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Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:About Vorlage:Use American English Vorlage:Use mdy dates Vorlage:Infobox software

Zoom is a videotelephony software program developed by Zoom Video Communications. The free version provides a video chatting service that allows up to 100 devices at once, with a 40-minute time restriction for free accounts having meetings of three or more participants as 30 minutes long, Users have the option to upgrade by subscribing to one of its plans, with the highest allowing up to 1,000 people concurrently, with no time restriction.[1]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a major increase in the use of Zoom and similar products for remote work, distance education,[2] and online social relations.[3] The increase lead to Zoom being the 5th most downloaded mobile app worldwide in 2020 at 477 million downloads.[4]

History

A beta version of Zoom, which could host conferences with up to 15 video participants, was launched on September 10, 2012.[5] On January 25, 2013, version 1.0 of the program was released with an increase in the number of participants per conference to 25.[6] By the end of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 users, which rose to 1 million by May 2013.[7] After the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, by February 2020, Zoom had gained 2.22 million users in 2020 – more users than it amassed in the entirety of 2019[8] with the company's share spiking by 35 per cent.[9] On one day in March 2020, the Zoom app was downloaded 2.13 million times.[10][11] In April 2020, Zoom had more than 300 million daily meeting participants.[12][13] On August 24, 2020, Zoom experienced widespread outages for several hours before service was restored.[14][15]

Zoom was only using WebSocket technology for video calls but switched to WebRTC (without STUN / TURN servers) if it is available. The video is displayed using the HTML5 canvas element instead of the HTML5 video element.[16]

Features

Zoom is compatible with Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, Chrome OS, and Linux. It is noted for its simple interface and usability regardless of technological expertise.[17][18] Features include one-on-one meetings, group video conferences, screen sharing, plugins, browser extensions, and the ability to record meetings and have them automatically transcribed.[19] On some computers and operating systems, users are able to select a virtual background, which can be downloaded from different sites, to use as a backdrop behind themselves.[20]

The Zoom raised hand symbol.

Use of the platform is free for video conferences of up to 100 participants at once, with a 40-minute time limit if there are more than two participants. For longer or larger conferences with more features, paid subscriptions are available, costing $15–20 per month. Features geared towards business conferences, such as Zoom Rooms, are available for $50–100 per month.[17][20][21] Up to 49 people can be seen on a screen at once.[22] Zoom has several tiers: Basic, Pro, Business, and Enterprise.[23] Participants do not have to download the app if they are using Google Chrome or Firefox; they can click on a link and join from the browser. Zoom is not compatible with Safari for Macs.[20]

Zoom security features include password-protected meetings, user authentication, waiting rooms, locked meetings, disabling participant screen sharing, randomly generated IDs, and the ability for the host to remove disruptive attendees.[24] As of June 2020, Zoom began offering end-to-end encryption to business and enterprise users, with AES 256 GCM encryption enabled for all users.[25] In October 2020, Zoom added end-to-end encryption for free and paid users. It's available on all platforms, except for the official Zoom web client.[26][27]

Zoom also offers a transcription service using Otter.ai software that allows businesses to store transcriptions of the Zoom meetings online and search them, including separating and labeling different speakers.[28]

As of July 2020, Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone also became available as hardware as a service products.[29] Zoom Phone is available for domestic telephone service in 40 countries as of August 2020.[30] Zoom for Home, a category of products designed for home use, became available in August 2020.[31]

In September 2020, Zoom added new accessibility features to make the app easier to use for those who are deaf, hard of hearing, or visually impaired. New features include the ability to move around video windows in gallery view, pin video windows to be spotlighted; improved keyboard shortcuts; new tools to adjust the size of closed captioning text; and sign language interpreters' windows can now sit directly next to the speaker.[32]

In October 2020 at Zoomtopia, Zoom's annual user conference, the company unveiled OnZoom, a virtual event marketplace with an integrated payment system where users can host and promote free or paid live events.[33][34] With OnZoom, users will be able to schedule and host one-time events or event series for up to 1,000 attendees, and sell tickets online.[35] The company also announced Zoom Apps, a feature integrating third-party apps so they can be used within the Zoom interface during meetings. The first such apps will be available around the end of 2020, from companies including Slack, Salesforce, and Dropbox.[33][35] In October 2020, Zoom gave its users better security with an upgrade to end-to-end encryption for its online meetings network.[36]

Usage

In July 2020, using Zoom, the International Association of Constitutional Law and Alma Mater Europaea organized the first round-the-clock and round-the-globe event that traveled through time zones.

Zoom has been used by banks, universities, and government agencies around the world,[37] by the UK Parliament,[38] by healthcare professionals for telemedicine,[39] barbershops,[40] and ceremonies such as birthday parties,[41] funeral services,[42] and Bar and Bat Mitzvah services.[43][44] Zoom formed a partnership with Formula One to create a virtual club where fans can go behind the scenes and take part in virtual activities through Zoom, beginning with the Hungarian Grand Prix on July 19, 2020.[45][46] An article published in July 2020 in the San Francisco Chronicle noted a new real estate trend in San Francisco and Oakland where some listings include "Zoom rooms" with backdrops for Zoom calls.[47]

Richard Nelson's play What Do We Need to Talk About? takes place on Zoom, with its main characters congregating online during the coronavirus pandemic using Zoom. Written and directed by Nelson, it was commissioned by The Public Theater and premiered on YouTube on April 29, 2020, as a benefit performance. The New Yorker called it "the first great original play of quarantine".[48] Oprah's Your Life in Focus: A Vision Forward was a live virtual experience hosted by Oprah Winfrey on Zoom from May 16 through June 6, 2020.[49] In Source Material's play In These Uncertain Times, directed by Samantha Shay, characters communicate on Zoom. The play premiered on Zoom on July 25, 2020.[50] In the 2020 British found-footage Zoom-based horror film Host, directed by Rob Savage, a group of young people have a remote séance in which they try contacting spirits over Zoom. It premiered on Shudder in July 2020.[51][52] A live reading of Kristoffer Diaz's 2009 play The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity over Zoom streamed on Play-PerView from August 15–20, 2020.[53][54]

On July 3-4, using Zoom Webinar, the International Association of Constitutional Law and Alma Mater Europaea organized the first "round-the-clock and round-the-globe" event that traveled through time zones, featuring 52 speakers from 28 countries.[55][56] Soon after, a format of conferences which "virtually travel the globe with the sun from East to West",[57] became common, some of them running for several days.[58]

On September 17, 2020, a live table read of the script for the 1982 film Fast Times at Ridgemont High was hosted by Dane Cook, with performers including Brad Pitt, Jennifer Aniston, Julia Roberts, original cast member Sean Penn, Matthew McConaughey, Shia LaBeouf, Morgan Freeman (who served as the narrator), Jimmy Kimmel, Ray Liotta, and John Legend, to raise money for the charity CORE.[59][60] The broadcast of the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20, 2020, hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, featured nominees participating through Zoom.[61] On an alternate music video for the 2020 single "Ice Cream" by Blackpink featuring Selena Gomez, the artists appeared via Zoom from their homes.[62] The series Zoom Where It Happens, airing on Zoom as a partnership between Zoom and Black female artists, launched in September 2020 with a virtual table read of an episode of The Golden Girls, reimagined with an all-Black cast. The second episode featured an all-Black cast in a table read of an episode of Friends, hosted by Gabrielle Union and featuring Sterling K. Brown and Uzo Aduba.[63][64]

Reception

Zoom has been criticized for "security lapses and poor design choices" that have resulted in heightened scrutiny of its software.[65][66] Many of Zoom's issues "surround deliberate features designed to reduce friction in meetings," which Citizen Lab found to "also, by design, reduce privacy or security."[67][68] In March 2020, New York State Attorney General Letitia James launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices,[69] the inquiry was closed on May 7, 2020, with Zoom not admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to take added security measures.[70] In April 2020, CEO Yuan apologized for the security issues, stating that some of the issues were a result of Zoom's having been designed for "large institutions with full IT support,"[71] he noted that in December 2019, Zoom had a maximum of 10 million daily users, and in March 2020 the software had more than 200 million daily users, bringing the company increased challenges.[72] Zoom agreed to focus on data privacy and issue a transparency report.[73][74][75][76] In April 2020, the company released Zoom version 5.0, which addressed a number of the security and privacy concerns. It includes passwords by default, improved encryption, and a new security icon for meetings.[77] In September 2020, Zoom added support for two-factor authentication to its desktop and mobile apps; the security feature was previously Web-only.[78]

As of April 2020, businesses, schools, and government entities who have restricted or prohibited the use of Zoom on their networks include Google,[79] Siemens,[80] the Australian Defence Force, the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, SpaceX, and the New York City Department of Education.[81][82] In May 2020, the New York City Department of Education lifted their ban on Zoom after the company addressed security and privacy concerns.[83]

By September 2020, Zoom had 370,200 institutional customers with more than 10 employees, up about 458 percent from the same quarter to the year before. The company's revenue rose 355 percent to $663.5 million, topping analysts' average estimate of $500.5 million. They were able to raise their annual revenue forecast by more than 30 percent after many of their free users converted to paid subscriptions.[84]

Privacy

Zoom has been criticized for its privacy and corporate data sharing policies, as well as enabling video hosts to potentially violate the privacy of those participating in their calls.[85][86][87] There may also be issues with unauthorized surveillance of students and possible violations of students’ rights under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).[88] According to the company, the video services are FERPA-compliant, and it collects and stores user data only for tech support.[88]

In March 2020, a Motherboard article found that the company's iOS app was sending device analytics data to Facebook on startup, regardless of whether a Facebook account was being used with the service, and without disclosing it to the user.[89] Zoom responded that it had recently been made aware of the issue, and had patched the app to remove the SDK after learning that it was collecting unnecessary device data. The company stated that the SDK was collecting information on the user's device specifications (such as model names and operating system versions) only in order to optimize its service and that it was not collecting personal information.[20][90][91] In the same month, Zoom was sued by a user in U.S. Federal Court for illegally and secretly disclosing personal data to third parties including Facebook.[92] Zoom responded that it "has never sold user data in the past and has no intention of selling users' data going forward."[93]

In April 2020, a Zoom data-mining feature was found that automatically sent user names and email addresses to LinkedIn, allowing some participants to surreptitiously access LinkedIn profile data about other users.[94] The companies disabled their integration.[95] In May 2020, the Federal Trade Commission announced that it was looking into Zoom's privacy practices.[96] The FTC alleged in a complaint[97] that since at least 2016, "Zoom maintained the cryptographic keys that could allow Zoom to access the content of its customers’ meetings, did not provide advertised end-to-end encryption, falsely claimed HIPAA compliance, installed the ZoomOpener webserver without adequate consent, did not uninstall the web server after uninstalling the Zoom App, and secured its Zoom Meetings with a lower level of encryption than promised."[98] On November 9, 2020, a settlement was reached, requiring the company to stop misrepresenting security features, create an information security program, obtain biannual assessments by a third party, and implement additional security measures.[99]

Security

Vorlage:Further

In November 2018, a security vulnerability was discovered that allowed a remote unauthenticated attacker to spoof UDP messages that allowed the attacker to remove attendees from meetings, spoof messages from users, or hijack shared screens.[100][101] The company released fixes shortly after the vulnerability was discovered.[102]

In July 2019, security researcher Jonathan Leitschuh disclosed a zero-day vulnerability allowing any website to force a macOS user to join a Zoom call, with their video camera activated, without the user's permission.[103] Attempts to uninstall the Zoom client on macOS would prompt the software to re-install automatically in the background, using a hidden web server that was set up on the machine during the first installation and remained active even after attempting to remove the client. After receiving public criticism, Zoom removed the vulnerability and the hidden webserver, allowing complete uninstallation.[104]

In April 2020, security researchers found vulnerabilities where Windows users' credentials could be exposed.[105][106] Another vulnerability allowing unprompted access to cameras and microphones was made public.[107][108] Zoom issued a fix in April 2020.[109] In the same month, "Zoombombing," when an unwanted participant joins a meeting to cause disruption, prompted a warning from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[110][111][112][113] Motherboard reported that there were two Zoom zero-days for macOS and Windows respectively, selling for $500,000, on April 15, 2020.[114] Security bug brokers were selling access to Zoom security flaws that could allow remote access into users' computers.[18] Hackers also put up over 500,000 Zoom user names and passwords for sale on the dark web.[18] In response to the multitude of security and privacy issues found, Zoom began a comprehensive security plan, which included consulting with Luta Security, Trail of Bits, former Facebook CSO Alex Stamos, former Google global lead of privacy technology Lea Kissner, BishopFox, the NCC Group, and Johns Hopkins University cryptographer Matthew D. Green.[115] On April 20, 2020, the New York Times reported that Dropbox engineers had traced Zoom's security vulnerabilities back over two years, pushing Zoom to address such issues more quickly, and paying top hackers to find problems with Zoom's software. In the same article, the New York Times noted that security researchers have praised Zoom for improving its response times, and for quickly patching recent bugs and removing features that could have privacy risks.[18] In April 2020, Zoom made many of its security settings default settings, and advised users on ways to mitigate Zoombombing.[17][20] In a blog post on April 1, 2020, Yuan announced a 90-day freeze on releasing new features, to focus on fixing privacy and security issues within the platform.[116] The company created a new "report a user to Zoom" button, intended to catch those behind Zoombombing attacks.[117] On July 1, 2020, at the end of the freeze, the company stated it had released 100 new safety features over the 90-day period. Those efforts include end-to-end encryption for all users, turning on meeting passwords by default, giving users the ability to choose which data centers calls are routed from, consulting with security experts, forming a CISO council, an improved bug bounty program, and working with third parties to help test security. Yuan also stated that Zoom would be sharing a transparency report later in 2020.[118][119]

On 16 November 2020, Zoom announced a new security feature to combat disruptions during a session. The new feature was said to be a default for all free and paid users and made available on the Zoom clients for Mac, PC, and Linux, as well as Zoom mobile apps.[120]

Encryption practices

Zoom encrypts its public data streams, using TLS 1.2 with AES-256 (Advanced Encryption Standard) to protect signaling, and AES-128 to protect streaming media.[121]

Security researchers and reporters have criticized the company for its lack of transparency and poor encryption practices. Zoom initially claimed to use "end-to-end encryption" in its marketing materials,[122] but later clarified it meant "from Zoom end point to Zoom end point" (meaning effectively between Zoom servers and Zoom clients), which The Intercept described as misleading and "dishonest."[123] Alex Stamos, a Zoom advisor who was formerly security chief at Facebook, noted that a lack of end-to-end encryption is common in such products, as it is also true of Google Hangouts, Microsoft Teams, and Cisco Webex.[124] On May 7, 2020, Zoom announced that it had acquired Keybase, a company specializing in end-to-end encryption, as part of an effort to strengthen its security practices moving forward.[125][126] Later that month, Zoom published a document for peer review, detailing its plans to ultimately bring end-to-end encryption to the software.[127]

In April 2020, Citizen Lab researchers discovered that a single, server-generated AES-128 key is being shared between all participants in ECB mode, which is deprecated due to its pattern-preserving characteristics of the ciphertext.[128] During test calls between participants in Canada and United States, the key was provisioned from servers located in mainland China where they are subject to the China Internet Security Law.[67]

On June 3, 2020, Zoom announced that users on their free tier will not have access to end-to-end encryption so that they could cooperate with the FBI and law enforcement.[129] Later, they said that they do not "proactively monitor meeting content".[130] On June 17, 2020, the company reversed course and announced that free users would have access to end-to-end encryption after all.[131]

On September 7, 2020, cryptography researcher Nadim Kobeissi accused Zoom's security team of failing to credit his open-source protocol analysis research software, Verifpal, with being instrumental during the design phase of Zoom's new encryption protocol, as described in their whitepaper published in June 2020.[132] Kobeissi published a week's worth of conversations with Zoom's security leadership in support of his claim, including Max Krohn, which included eight Verifpal models that Zoom's team asked for feedback on, promises of a citation to credit Kobeissi for his contributions and an admission that the Verifpal citation was pulled from the whitepaper at the last moment for unspecified reasons. Kobeissi also linked to a tweet by Zoom security consultant Lea Kissner which he described as a public character assassination attempt issued in response to his repeated requests to have his work cited in the research paper published by Zoom.[133]

Data routing

Zoom admitted that some calls in early April 2020 and prior were mistakenly routed through servers in mainland China, prompting governments and businesses to cease their usage of Zoom.[134] The company later announced that data of free users outside of China would "never be routed through China" and that paid subscribers will be able to customize which data center regions they want to use. The company has data centers in Europe, Asia, North America, and Latin America.[135][136]

Censorship

Vorlage:See also An April 2020 Citizen Lab report warned that having much of Zoom's research and development in China could "open up Zoom to pressure from Chinese authorities."[67] Lee Cheuk Yan's (Chairman of Hong Kong Labour Party) account was also closed in early May 2020, and human rights activist Zhou Fengsuo's was closed in June after he held an event discussing the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[137][138] In June 2020, Zoom acknowledged that it had terminated two accounts belonging to U.S. users and one of a user from Hong Kong connected to meetings discussing 1989 Tiananmen Square protests,[139] the accounts were later re-opened, with the company stating that in the future it "will have a new process for handling similar situations."[140] Zoom also announced upcoming technology that could prevent participants from specific countries from joining calls that were deemed illegal in those areas.[139]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Portal: Telecommunication – Technology
  1. ↑ Plans and Pricing - Zoom. In: zoom.us. Abgerufen am 24. Juni 2020.
  2. ↑ Eileen Abbott: Students and teachers struggle with remote education due to coronavirus. In: TheHill. 20. April 2020, abgerufen am 21. April 2020 (englisch).
  3. ↑ Taylor Lorenz, Erin Griffith, Mike Isaac: We Live in Zoom Now In: The New York Times, March 17, 2020. Abgerufen im March 23, 2020 
  4. ↑ Here Are The 10 Most Downloaded Apps Of 2020. In: Forbes. 7. Januar 2021, abgerufen am 8. Januar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  5. ↑ Walter S. Mossberg: A Chance To Call 15 Friends To Video Chat In High Def In: The Wall Street Journal, August 21, 2012. Abgerufen im April 13, 2020 
  6. ↑ Zoom Raises $6M Series A, Launches Version 1.0 Of Its In: TechCrunch, January 28, 2013. Abgerufen im May 14, 2020 
  7. ↑ Robbie Pleasant: Zoom Video Communications Reaches 1 Million Participants. TMCnet, 23. Mai 2013, abgerufen am 21. Juli 2014.
  8. ↑ Jordan Novet: Zoom has added more videoconferencing users this year than in all of 2019 thanks to coronavirus, Bernstein says In: CNBC, February 26, 2020. Abgerufen im March 31, 2020 
  9. ↑ Zoom shares spike after coronavirus lockdown. In: NewsComAu. 2. September 2020, abgerufen am 3. September 2020 (englisch).
  10. ↑ Rupert Neate: Zoom booms as demand for video-conferencing tech grows In: The Guardian, March 31, 2020. Abgerufen im April 29, 2020 
  11. ↑ Naomi Fry: Embracing the Chaotic Side of Zoom In: The New Yorker, April 27, 2020. Abgerufen im April 29, 2020 
  12. ↑ Mike Isaac: Zoom's Biggest Rivals Are Coming for It In: New York Times, April 24, 2020. Abgerufen im July 30, 2020 
  13. ↑ 90-Day Security Plan Progress Report: April 22. In: Zoom Blog. 23. April 2020, abgerufen am 3. September 2020 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  14. ↑ David K. Li, Jareen Imam: Zoom goes down, bringing much of the remote workplace and classroom to grinding halt In: NBC News, 24 August 2020. Abgerufen im 25 August 2020 
  15. ↑ James Vincent: Zoom is working again, even if you're not In: The Verge, 24 August 2020. Abgerufen im 26 August 2020 
  16. ↑ How Zoom’s web client avoids using WebRTC (DataChannel Update)
  17. ↑ a b c Brandon Vigliarolo: Zoom: A cheat sheet about the video conferencing solution In: TechRepublic, 30 April 2020 
  18. ↑ a b c d Natasha Singer: Zoom's Security Woes Were No Secret to Business Partners Like Dropbox In: New York Times, 20 April 2020. Abgerufen im 30 April 2020 
  19. ↑ Maggie Tillman: What is Zoom and how does it work? Plus tips and tricks In: Pocket-lint, 24 April 2020. Abgerufen im 30 April 2020 
  20. ↑ a b c d e Nicole Nguyen: Don't Get Bombed: How to Host Zoom Meetings, Hangouts, Houseparty and More In: Wall Street Journal, 2 April 2020. Abgerufen im 30 April 2020 
  21. ↑ Zoom Meeting Plans for Your Business. Zoom Video Communications, abgerufen am 29. November 2017.
  22. ↑ Aaron Tilley: Microsoft Takes On Zoom and Slack in a Battle for Your Work Computer In: Wall Street Journal, 2 June 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  23. ↑ Marissa Perino: How to upgrade your Zoom account from a basic plan to host larger group meetings and more In: Business Insider, 26 March 2020. Abgerufen im 30 April 2020 
  24. ↑ Charlie Osborne: Zoom security: Your meetings will be safe and secure if you do these 10 things In: ZDNet, 22 April 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  25. ↑ Ben Gilbert: Zoom isn't beefing up security for free users so that it's better able to 'work with law enforcement' In: Business Insider, 3 June 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  26. ↑ Michael Grothaus: How to turn on end-to-end encryption in Zoom (and why you should) In: Fast Company, 27 October 2020. Abgerufen im 1 November 2020 
  27. ↑ Jon Porter: Zoom's end-to-end encryption has arrived In: The Verge, 27 October 2020. Abgerufen im 1 November 2020 
  28. ↑ From Your Mouth to Your Screen, Transcribing Takes the Next Step. In: The NY Times. 13. Juni 2020, abgerufen am 14. Juni 2020.
  29. ↑ Gadjo Sevilla: Zoom Launches Hardware-as-a-Service Products In: PC Magazine, 7 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  30. ↑ Rob Scott: Zoom Phone Now Available in 40 Countries In: UC Today, 17 August 2020. Abgerufen im 20 August 2020 
  31. ↑ Aaron Tilley: Zoom Targets Prolonged Remote-Work Era as Coronavirus Drags On In: Wall Street Journal, 15 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  32. ↑ Jefferson Graham: Move speaker windows, add closed captioning: Zoom adds accessibility features for video meetings In: USA Today, 23 September 2020. Abgerufen im 30 September 2020 
  33. ↑ a b Phil Wainewright: Zoomtopia 2020 - Zoom becomes a platform, for apps and for paid meetings In: Diginomica, 14 October 2020. Abgerufen im 1 November 2020 
  34. ↑ James Vincent: Zoom launches marketplace for paid events and new third-party app integrations In: The Verge, 14 October 2020. Abgerufen im 1 November 2020 
  35. ↑ a b Jason Aten: Zoom Is Already Where We Do Pretty Much Everything. It Just Got Even Better at It In: Inc., 14 October 2020. Abgerufen im 1 November 2020 
  36. ↑ John Mello: Zoom Beefs Up User Security With End-To-End Encryption In: www.technewsworld.com, 28 October 2020. Abgerufen im November 7, 2020 
  37. ↑ Dan Sabbagh: UK government told not to use Zoom because of China fears In: The Guardian, 24 April 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  38. ↑ Rae Hodge: Zoom security issues: Zoom buys security company, aims for end-to-end encryption In: CNET, 8 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  39. ↑ Paula Span: With Red Tape Lifted, Dr. Zoom Will See You Now In: New York Times, 8 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  40. ↑ Hannah Herrera Greenspan: Using Zoom, Chicago hair stylists help clients cut and color their own hair at home In: Chicago Tribune, 21 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  41. ↑ Amelia Nierenberg: Go Ahead, Blow Out the Candles on Zoom In: New York Times, 2 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  42. ↑ Sara Li: Zoom funerals are a new reality in quarantine. This is what they're like. In: Insider, 7 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  43. ↑ Shira Springer: For Some, Zoom Bar And Bat Mitzvahs Highlight 'Most Meaningful And Memorable Moments' In: NPR, 16 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  44. ↑ Roni Robbins: Zoom Mitzvah In: Atlanta Jewish Times, 12 April 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  45. ↑ Steven Impey: F1 calls on Zoom to deliver virtual race-day fan experience In: Sports Pro Media, 16 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  46. ↑ Sam Hall: F1 and Zoom partner to create a Virtual Paddock Club In: GP Fans, 16 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  47. ↑ Andrew Chamings: The 'Zoom room' boom: A very 2020 real estate trend In: San Francisco Chronicle, 27 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  48. ↑ Alexandra Schwartz: The First Great Original Play of Quarantine In: The New Yorker, 18 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  49. ↑ Oprah Winfrey to Launch Live Virtual Experience on Wellness In: The Hollywood Reporter, 12 May 2020. Abgerufen im 8 June 2020 
  50. ↑ Maya Phillips: 'In These Uncertain Times' Review: Love, Loss and Zoom In: New York Times, 26 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  51. ↑ Nosheen Iqbal: House of horror: Host, the Zoom-call hit movie that has Hollywood quaking In: The Guardian, 16 August 2020. Abgerufen im 20 August 2020 
  52. ↑ Clark Collis: 'Our pitch was, it's going to be scary': The making of lockdown horror movie Host In: Entertainment Weekly, 17 August 2020. Abgerufen im 20 August 2020 
  53. ↑ Maya Phillips: From a Wrestling Ring to Tiny Boxes: How 'Chad Deity' Went Zoom In: New York Times, 17 August 2020. Abgerufen im 20 August 2020 
  54. ↑ Dan Meyer: Pulitzer Prize Finalist The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity Gets Virtual Reading August 15 In: Playbill, 15 August 2020. Abgerufen im 20 August 2020 
  55. ↑ Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea Symposium. In: www.sloveniatimes.com. Abgerufen am 27. Oktober 2020.
  56. ↑ Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea symposium. In: en.almamater.si. Abgerufen am 27. Oktober 2020 (englisch).
  57. ↑ RSA Global Webinar Series.
  58. ↑ Richard Albert--Global Summit. In: Menu. Abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2020 (englisch).
  59. ↑ Charles Bramesco: Pitt! Aniston! Roberts! Freeman! Was this the starriest Zoom ever? In: The Guardian, 18 September 2020. Abgerufen im 30 September 2020 
  60. ↑ Emma Nolan: Where to Watch Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston 'Fast Times At Ridgemont High' Table Read In: Newsweek, 18 September 2020. Abgerufen im 30 September 2020 
  61. ↑ Claire Shaffer: Emmys 2020: Jimmy Kimmel Opens With a Zoom Room of Nominees In: Rolling Stone, 20 September 2020. Abgerufen im 30 September 2020 
  62. ↑ Gil Kaufman: Selena Gomez & Blackpink Zoom in From Home For 'Ice Cream' Lyric Video In: Billboard, 22 September 2020. Abgerufen im 30 September 2020 
  63. ↑ Nardine Saad: Sterling K. Brown and Uzo Aduba flip the 'Friends' script with an all-Black cast In: Los Angeles Times, 22 September 2020. Abgerufen im 30 September 2020 
  64. ↑ Amanda Garrity: How to Watch and Stream the 'Friends' Remake With Sterling K. Brown and Ryan Michelle Bathe In: Good Housekeeping, 22 September 2020. Abgerufen im 30 September 2020 
  65. ↑ Zoom under increased scrutiny as popularity soars In: BBC News, April 1, 2020 
  66. ↑ Napier Lopez: Zoom's 5.0 update helps stop zoombombing and improves encryption. In: The Next Web. 22. April 2020, abgerufen am 29. April 2020.
  67. ↑ a b c Bill Marczak, John Scott-Railton: Move Fast & Roll Your Own Crypto: A Quick Look at the Confidentiality of Zoom Meetings In: Citizen Lab, April 3, 2020. Abgerufen im April 4, 2020 
  68. ↑ Donnell: Two Zoom Zero-Day Flaws Uncovered. In: Threatpost. 1. April 2020, abgerufen am 29. April 2020.
  69. ↑ Danny Hakim, Natasha Singer: New York Attorney General Looks Into Zoom's Privacy Practices In: The New York Times, March 30, 2020. Abgerufen im March 31, 2020 
  70. ↑ Lauren Feiner: Zoom strikes a deal with NY AG office, closing the inquiry into its security problems In: CNBC, 8 May 2020. Abgerufen im 4 June 2020 
  71. ↑ Rishi Iyengar: Zoom CEO apologizes for having 'fallen short' on privacy and security In: CNN, April 2, 2020. Abgerufen im April 3, 2020 
  72. ↑ Tom Warren: Zoom announces 90-day feature freeze to fix privacy and security issues In: The Verge, 2 April 2020. Abgerufen im 26 May 2020 
  73. ↑ Alex Hern: Zoom says engineers will focus on security and safety issues In: The Guardian, April 2, 2020. Abgerufen im April 5, 2020 
  74. ↑ Steven M. Bellovin: Zoom Security: The Good, the Bad, and the Business Model. In: Columbia University. 2. April 2020, abgerufen am 5. April 2020.
  75. ↑ Kari Paul: 'Zoom is malware': why experts worry about the video conferencing platform In: The Guardian, April 2, 2020. Abgerufen im April 5, 2020 
  76. ↑ Is Zoom safe and can it be hacked? In: The Independent, April 2, 2020. Abgerufen im April 5, 2020 
  77. ↑ Tom Warren: Zoom releases 5.0 update with security and privacy improvements In: The Verge, 22 April 2020. Abgerufen im 8 May 2020 
  78. ↑ Jon Porter: Zoom's mobile and desktop apps now support two-factor authentication In: The Verge, 11 September 2020. Abgerufen im 29 September 2020 
  79. ↑ Archived copy. Abgerufen am 13. Mai 2020.
  80. ↑ Jitendra Soni: More top companies ban Zoom following security fears In: Techradar, 15 April 2020. Abgerufen im 22 April 2020 (englisch). „Among the latest organisations to block the use of Zoom are German industrial giant Siemens, which sent out an internal circular urging its employees to not use the tool for video conferencing, with Standard Chartered Bank also issuing a similar note to its staff.“ 
  81. ↑ Brandon Vigliarolo: Who has banned Zoom? Google, NASA, and more In: techPresident, April 9, 2020. Abgerufen im April 14, 2020 
  82. ↑ MHA issues Advisory on Secure use of ZOOM Meeting Platform. In: pib.gov.in. Abgerufen am 16. April 2020.
  83. ↑ Paayal Zaveri: The NYC Department of Education is reversing its ban on Zoom after the company addresses its security and privacy concerns In: Business Insider, 6 May 2020. Abgerufen im 15 June 2020 
  84. ↑ Zoom sales surge as free users convert to paid. In: ARN. Abgerufen am 3. September 2020.
  85. ↑ Allen St. John: Zoom Calls Aren't as Private as You May Think. Here's What You Should Know., March 24, 2020. Abgerufen im March 26, 2020 
  86. ↑ Kate O'Flaherty: Zoom's A Lifeline During COVID-19: This Is Why It's Also A Privacy Risk In: Forbes, March 25, 2020. Abgerufen im March 27, 2020 „collects and stores personal data and shares it with third parties such as advertisers. But Zoom’s policy also covers what it labels "customer content" or "the content contained in cloud recordings, and instant messages, files, whiteboards... shared while using the service." This includes videos, transcripts that can be generated automatically, documents shared on screen, and the names of everyone on a call.“ 
  87. ↑ Jack Morse: Zoom is a work-from-home privacy disaster waiting to happen In: Mashable, March 13, 2020. Abgerufen im March 26, 2020 
  88. ↑ a b Madeline St. Amour: Pivot to online raises concerns for FERPA, surveillance In: Inside Higher Ed, March 25, 2020. Abgerufen im March 26, 2020 
  89. ↑ Joseph Cox: Zoom iOS App Sends Data to Facebook Even if You Don't Have a Facebook Account In: Vice, March 26, 2020. Abgerufen im March 27, 2020 
  90. ↑ Joseph Cox: Zoom Removes Code That Sends Data to Facebook In: Vice, March 27, 2020. Abgerufen im March 28, 2020 
  91. ↑ Liam Tung: Zoom to iPhone users: We're no longer sending your data to Facebook In: ZDNet, March 30, 2020. Abgerufen im April 13, 2020 
  92. ↑ Joel Rosenblatt: Zoom Sued for Allegedly Illegally Disclosing Personal Data In: Bloomberg News, March 31, 2020 
  93. ↑ Matthew Finnegan: Zoom hit by investor lawsuit as security, privacy concerns mount In: Computer World, 9 April 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  94. ↑ Aaron Krolik, Natasha Singer: A Feature on Zoom Secretly Displayed Data From People's LinkedIn Profiles In: The New York Times, April 2, 2020. Abgerufen im April 3, 2020 „as high school students in Colorado signed in to a mandatory video meeting for a class, Zoom readied the full names and email addresses of at least six students — and their teacher — for possible use by its LinkedIn profile-matching tool“ 
  95. ↑ Monica Chin: Zoom has disabled a feature that was exposing users' LinkedIn profiles In: The Verge, April 2, 2020. Abgerufen im April 13, 2020 
  96. ↑ Diane Bartz: U.S. FTC indicates it is looking at Zoom privacy woes In: Reuters, 12. Mai 2020. Abgerufen am 24. Juni 2020 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  97. ↑ Joseph J. Simons, Noah Joshua Phillips, Rohit Chopra, Rebecca Kelly Slaughter, Christine S. Wilson: Zoom Communications: Complaint. In: ftc.gov. Federal Trade Commission, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2020: „Zoom did not employ end-to-end encryption... Zoom did not employ 256-bit Encryption... recorded Messages are not stored encrypted in Zoom's cloud storage immediately after a Meeting has ended... Zoom installed the ZoomOpener web server, without adequate notice or consent, to circumvent a browser privacy and security safeguard... the webserver would remain on users' computers even after they had uninstalled the Zoom App.“
  98. ↑ FTC Requires Zoom to Enhance its Security Practices as Part of Settlement. FTC.gov, abgerufen am 11. November 2020.
  99. ↑ Joseph J. Simons, Noah Joshua Phillips, Rohit Chopra, Rebecca Kelly Slaughter, Christine S. Wilson: Zoom Communications: Agreement Containing Consent Order. In: ftc.gov. Federal Trade Commission, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2020: „must not misrepresent in any manner, expressly or by implication, the security features... establish and implement, and thereafter maintain, a comprehensive information security program... The Assessments must be obtained by one or more qualified, objective, independent third-party professionals...“
  100. ↑ CVE-2018-15715. In: National Vulnerability Database. 30. November 2018, abgerufen am 9. Juli 2019.
  101. ↑ 2018-15715 bei MITRE (englisch)
  102. ↑ Security: CVE-2018-15715. Zoom, abgerufen am 13. Mai 2020.
  103. ↑ Jonathan Leitschuh: Zoom Zero Day: 4+ Million Webcams & maybe an RCE? Just get them to visit your website!, July 9, 2019 
  104. ↑ Tim Anderson: Anyone for unintended Chat Roulette? Zoom installs hidden Mac web server to allow auto-join video conferencing In: The Register, July 9, 2019 
  105. ↑ Dan Goodin: Attackers can use Zoom to steal users' Windows credentials with no warning In: Ars Technica, April 1, 2020. Abgerufen im April 2, 2020 „The vulnerability was first described last week by a researcher who uses the Twitter handle @_g0dmode. He wrote: "#Zoom chat allows you to post links such as \\x.x.x.x\xyz to attempt to capture Net-NTLM hashes if clicked by other users.“ 
  106. ↑ Lawrence Abrams: Zoom Lets Attackers Steal Windows Credentials, Run Programs via UNC Links In: Bleeping Computer, March 31, 2020. Abgerufen im April 2, 2020 
  107. ↑ The Zoom Privacy Backlash Is Only Getting Started In: Wired, April 1, 2020. Abgerufen im April 6, 2020 
  108. ↑ 2020-11470 bei MITRE (englisch)
  109. ↑ Update: Zoom issues fix for UNC vulnerability that lets hackers steal Windows credentials via chat In: PC World. Abgerufen im May 13, 2020 
  110. ↑ Shannon Bond: A Must For Millions, Zoom Has A Dark Side — And An FBI Warning In: NPR, April 3, 2020. Abgerufen im April 9, 2020 
  111. ↑ Vorlage:Cite press release
  112. ↑ Alex Hern: Trolls exploit Zoom privacy settings as app gains popularity In: The Guardian, March 27, 2020. Abgerufen im April 5, 2020 
  113. ↑ Taylor Lorenz: 'Zoombombing': When Video Conferences Go Wrong In: The New York Times, March 20, 2020. Abgerufen im May 13, 2020 
  114. ↑ Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai: Hackers Are Selling a Critical Zoom Zero-Day Exploit for $500,000. In: Vice. 15. April 2020, abgerufen am 16. April 2020 (englisch).
  115. ↑ Catalin Cimpanu: Zoom to revamp bug bounty program, bring in more security experts. In: ZDNet. Abgerufen am 11. Mai 2020 (englisch).
  116. ↑ Robert McMillan: Zoom Hires Security Heavyweights to Fix Flaws In: Wall Street Journal, 16 April 2020. Abgerufen im 26 May 2020 
  117. ↑ Michael Kan: Got a Zoom-Bombing Problem? Zoom Will Soon Let You Report Attacks in Real Time In: PC Magazine, 20 April 2020. Abgerufen im 26 May 2020 
  118. ↑ Jay Peters: Zoom promises its first transparency report later this year In: The Verge, 1 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  119. ↑ Danny Cruze: Zoom released 100 new security features in 90 days In: Live Mint, 2 July 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  120. ↑ Zoom's new security feature will let you stop 'Zoombombers' in their tracks. In: The Verge. Abgerufen am 16. November 2020.
  121. ↑ Encryption for Meetings. Zoom Video Communications, abgerufen am 7. April 2020.
  122. ↑ Advanced Encryption for Chat. Zoom Video Communications, abgerufen am 7. April 2020.
  123. ↑ Micah Lee, Yael Grauer: Zoom Meetings Aren't End-to-End Encrypted, Despite Misleading Marketing. In: The Intercept. 31. März 2020, abgerufen am 31. März 2020: „Currently, it is not possible to enable E2E encryption for Zoom video meetings. (...) When we use the phrase ‘End to End’ in our other literature, it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point.“
  124. ↑ Kevin Stankiewicz: Ex-Facebook security chief, now Zoom advisor, says he still trusts Zoom for his video meetings In: CNBC, 17 April 2020. Abgerufen im 8 May 2020 
  125. ↑ Brian Barrett: Security News This Week: Zoom Security Gets a Boost With Keybase Acquisition In: Wired, 9 May 2020. Abgerufen im 13 May 2020 
  126. ↑ Zoom acquires Keybase to get end-to-end encryption expertise. In: TechCrunch. Abgerufen am 7. Mai 2020 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  127. ↑ Lance Whitney: How Zoom plans to better secure meetings with end-to-end encryption In: Tech Republic, 26 May 2020 
  128. ↑ 2020-11500 bei MITRE (englisch)
  129. ↑ Adi Robertson: Zoom says free users won't get end-to-end encryption so FBI and police can access calls. In: The Verge. 3. Juni 2020, abgerufen am 5. Juni 2020 (englisch).
  130. ↑ Zoom to exclude free calls from end-to-end encryption to allow FBI cooperation. In: the Guardian. 4. Juni 2020, abgerufen am 5. Juni 2020 (englisch).
  131. ↑ Nick Statt: Zoom says free users will get end-to-end encryption after all In: The Verge, 17 June 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
  132. ↑ Zoom encryption whitepaper. 17. Juni 2020, abgerufen am 8. September 2020.
  133. ↑ Fear and Loathing in Protocol Analysis. 7. September 2020, abgerufen am 8. September 2020.
  134. ↑ Zack Whittaker: Zoom admits some calls were routed through China by mistake In: TechCrunch, April 4, 2020. Abgerufen im April 5, 2020 
  135. ↑ This New Zoom Control Allows You To Stop Chats Being Routed Through China. Abgerufen im May 13, 2020 
  136. ↑ Zoom adds Choose Your Own Routing Adventure to keep chats out of China. Abgerufen im May 13, 2020 
  137. ↑ Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian: Zoom closed account of U.S.-based Chinese activist "to comply with local law". In: Axios. 10. Juni 2020, abgerufen am 11. Juni 2020 (englisch).
  138. ↑ Paul Mozur: Zoom Blocks Activist After Tiananmen Vigil In: The New York Times, 11. Juni 2020 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  139. ↑ a b Nico Grant: Zoom says China asked it to censor pro-democracy activists in US and it obeyed. In: ThePrint. 12. Juni 2020, abgerufen am 13. Juni 2020 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  140. ↑ Patrick Austin: 'We'll Do All We Can to Promote Free Speech,' Says Zoom CEO Eric Yuan After Criticism on Encryption and Privacy In: Time, 18 June 2020. Abgerufen im 30 July 2020 
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