August 2016, the company introduced a new robotic, capillary blood testing unit named "miniLab" at the 2016 annual meeting of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, but did not present any data supporting the claimed abilities of the device.[103][104][105]

Corporate affairs

Location

Theranos was headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It previously had laboratories in Newark, California and Scottsdale, Arizona.[106]

Management

Elizabeth Holmes, the chief executive officer and founder of Theranos in 2013.
Elizabeth Holmes, the chief executive officer and founder of Theranos in 2013

From its incorporation in 2003 until 2018, Holmes was the company's chief executive officer. She recruited Channing Robertson, a chemical-engineering professor at Stanford, to be a technical advisor and the company's first board member during its early years. Holmes' then-boyfriend Sunny Balwani, a software engineer whom Holmes had met during high school, joined the company as its president and chief operating officer in 2009.[107] In July 2011, Holmes was introduced to former U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz, who joined the Theranos board of directors that month.[108] Over the next three years, Shultz helped to introduce almost all the outside directors on the "all-star board," which included William Perry (former U.S. Secretary of Defense), Henry Kissinger (former U.S. Secretary of State), Sam Nunn (former U.S. Senator), Bill Frist (former U.S. Senator and heart-transplant surgeon), Gary Roughead (Admiral, USN, retired), James Mattis (General, USMC), Richard Kovacevich (former Wells Fargo Chairman and CEO) and Riley Bechtel (chairman of the board and former CEO at Bechtel Group).[108][109][110] The board was criticized for consisting "mainly of directors with diplomatic or military backgrounds."[23]

In April 2016, Theranos announced its medical advisory board which included past presidents or board members of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.[111] Members were invited to review the company's proprietary technologies and advise on the integration into clinical practice.[111] The board included past presidents or board members of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry such as Susan A. Evans, William Foege, former director U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), David Helfet, director of the Orthopedic Trauma Service at the Hospital for Special Surgery and professors, Ann M. Gronowski, Larry J. Kricka, Jack Ladenson, Andy O. Miller and Steven Spitalnik.[112][113]

Balwani left his position as President and COO in May 2016. At that time, the company announced its new board members, Fabrizio Bonanni (former executive vice president of Amgen), Richard Kovacevich and William Foege, who would help to publicly introduce its technologies.[114][115][116]

In May 2016 members of the Theranos board of directors were:[117]

  • Elizabeth Holmes, founder and CEO
  • Riley Bechtel, former Bechtel Group CEO
  • David Boies, a founder and the chairman of Boies Schiller Flexner
  • William Foege, former director CDC
  • Richard Kovacevich, former Wells Fargo CEO and chairman
  • James Mattis, later U.S. Secretary of Defense
  • Fabrizio Bonanni, former executive vice president of Amgen

In December 2016, it was announced the Theranos management team would be restructured with the departure of Riley Bechtel. In January 2017 incoming U.S. Secretary of Defense nominee James Mattis resigned from the Theranos board. In January 2017 the Theranos board of directors included:[118] Elizabeth Holmes, William Foege, Fabrizio Bonanni, and Daniel Warmenhoven, former NetApp CEO, who replaced Riley Bechtel.

It was also announced in November 2016 that the celebrity-studded "board of counselors" would be scrapped in January 2017.[119]

Valuation

Theranos raised millions of dollars in its first years. In 2004, Theranos was based in a rented basement near the Stanford campus.[120] By December 2004 the company had more than $6 million from investors at a valuation of $30 million.[121] The company had about $45 million total fundraising after Series B and Series C funding in 2006.[122] Theranos raised an additional $45 million in 2010 at a valuation of $1 billion.[121][123] The company moved to the former headquarters of Facebook in June 2012.[124][125] The company had significant news coverage starting in September 2013 after profiles in the San Francisco Business Times and Wall Street Journal.[23] By 2014, Theranos had raised more than $400 million with an estimated value of $9 billion.[126] In 2016, Forbes revised the estimated net worth of the company to $800 million taking into account the $724 million of capital raised.[10]

In May 2017, participating shareholders provided a release of any potential claims against Theranos in exchange for shares of the company's new preferred stock. Holders of more than 99 percent of the shares elected to participate. CEO Elizabeth Holmes contributed shares to the company and gave up equity to offset potential dilution to non-participating shareholders.[127]

In May 2018 John Carreyrou reported that American business and government leaders lost more than $600 million by privately investing in Theranos.[128] Major investments had been made by the Walton family ($150 million), Rupert Murdoch ($121 million), Betsy DeVos ($100 million), and the Cox family (of Cox Media Group) ($100 million).[12] The final liquidation of the company in September 2018 rendered these investments completely worthless.[15]

Books and documentaries

John Carreyrou, The Wall Street Journal reporter whose work exposed Theranos, published a book-length treatment in May 2018 titled Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup.[129] A film version is reportedly scheduled for release in 2020, starring Jennifer Lawrence as Elizabeth Holmes, written by Vanessa Taylor and directed by Adam McKay.[130][131]

In January 2019, ABC News Nightline released a podcast and documentary about the Holmes story called The Dropout.[132]

Alex Gibney created a documentary titled The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley about Holmes and Theranos, which made its official debut at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah on January 24, 2019.[133]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

  1. ↑ Amended Statement by Foreign Corporation. (PDF) In: California Secretary State Business Search. 21. April 2004, abgerufen am 19. Juni 2019: „C2651481“
  2. ↑ Nick Bilton: Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down In: Vanity Fair, September 6, 2016. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  3. ↑ a b John Carreyrou: Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2018, ISBN 978-1-5247-3166-3.
  4. ↑ Matt Levine: The Blood Unicorn Theranos Was Just a Fairy Tale In: Bloomberg View, March 14, 2018. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  5. ↑ Joseph Rago: Elizabeth Holmes: The Breakthrough of Instant Diagnosis In: Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2013. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  6. ↑ a b Avi Salzman: Theranos: From Unicorn Hype to 'Massive Fraud' In: Barron's. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  7. ↑ a b c Roger Parloff: This CEO is out for blood In: Fortune, June 12, 2014. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  8. ↑ Carolyn Y. Johnson: The wildly hyped $9 billion blood test company that no one really understands In: The Washington Post, October 15, 2015. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  9. ↑ Reed Ableson, Andrew Pollack: Theranos Under Federal Criminal Investigation, Adding to Its Woes In: The New York Times, April 18, 2016. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  10. ↑ a b Matthew Herper: From $4.5 Billion To Nothing: Forbes Revises Estimated Net Worth of Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes In: Forbes, June 1, 2016 
  11. ↑ a b John Carreyrou: Blood-Testing Firm Theranos Gets $100 Million Lifeline From Fortress In: The Wall Street Journal, December 24, 2017. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  12. ↑ a b c John Carreyrou, Michael Siconolfi, Christopher Weaver: Theranos Dealt Sharp Blow as Elizabeth Holmes Is Banned From Operating Labs In: Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2016. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  13. ↑ a b Theranos to Close Labs and Lay Off 340 Workers In: The New York Times. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  14. ↑ Theranos Reaches Resolution with Centers For Medicare & Medicaid Services. (Press release) Theranos Newsroom, 17. April 2017, archiviert vom Original am 16. Juni 2018; abgerufen am 19. Juni 2019.
  15. ↑ a b c John Carreyrou: Blood-Testing Firm Theranos to Dissolve In: Wall Street Journal 
  16. ↑ Marco della Cava: She was 'the next Steve Jobs.' Now, Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes is charged with fraud In: USA Today, March 14, 2018 
  17. ↑ Chloe Aiello: Theranos president exaggerated the company's revenue by 1,000 times to investors, says SEC In: CNBC, March 14, 2018. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  18. ↑ Katie Thomas: Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos C.E.O. and Silicon Valley Star, Accused of Fraud In: The New York Times, March 14, 2018. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  19. ↑ Anita Balakrishnan: Theranos CEO Holmes and former president Balwani charged with massive fraud In: CNBC, March 14, 2018. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  20. ↑ Sarah Ashley O'Brien: Elizabeth Holmes indicted on wire fraud charges, steps down from Theranos In: CNN. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  21. ↑ Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes to stand trial in 2020. In: TechCrunch. Abgerufen am 30. Juni 2019 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  22. ↑ Kimberly Weisul: How Playing the Long Game Made Elizabeth Holmes a Billionaire. In: Inc. 16. September 2015, abgerufen am 19. Juni 2019.
  23. ↑ a b c Ron Leuty: Theranos: The biggest biotech you've never heard of In: San Francisco Business Times, August 30, 2013. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  24. ↑ Caitlin Roper: This Woman Invented a Way to Run 30 Lab Tests on Only One Drop of Blood. In: Wired. 18. Februar 2014 (wired.com [abgerufen am 19. Juni 2019]).
  25. ↑ Beth Bolt: Bringing Painless Blood Testing to the Pharmacy In: Pharmacy Times, November 13, 2014. Abgerufen im September 27, 2016 
  26. ↑ Charlotte Hu, Lydia Ramsey: The rise and fall of Theranos, the blood-testing startup that went from a rising star in Silicon Valley to facing fraud charges over a wild 15-year span In: Business Insider, May 25, 2018. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  27. ↑ Nick Stockton: Everything You Need to Know About the Theranos Saga So Far In: Wired, May 4, 2016. Abgerufen im June 19, 2019 
  28. ↑ Safeway severs ties with Theranos as $350M deal collapses. In: www.fiercebiotech.com. Abgerufen am 9. März 2019.
  29. ↑ Moon, Mariella: Walgreens to offer affordable and needle-free blood tests in more stores (updated) In: Business Insider, November 18, 2014. Abgerufen im September 4, 2016 
  30. ↑ Young blood In: The Economist, June 27, 2015. Abgerufen im September 4, 2016 
  31. ↑ Arielle Duhaime-Ross: Theranos didn't work with the huge drug company it supposedly made money from, drug company says. In: The Verge. 26. Oktober 2015, abgerufen am 29. Oktober 2015.
  32. ↑ Weaver, Christopher, John Carreyrou and Michael Siconolfi, "Walgreen Sues Theranos, Seeks $140 Million in Damages", Wall Street Journal, November 8, 2016.
  33. ↑ Lauren Thomas: Theranos, Walgreens reportedly reach a deal to settle suit for under $30 million In: CNBC, June 21, 2017 
  34. ↑ Theranos, Cleveland Clinic CEO's on innovation partnership In: Fox Business, March 9, 2015. Abgerufen im September 4, 2016 
  35. ↑ George, John: Philadelphia health insurer to make lab testing easier for Medicaid members In: Philadelphia Business Journal, July 16, 2016. Abgerufen im September 4, 2016 
  36. ↑ Chen, Caroline, Tracer, Zachary: Fingerprick Lab Test Startup Theranos Strikes Insurance Deal. In: Bloomberg. 8. Juli 2015, abgerufen am 4. September 2016.
  37. ↑ Roger Parloff: Disruptive diagnostics firm Theranos gets boost from FDA In: Fortune, July 2, 2015. Abgerufen im July 16, 2015 
  38. ↑ Quinn, Michelle: Theranos gets another FDA approval for its blood test. In: Silicon Beat. 16. Juli 2015, abgerufen am 27. September 2016.
  39. ↑ AZBio Awards 2015. In: AzBio.org. 2015, abgerufen am 27. September 2016.
  40. ↑ Nick Bilton: Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down In: The Hive. Abgerufen im April 22, 2017 
  41. ↑ John Carreyrou: Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood-Test Technology In: Wall Street Journal. Abgerufen im October 29, 2015 
  42. ↑ Report Claims Theranos Struggling With Blood Test Tech In: Fortune. Abgerufen im October 16, 2015 
  43. ↑ Dawn Chmielewski: Theranos Attacks Wall Street Journal (Again) in a Rebuttal You'll Need a Medical Degree to Understand. In: Re/code. 22. Oktober 2015, abgerufen am 26. Dezember 2015.
  44. ↑ Walgreens halts expansion of Theranos centers In: Fortune, October 24, 2015. Abgerufen im October 25, 2015 
  45. ↑ Rosenbloom, Micah: In Defense Of Theranos. In: TechCrunch. 21. November 2015, abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2016.
  46. ↑ DiChristopher, Tom: We'll test Theranos tech: Cleveland Clinic CEO In: CNBC, October 30, 2015. Abgerufen im October 23, 2016 
  47. ↑ John Carreyrou: Theranos Whistleblower Shook the CompanyVorlage:SndAnd His Family In: Wall Street Journal, November 17, 2016 
  48. ↑ Carolyn Y. Johnson: E-mails reveal concerns about Theranos's FDA compliance date back years In: Washington Post, December 2, 2015. Abgerufen im December 26, 2015 
  49. ↑ The FDA's notes from its visit to Theranos' labs don't look good In: Business Insider, October 27, 2015 
  50. ↑ FDA-483. In: FDA. 16. September 2015;.
  51. ↑ FDA-483. In: FDA. 16. September 2015;.
  52. ↑ Derla, Katherine: Blood-Testing Start-Up Theranos Is In 'Pause Period', Says CEO Elizabeth Holmes. In: Tech Times. 22. Oktober 2015, abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2016.
  53. ↑ Arizona inspectors find Theranos lab issues In: Arizona Republic, November 27, 2015. Abgerufen im March 20, 2019 (englisch). 
  54. ↑ US government says Theranos lab poses 'immediate jeopardy to patient safety'. In: The Verge. 27. Januar 2016, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2016.
  55. ↑ Ramsey, Lydia: Another partner just asked Theranos to stop running blood tests. In: Business Insider. 29. Januar 2016, abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2016.
  56. ↑ Theranos Under Fire as U.S. Threatens Crippling Sanctions In: New York Times. Abgerufen im April 19, 2016 
  57. ↑ Ramsey, Lydia: US regulators want to bar Elizabeth Holmes from Theranos for 2 years. In: Business Insider. 13. April 2016, abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2016.
  58. ↑ Don't Blame Silicon Valley for Theranos In: The New York Times, April 27, 2016. Abgerufen im June 1, 2016 
  59. ↑ Lee, Thomas: Federal criminal probe of Theranos rings hollow In: San Francisco Chronicle, May 11, 2016. Abgerufen im October 23, 2016 
  60. ↑ Jeff Lagasse: Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes asked by Congressional committee to detail company's compliance efforts. In: Healthcare Finance News. 1. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 2. Juli 2016.
  61. ↑ Zachary Tracer: Theranos Queried on Blood Test Failures by House Democrats. Abgerufen am 5. Juli 2016.
  62. ↑ John Carreyrou: Theranos Voids Two Years of Edison Blood-Test Results In: Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2016. Abgerufen im May 21, 2016 
  63. ↑ Theranos Says Only 1% of Results Affected; Some Doubt Tests In: Bloomberg, June 3, 2016. Abgerufen im June 29, 2016 
  64. ↑ "Theranos to Appeal Regulatory Sanctions" Wall Street Journal, Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  65. ↑ Troubled Theranos hits another wall as Zika test withdrawn In: Washington Post. Abgerufen im August 31, 2016 
  66. ↑ John Carreyrou, Christopher Weaver: Theranos Halts New Zika Test After FDA Inspection. via Wall Street Journal, 30. August 2016, abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2016.
  67. ↑ a b An Open Letter From Elizabeth Holmes (Memento des Originals vom September 13, 2018 im Internet Archive), October 5, 2016. Abgerufen im October 6, 2016 
  68. ↑ Washington Post: Theranos will close labs and Walgreens testing sites, laying off hundreds. In: Chicago Tribune. Abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2016.
  69. ↑ Beth Mole: Theranos throws in the towel on clinical labs, officially pivots to devices. In: Ars Technica. 5. Oktober 2016, abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2016.
  70. ↑ Christopher Weaver, John Carreyrou: Second Theranos Lab Failed U.S. Inspection In: The Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2017. Abgerufen im May 26, 2019 
  71. ↑ Jon Russell: Theranos closes its last remaining blood-testing lab after it reportedly failed an inspection. In: TechCrunch. 18. Januar 2017, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2017.
  72. ↑ Sara Ashley O'Brien: Theranos fires 41% of staffers. In: CNN. 6. Januar 2017, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2017.
  73. ↑ Caroline Chen: Theranos to fire 41 percent of workforce in second round of cuts. In: Chicago Tribune. Abgerufen am 10. Januar 2017.
  74. ↑ Arizona AG plans to sue Theranos over blood-testing devices, January 12, 2017 
  75. ↑ Theranos Investors Say They Were Pressured to Abandon Lawsuit In: Bloomberg, April 19, 2017. Abgerufen im April 20, 2017 
  76. ↑ Christopher Weaver: Theranos Secretly Bought Outside Lab Gear, Ran Fake Tests: Court Filings In: Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2017 
  77. ↑ Theranos Reaches Settlement with Partner Fund Management. (Press release) In: Theranos. 1. Mai 2017, archiviert vom Original am 13. August 2018; abgerufen am 2. Mai 2017.
  78. ↑ Christopher Weaver: Theranos agrees to 2-year ban on clinical blood work In: MarketWatch. Abgerufen im April 28, 2017 
  79. ↑ Theranos, Arizona Attorney General Reach Agreement on Full Restitution to State Consumers. (Press release) In: Theranos. 18. April 2017, archiviert vom Original am 17. Juni 2018;.
  80. ↑ Beth Mole: With $4.65M deal, Arizonans will get their money back from Theranos. In: Ars Technica. 18. April 2017, abgerufen am 18. April 2017.
  81. ↑ Sy Mukherjee, Theranos Just Reached a Deal With Investors to Avoid Lawsuits Fortune, May 16, 2017
  82. ↑ Howard Fischer, Theranos will refund $4.6M to Arizonans who took its blood tests White Mountain Independent April 21, 2017
  83. ↑ Theranos Reaches Settlement with Walgreens. (Press release) In: Theranos. 1. August 2017, archiviert vom Original am 13. September 2018;.
  84. ↑ David Z. Morris: Theranos Secures $100 Million in New Funding from Fortress Capital In: Fortune, December 23, 2017. Abgerufen im January 15, 2018 
  85. ↑ Michael Sheetz: Theranos dodges bankruptcy after $100 million loan: Report In: CNBC, December 26, 2017. Abgerufen im January 15, 2018 
  86. ↑ Joel Rosentblatt, "Theranos Investors Turn Scavengers on Wounded Unicorn's Remains", Bloomberg Technology, 28 March, 2018
  87. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Mukherjee.
  88. ↑ Theranos Lays Off Most Of Its Workforce In: PYMNTS, April 11, 2018. Abgerufen im April 12, 2018 
  89. ↑ Carolyn Y. Johnson: Theranos chief executive Elizabeth Holmes charged with massive fraud In: Washington Post, March 14, 2018 
  90. ↑ Securities and Exchange Commission, vs. Elizabeth Holmes and Theranos, Inc., Complaint. In: sec.gov. SEC, abgerufen am 14. März 2018.
  91. ↑ Matt Robinson: Theranos and CEO Elizabeth Holmes Accused of Fraud by SEC In: Bloomberg News, March 14, 2018 
  92. ↑ Anita Balakrishnan: Theranos CEO Holmes and former president Balwani charged with massive fraud In: CNBC, March 14, 2018 
  93. ↑ Theranos Founder and Former Chief Operating Officer Charged In Alleged Wire Fraud Schemes. (Press release) In: justice.gov. United States Department of Justice, 15. Juni 2018, abgerufen am 16. Juni 2018: „Elizabeth Holmes and Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani Are Alleged To Have Perpetrated Multi-million Dollar Schemes To Defraud Investors, Doctors, and Patients.“
  94. ↑ Sara Ashley O'Brien: Elizabeth Holmes indicted on wire fraud charges, steps down from Theranos. In: CNNMoney. 15. Juni 2018;.
  95. ↑ Rago, Joseph: Elizabeth Holmes: The Breakthrough of Instant Diagnosis In: Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2013. Abgerufen im July 25, 2016 
  96. ↑ Tuan C. Nguyen: How To Run 30 Health Tests On a Single Drop of Blood In: Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian. Abgerufen im October 31, 2015 
  97. ↑ Loria, Kevin: Here's what we know about how Theranos' 'revolutionary' technology works. In: Tech Insider. 16. Oktober 2015, abgerufen am 25. Juli 2016.
  98. ↑ Stewart, James B.: The Narrative Frays for Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes In: New York Times, October 29, 2015. Abgerufen im October 31, 2015 
  99. ↑ Issie Lapowsky: Theranos' Scandal Exposes the Problem With Tech's Hype Cycle In: Wired, October 15, 2015. Abgerufen im November 15, 2015 
  100. ↑ Theranos Chief Yields to Calls for Proof of Blood Test's Reliability In: The New York Times, October 27, 2015. Abgerufen im December 26, 2015 
  101. ↑ Theranos Has Still Not Begun a Promised Validation Study In: Fortune. Abgerufen im February 2, 2016 
  102. ↑ Kidd, Brian: Evaluation of direct-to-consumer low-volume lab tests in healthy adults. In: Journal of Clinical Investigation. 28. März 2016 (jci.org [abgerufen am 21. Juni 2017]).
  103. ↑ Abelson, Reed: Elizabeth Holmes, Founder of Theranos, Falls From Highest Perch Off Forbes List In: New York Times, June 1, 2016. Abgerufen im July 25, 2016 
  104. ↑ Robert Langreth, Caroline Chen: Expecting Data From Theranos, Lab Experts Get New Product In: Bloomberg, August 1, 2016 
  105. ↑ Matthew Herper: Theranos Presents Data On New Blood Test Machine, Remains Mum On Previous Technology In: Forbes, August 1, 2016 
  106. ↑ Theranos Founder Faces a Test of Technology, and Reputation In: The New York Times, December 19, 2015. Abgerufen im July 2, 2016 
  107. ↑ Auletta, Ken: Blood, Simpler In: The New Yorker, December 15, 2014. Abgerufen im May 31, 2016 
  108. ↑ a b Parloff, Roger: A singular board at Theranos In: Fortune, June 12, 2014. Abgerufen im May 11, 2016 
  109. ↑ Ron Leuty: Theranos adds Kovacevich to all-star board In: San Francisco Business Times, August 2, 2013. Abgerufen im March 9, 2014 
  110. ↑ Ron Leuty: Quiet Theranos adds former Wells chief Kovacevich, 'Mad Dog' Mattis to power-packed board In: San Francisco Business Times, July 29, 2013. Abgerufen im March 9, 2014 
  111. ↑ a b Parloff, Roger: Theranos Adds Startlingly Well-Qualified Medical Board In: Fortune, April 7, 2016. Abgerufen im April 14, 2016 
  112. ↑ Ramsey, Lydia: Theranos just made a crucial move that could help its reputation. In: Business Insider. 7. April 2016, abgerufen am 9. September 2016.
  113. ↑ Weisul, Kimberly: Heavy Hitters Join Theranos Advisory Board In: Inc., April 7, 2016. Abgerufen im September 9, 2016 
  114. ↑ Samantha Masunaga: Theranos shuffles leadership; president retires In: Los Angeles Times. Abgerufen im September 9, 2016 
  115. ↑ John Carreyrou: Theranos Executive Sunny Balwani to Depart Amid Regulatory Probes In: Wall Street Journal. Abgerufen im May 12, 2016 
  116. ↑ Marco della Cava: Theranos COO departs as embattled startup adds to board In: USA Today. Abgerufen im May 12, 2016 „Theranos also is adding former Amgen executive Fabrizio Bonanni to its board.“ 
  117. ↑ Abelson, Reed: Embattled Blood Lab Theranos Makes a Bid to Regain Confidence In: The New York Times, May 11, 2016. Abgerufen im May 17, 2016 
  118. ↑ Lydia Ramsey: Theranos Dissolves High-Profile Board of Counselors In: Inc.. Abgerufen im December 3, 2016 
  119. ↑ Christopher Weaver, Ezequiel Minaya: Theranos Investor Riley Bechtel Steps Down From Board In: Wall Street Journal. Abgerufen im May 26, 2019 
  120. ↑ Crow, David: Blood Simple In: Financial Times, April 8, 2016 
  121. ↑ a b John Carreyrou: At Theranos, Many Strategies and Snags In: Wall Street Journal, December 27, 2015. Abgerufen im December 28, 2015 
  122. ↑ Leuty, Ron: Theranos: Testing times lie ahead for secretive blood-testing firm. In: American City Business Journals. 29. Juni 2015, abgerufen am 27. September 2016.
  123. ↑ Julie Klein: Theranos raises $45M to help patients track drug reactions In: VentureBeat, July 8, 2010. Abgerufen im September 16, 2013 
  124. ↑ Segall, Eli: Theranos growing close to home in Palo Alto. In: Silicon Valley Business Journal. 29. Juni 2012, abgerufen am 27. September 2016.
  125. ↑ Grossman, Lev: The Fall Of Theranos And The Future Of Science In Silicon Valley. In: Time. 5. Mai 2016, abgerufen am 27. September 2016.
  126. ↑ Loria, Kevin: This Woman's Revolutionary Idea Made Her A Billionaire – And Could Change Medicine. In: Business Insider. 29. September 2014, abgerufen am 27. September 2016.
  127. ↑ Theranos Finalizes Shareholder Recapitalization. In: Businesswire. Abgerufen am 19. Mai 2017.
  128. ↑ John Carreyrou: Theranos Cost Business and Government Leaders More Than $600 Million In: Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2018. Abgerufen im May 5, 2018 
  129. ↑ How One Company Scammed Silicon Valley. And How It Got Caught. In: The New York Times, May 21, 2018. Abgerufen im May 22, 2018 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  130. ↑ Dave McNary: Legendary Wins Bidding War for Jennifer Lawrence Movie 'Bad Blood' In: Variety, June 23, 2016. Abgerufen im July 23, 2018 
  131. ↑ Bad Blood (2020). via www.filmaffinity.com;
  132. ↑ The Dropout. ABC News Nightline (disneyabcpress.com).
  133. ↑ Peter Debruge: Sundance Film Festival Unveils 2019 Features Lineup In: Variety, November 28, 2018. Abgerufen im March 5, 2019 
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