Zum Inhalt springen

Lampetia (Begriffsklärung)

Links hinzufügen
aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Dies ist eine alte Version dieser Seite, zuletzt bearbeitet am 5. Oktober 2020 um 18:00 Uhr durch en>HaltlosePersonalityDisorder (→Symptoms). Sie kann sich erheblich von der aktuellen Version unterscheiden.

Vorlage:Personality disorders sidebar Haltlose Personality Disorder (HLPD) is an ICD-10 personality disorder in which affected individuals possess psychopathic traits built upon selfish or irresponsible hedonism, combined with an inability to anchor one's identity to a future or past.[1] A person afflicted with HLPD is clinically termed an "unstable psychopath".[2][3] The symptoms of HLPD share similarites with frontal lobe syndrome, sociopathic and histrionic personality traits,[1][4] and are "characterized by the immaturity of moral and volitional qualities...and the absence of postive ethical attitudes."[5]

Described by Emil Kraepelin in 1904-1907[6][7] as distinct from the three classes of the "inborn criminal", "morbid liar" and "trickster"[7] and further distinguished by Karl Jaspers, and Eugen and Manfred Bleuler, it has been colloquially dubbed psychopathy with an "absence of intent or lack of will".[8]

It is studied as one of the strains of psychopathy relevant to criminology[9][10] as those with the disorder can "be very easily involved in the criminal history"[11] and may become aggressors.[3][12] Persons with Haltlose Personality Disorder require "constant coercion and strict control by others around their behavior", or else will likely seek out "an idle lifestyle, involved in antisocial groups...antisocial acts, petty crimes...and easily get used to alcohol and drugs".[5] However, they are "apt to blame others for their offences, frequently seeking to avoid responsibility for their actions".[13]

"Haltlos" is a German word that contextually refers to a floundering, aimless, irresponsible lifestyle,[1] and the diagnosis is named "Haltlose" using the feminine variation on the word.[14] In 1998, it was remarked that there was not an easily-translated English variation to use for the diagnosis.[4]

Of the ten types of psychopaths defined by Schneider, only the Gemutlose (compassionless) and the Haltlose "had high levels of criminal behavior" without external influence, and thus made up the minority of psychopaths who are "virtually doomed to commit crimes" by virtue only of their own constitution.[15] The haltlose psychopath is "constantly looking for an external hold, it doesn't really matter whether they join occult or fascist movements".[16] A study of those with Haltlose Personality Disorder concludes "In all of those cases, the result was a continuous social decline that ended in asocial-parasitic existence or an antisocial-criminal life."[15][17][18]

Symptoms

Vorlage:Rquote Compared to other personality disorders, those with Haltlose demonstrate "a particularly large number of psychological deficiencies",[19] and it is not possible to further distinguish particular subtypes of the Haltlose.[2] The symptoms are considered to worsen if patients are granted greater independence "in the home and in their work".[2]

Like sociopathy, Haltlose Personality Disorder causes an inability to learn from experience, and an inability to feel genuine remorse[4] as a strong present-time orientation, lacking long-term goals, leaves them detached from the reality of their past - their self schema only encompasses the immediate present.[1] Also described as "living in a random location and moment",[12] this is commonly seen in Cluster B personality disorders such as Borderline Personality Disorder, even though HLPD is itself seen as a Cluster A personality disorder[20] - thus leaving those with comorbidities between them as manifesting both Cluster A and Cluster B simultaneously. Their status has been summarized as "wandering through life without ever taking firm root".[21]

Those with HLPD display "a number of endearing qualities, charming with an apparent emotional warmth, but also an enhanced suggestibility and a superficiality of affect", which can lead to unrealistic optimism.[1] They are also noted as "absolutely indifferent to others...likes to live for [their] pleasure today, does not make plans not only for the future but even for tomorrow, studying and working are not for them".[11] Persons with HLPD typically lack any deep knowledge, and "look for easy life and pleasures".[22] They have been described as "conquerers with an appearance of emotional warmth".[12]

Persons with HLPD often struggle with alcoholism, and identify with antisocial personality disorder.[1] When Haltlose is not recognised as the diagnosis, the patient might be categorised as BPD, in the manic phase of Bipolar Disorder, or simply demonstrating an addiction to gambling or substance abuse.[20] The lack of a sense of identity, or internal support, leads to a lack of resistance to both external and internal impulses.[2] Choices are made, often in mirroring others around them, but manage to "not leave even a passing imprint on the person's identity".[23] They demonstrate poor mood control and "react quickly to immediate circumstances" since "mood variation can be extreme and fluctuate wildly", which led to the denotation "unstable psychopath".[24]

They have been described as "undisciplined, inclined to ignore the obligations assigned....always needs a strong leader who will direct and show what needs to be done",[5] but must be differentiated from dependent personality disorder, as the two can appear similar, due to the artifice of the Haltlose patient, despite having starkly opposing foundations.[25] Persons with Dependent Personality Disorder are defined by a tendency to embarrassment,[26] and submissiveness[27] which are not genuine facets of those with Haltlose even if they mimic such. Haltlose is thus deemed the "more troublesome" personality.[28]

Clinical Summaries

Vorlage:Rquote There are conflicting preferences for the name of the disorder through the twentieth century, with some like Karl Birnbaum preferring the term "Haltlose", while others like Kurt Schneider preferred "Willenlos" shifting focus off their lack of self-control.[15] opposed to the moralist tones of those like Birnbaum who had described the Haltlose as unable to grasp "important ideal values such as honor and morality, duty and responsibility, as well as material ones such as prosperity and health".[15][18] Ultimately the diagnosis was handicapped by the issues of translation, leading to criticism of "the impoverishment of psychiatric vocabulary" that led to declining research and use.[29]

Otto Dornbluth offered the definition in his Clinical Dictionary, that the Haltlose were clinically "Psychopaths without perseverance, always derailing themselves despite good intentions".[30]

Karl Jaspers wrote in his General Psychopathology seeking to define the word that formed the diagnosis, rather than the personality disorder itself, that "Those who have no willpower at all, the drifters, simply echo any influence that impinges on them...I think 'drifters’ in this translation is a fairly adequate rendering of 'die Haltlosen’".[31]

Emil Kraepelin noted that those with Haltlose Personalities displayed "poor and immature judgement...apt to take senseless journeys, perhaps even becoming vagabonds".[13][32] He also wrote that they were recognised as "possessing of lofty though unrealistic ambitions", active imaginations and would routinely "exaggerate, boast and fabricate" although their sexual habits were truthfully "atypical, irregular and unusual".[13][32]

Manfred Bleuler wrote "The Haltlosen are characterized by a lack of enduring emotional attachment and, thus, an abnormal tendency for the will to be influenced by various inner and outer stimuli",[14][33] and that the court system needed to understand such persons were in "urgent need of inhibitions".[34]

Roth and Slater remarked that those with Haltlosigkeit lack the traditional ability of insight, but "are clever at concealing, both from themselves and others, this lack of real understanding by an exercise of verbal agility." and noted "it is tempermentally impossible for him to save, or to maintain any secure financial position...he is always on the brink of a disaster."[3] They ultimately concluded that "the treatment of such a personality is almost hopeless under the present ordering of society. Any treatment would...present difficulties...beyond the powers of these patients. The prospects of psychotherapy are forlorn and the best that can be obtained will be reached through social control."[3]

Uwe Henrik Peters detailed Haltlose Psychopaths in his psychiatric dictionary as "weak-willed, unreliable, unable to resist external influences, easily led astray, tending to sexual waywardness...if left alone, they cannot set their own goals, they have no inner compass."[14][35]

The 2012 manual "Psychiatric Emergencies in Family Practise" noted these individuals as being "affectionless, egocentric and demanding...show[ing] no realistic ambition or foresight. Often restless, they do not profit from experience or punishment and are frequently impulsive, lacking the awareness of others' needs...appearances in this group can be highly deceptive for they are plausible, likeable and natural. Without a proper history, the doctor can easily be misled by distortions which occasionally amount to pathological lying""[24]

Haltlose Personality Disorder and childhood

Vorlage:Rquote It has been proposed that Haltlose Personality Disorder may arise from "traumatization through maternal indolence" or institutionalization in early life, although without definite conclusion.[23] Care must be taken in making Haltlose diagnoses of children, since "the traits of instability of purpose, lack of forethought, suggestibility, egoism and superficiality of affect...are to some extent normal in childhood".[3] Children with Haltlose Personality Disorder demonstrate a marked milieu dependency.[19]

It is not believed to manifest often in children until they have aged,[36] but while difficult to diagnose, it has been noted as presenting one of the stronger psychiatric difficulties if present at that age.[37] It may be possible to prevent social failure "through welfare measures" akin to early intervention.[37]

Regressive addictions amongst Haltlose psychopaths typically are infantile, and seek to replace the lost "dual union" arising from their parents' rejection, and later morph into a focus on subjects including vengeance or sado-masochism.[38]

Comorbidity and relation to criminality

Vorlage:Rquote The frequent intersection between HLPD and alcoholism has left clinical researchers using "haltlose" as a grouping when separating subjects by disposition.[39][40][41]

The commitment papers for an "Ida H.", arrested by Swiss authorities circa 1920, noted that her psychiatric assessment had determined she had Haltlose Personality Disorder, "an unsteady psychopath with a strong fantasy, an inclination to hysteric symptoms and congenital feebleness".[42] In 1937, a couple were declined a marriage certificate on the basis one proposed spouse "justif[ied] the conclusion that N. is in a condition of ethical and moral decline, due to a lack of healthy inhibitions...the court is therefore convinced that N is Haltlos and a criminal psychopath who is unable to conduct a marriage in the way in which it is desirable...it is to be feared that the inferior social characteristics that hold sway over [them] will be transmitted to offspring or that [they] would at the very least exert negative educational influences on [the children]".[15]

In 1937, G.E. Buda released a study of 72 convicts with Haltlose Personality Disorder, debilitation and psychosis to study their mental degeneration.[43] The American Journal of Psychiatry published a study of hit and run drivers, which showed 40% of drivers who fled the scene of a traffic accident tested positive for Haltlose Personality Disorder.[44] This was consistent with the earlier finding that Haltlose Personalities were among the most likely to attempt to flee if caught in commission of any crime.[45]

There is not necessarily a tendency towards deliberate amorality among the demographic, unlike other psychopath subtypes, despite its frequent criminal violations since they may lack the ability to premediate on their actions.[46] But their demonstrated lack of self-control is "especially manifested in the sphere of morality".[47]

The frequent intersection between those with Haltlose Personality Disorder and crime resulted in the summary "probably the most important function of the psychiatrist when dealing with these patients is to protect their relatives and friends from ruining themselves in hopeless attempts at reclamation. With most of these patients a time comes when the relatives will be best advised...to allow the patient to go to prison, or otherwise suffer unsheltered the consequences of his deeds."[3]

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:Medical resources

Vorlage:ICD-10 personality disorders

Vorlage:Psychiatry-stub

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Claus Langmaack: 'Haltlose' type personality disorder (ICD-10 F60.8). In: Psychiatric Bulletin. 24. Jahrgang, Nr. 6, Juni 2000, S. 235–236, doi:10.1192/pb.24.6.235-b.
  2. ↑ a b c d F. Kramer: Bericht über die vierte Tagung über Psychopathenfürsorge Düsseldorf. 1927, ISBN 978-3-642-94054-5, Haltlose Psychopathen, S. 35–94, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-94454-3_3.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Slater, E. & Roth, M. (1979) Clinical Psychiatry (3rd edn). London: Baillière Tindall. pp. 165-166 and elsewhere
  4. ↑ a b c Rachael Cullivan: Definition of 'haltlose'. In: Psychiatric Bulletin. 22. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, Januar 1998, S. 58–59, doi:10.1192/pb.22.1.58-a.
  5. ↑ a b c A group of hysterical psychopathic personalities is characterized, also original in Russian and further translation in Portuguese
  6. ↑ http://www.apnb.neuropsychologie.pro/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/atelier-enfant-05.12.2013.pdf
  7. ↑ a b Dušica Lečić Toševski: Savremeno određenje poremećaja ličnosti - ponovo otkrivena prošlost. (deutsch: Modern definition of personality disorders - rediscovered past). In: Psihijatrija Danas. 36. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2004, S. 243–260 (slowenisch, ceon.rs [PDF]).
  8. ↑ Schneider, K. (1992) Klinische Psychopathologie (14th edn). Stuttgart: Georg Thleme Verlag.
  9. ↑ Birnbaum, NA, "Kriminal≈Psychopathologie und Psychobiologische Verbrecherkunde", Page 137
  10. ↑ Kriminologie, Gerhard Ledig, Page 37
  11. ↑ a b Psychopathy - Signs in men and Women, 2019
  12. ↑ a b c Dr. Iustinian Turcu, Psychology, "Tulburarile de Personalitate, section "Tulburarea de Personalitate de Tip Haltlose"
  13. ↑ a b c "Psychopathy: Exploring Canadian Mass Newspaper Representations Thereof and Violent Offender Talk Thereon", doctoral thesis for the University of Saskatchewan by Matthew L. Burnett, 2013
  14. ↑ a b c Paul Bailey: Definition of 'haltlose'. In: Psychiatric Bulletin. 22. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, April 1998, S. 255–256, doi:10.1192/pb.22.4.255-a.
  15. ↑ a b c d e Wetzell, Richard F. "Inventing the Criminal: A History of German Criminology", page 151-152, 276
  16. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200621195118/https://nachrichtenbrief.com/2015/05/11/der-triebhafte-charakter-heute/
  17. ↑ Schneider, Die Psychopathischen Personlichkeiten, 69-73, second edition
  18. ↑ a b Birnbaum, Die Psychopathischen Verbrecher, 2d ed, pg 54-65
  19. ↑ a b Messner, Melanie Theresia. University of Graz, Pathologisierung des Verbrechens. Kriminalität und Psychopathologie im kriminalwissenschaftlichen Diskurs um 1900: Pathologizing Crime, 2019
  20. ↑ a b International Advocacy, Personality Disorders Webinar, July 21, 2020
  21. ↑ Millon, T., Simonsen, E., & Birket-Smith, M. (1998). Historical conceptions of psychopathy in the United States and Europe. In T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket-Smith, & R. D. Davis (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 3-31). New York: Guilford.
  22. ↑ Melik-Pashayan, A.E. Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry: Handout for Foreign Students, Armenia, 2011
  23. ↑ a b Frankenstein, Carl. "Varieties of Juvenile Delinquency", pp. 115, 158 and elsewhere
  24. ↑ a b John D. Pollitt: Psychiatric Emergencies in Family Practice. 1987, ISBN 978-94-010-7931-0, Moody patients, S. 220–228, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3191-6_22.
  25. ↑ Studien über Vererbung und Entstehung Geistiger Störungen: V. Erbanlage und Verbrechen Charakterologische und Psychiatrische Sippenuntersuchungen, Page 222. NB this work uses the term "Asthenic Psychopath", others use "Asthenic Personality Disorder" or "Dependent Personality Disorder".
  26. ↑ Psychopathy. In: Soviet Law and Government. 8. Jahrgang, Nr. 2–4, Oktober 1969, S. 393–413, doi:10.2753/RUP1061-194008020304393.
  27. ↑ Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD). In: Cleveland Clinic. 30. März 2017;.
  28. ↑ W. L. Tonge: The Neurasthenic Psychopath. In: British Medical Journal. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 4921, 30. April 1955, S. 1066–1068, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4921.1066, PMID 14363794, PMC 2061785 (freier Volltext).
  29. ↑ Assen Jablensky: Definition of 'haltlose'. In: Psychiatric Bulletin. 22. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, Mai 1998, S. 326, doi:10.1192/pb.22.5.326.
  30. ↑ Dornbluth, Otto. Klinisches Wörterbuch: Haltlose, 1927
  31. ↑ JASPERS. K. (1963) General Psychopathology. p. 440.
  32. ↑ a b Kraepelin, E. (1912). Psychiatry: A textbook for students and physicians (7th ed.) (A. R. Diefendorf, Trans.). London: Macmillan. (Original work published 1903-1904)
  33. ↑ Bleuler, M. (1983) Eugen Bleuler: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (15th edn), p. 574. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  34. ↑ Die Offene Fürsorge in der Psychiatrie und ihren Grenzgebieten, By E. Bleuler, page 168
  35. ↑ Peters, U. H. (1984) Wörterbuch der Psychiatrie und medizinischen Psychologie (3rd edn). p. 445. Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
  36. ↑ Bericht über die vierte Tagung über Psychopathenfürsorge Düsseldorf: 24.–25. September 1926, Deutschen Verein zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen, Springer-Verlag, Mar. 13, 2013 - Psychology - 109 pages
  37. ↑ a b Schubert, Werner. "Protokolle der Strafrechtsausschüsse des Reichstags", 1995. Pg153
  38. ↑ Elemente der Exakten Triebpsychiatrie, "Klinische Psychologie Experimentelle Syndromatik", Page 190-191
  39. ↑ P. Kristianson: Classification of the MMPI profiles of two alcoholic groups. In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 54. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, November 1976, S. 359–380, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00132.x, PMID 1007940.
  40. ↑ Peter J. Hampton: Representative Studies of Alcoholism and Personality: I. Naturalistic Studies. In: The Journal of Social Psychology. 34. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, November 1951, S. 203–210, doi:10.1080/00224545.1951.9919074.
  41. ↑ Kankeleit, Dr. "Alkohol und Geisteskrankheiten", Hamburg, 1926
  42. ↑ Gerodetti, Natalia. "Modernizing Sexualities", page 185 ff.
  43. ↑ Buda, G. "Ueber das Vorhandensein beziehungsweise Fehlen von sogenanaten Entartungszeichen bei 72 Verwahrungagefangenes; haltloses psychopathen, debiles und psychotikern", Zurich, 1937, 52p.
  44. ↑ Lowell S. Selling: The Psychopathology of the Hit-And-Run Driver. In: American Journal of Psychiatry. 98. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, Juli 1941, S. 93–98, doi:10.1176/ajp.98.1.93.
  45. ↑ Pappenheim, Martin and Grosz, Carl. "Die Neurosen und Psychosen des Pubertatsalters", 1914. Page 56
  46. ↑ Andrew E. Skodol: Psychopathology and Violent Crime. American Psychiatric, 1998, ISBN 978-0-88048-834-1.Vorlage:Pn
  47. ↑ psychology.academic.ru, Личность расторможенная
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampetia_(Begriffsklärung)&oldid=207731900“