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Olivia Hooker

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Vorlage:Use mdy dates Vorlage:Infobox person Olivia J. Hooker (February 12, 1915 – November 21, 2018) was an American psychologist and professor. A survivor of the Tulsa race massacre, she was the first African-American woman to enter the U.S. Coast Guard in February 1945. She became a SPAR (Semper Paratus Always Ready), a member of the United States Coast Guard Women's Reserve, during World War II, earning the rank of Yeoman, Second Class, during her service.[1][2] She served in the Coast Guard until her unit was disbanded in mid-1946; she went on to become a psychologist and a professor at Fordham University.[3][4]

Early life and education

Hooker was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma on February 12, 1915.[5] Ku Klux Klan members ransacked her home during the Tulsa Massacre of Black Wall Street of 1921 while she hid under a table with her three siblings.[6][7] Hooker later was a founder of the Tulsa Race Riot Commission in hopes of demanding reparations for the riot's survivors.[2] In 2003, she was among survivors of the riot to file an unsuccessful federal lawsuit seeking reparations.[8]

After the riots, Hooker's family moved to Columbus, Ohio where she earned her Bachelor of Arts in 1937 from Ohio State University. While at OSU, she joined the Delta Sigma Theta sorority where she advocated for African-American women to be admitted to the navy.[9] Ten years later in 1947, she received her Masters from the Teachers College of Columbia University. In 1961, she received her PhD in psychology from the University of Rochester.[10]

Career

U.S. Coast Guard

Olivia Hooker (front) with Aileen Anita Cooks (behind) on the USS Neversail during boot training, Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn

Hooker applied to the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) of the U.S. Navy, but was rejected due to her ethnicity.[10] She disputed the rejection due to a technicality and Hooker was accepted. However, she had already decided to join the Coast Guard.[11] She entered the U.S. Coast Guard in February 1945. On March 9, 1945, Hooker went to basic training for six weeks in Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York where Coast Guard Women's Reserve (SPARS) had to attend class and pass exams. She was one of only five African-American females to first enlist in the SPAR program. After basic training, Hooker specialized in the yeoman rate and remained at boot camp for an additional nine weeks before heading to Boston.[11] Here, she performed administrative duties and earned the rank of Yeoman Second Class in the Coast Guard Women's Reserve.[8] In June 1946, the SPAR program was disbanded and Hooker earned the rank of petty officer 2nd class and a Good Conduct Award.[11][12]

Psychology

After receiving her Masters, Hooker moved upstate to work in the mental hygiene department of a women's correctional facility in Albion.[13] Many women in this facility were considered to have severe learning disabilities by staff. Hooker believed they were more capable than given credit and re-evaluated them and helped the women to pursue better education and jobs. She credited this success with "approaching them with an open mind."[9]

In 1963, she joined Fordham University as a senior clinical lecturer; eventually she served as an associate professor until 1985.[14]

She was one of the founders of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Division 33, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. She served as an early director of the Kennedy Child Study Center in New York City.[13]

Later life

Hooker retired at age 87.[2] She joined the Coast Guard Auxiliary at age 95[6] and served as a volunteer in Yonkers, New York.[15] On November 21, 2018, Hooker died in White Plains, New York at the age of 103.[16]

Legacy

Hooker received the American Psychological Association Presidential Citation in 2011.[10] In 2012, she was inducted into the New York State Senate Veterans' Hall of Fame.[17]

On February 9, 2015, Kirsten Gillibrand spoke in Congress to "pay tribute" to Hooker.[12]

In the same year, the Olivia Hooker Dining Facility on the Staten Island coast guard facility was named in her honor.[6][18] A training facility at the Coast Guard's headquarters in Washington, D.C. was also named after her that same year.[19]

On May 20, 2015, President Barack Obama recognized the Coast Guard service and legacy of Olivia Hooker while in attendance at the 134th Commencement of the United States Coast Guard Academy.[20]

On November 11, 2018, Google honored her by telling her story as part of a Google Doodle for the Veterans Day holiday.[21]

References

Vorlage:Reflist

  1. ↑ Thiesen, William H.: SPAR Olivia Hooker: First African American Woman in the Coast Guard. United States Coast Guard: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, abgerufen am 17. März 2015.
  2. ↑ a b c Coast Guard Names Training Facility After 1st Black Woman In Service. News One, abgerufen am 19. März 2015.
  3. ↑ Jenna MacKay: Profile: Olivia Hooker. In: Psychology's Feminist Voices. 19. Oktober 2017, archiviert vom Original am 19. Oktober 2017; abgerufen am 16. März 2018.
  4. ↑ Mara Gay: Olivia J. Hooker: Coast Guard Pioneer, Fordham Professor and Activist In: Wall Street Journal, February 28, 2015. Abgerufen im March 16, 2018 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  5. ↑ Black History Month: Survivor Recalls 1921 Tulsa Race Riot. CBS News, 12. Februar 2015, abgerufen am 17. März 2015.
  6. ↑ a b c Dr. Olivia Hooker, 1st Black Woman in U.S. Coast Guard, Honored with Training Facility & Dining Hall Dedications. Good Black News, abgerufen am 19. März 2015.
  7. ↑ Meet The Last Surviving Witness To The Tulsa Race Riot Of 1921. National Public Radio, 31. Mai 2018, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2018.
  8. ↑ a b Mara Gay: Olivia J. Hooker: Coast Guard Pioneer, Fordham Professor and Activist, Wall Street Journal, February 27, 2015. Abgerufen im April 30, 2015 
  9. ↑ a b Anna Miller: Living history: Pioneering psychologist and civil rights activist Olivia Hooker reflects on her legacy. In: American Psychological Association. November 2012, archiviert vom Original am 22. November 2012; abgerufen am 30. April 2015.
  10. ↑ a b c MacKay, Jenna (2013). Profile of Olivia Hooker. In A. Rutherford (Ed.), Psychology's Feminist Voices Multimedia Internet Archive. Retrieved from http://www.feministvoices.com/olivia-hooker/. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.
  11. ↑ a b c LT Stephanie Young: Olivia Hooker: A SPAR's Story. 29. Oktober 2013, abgerufen am 30. April 2015.
  12. ↑ a b Congressional Record, Volume 161 Issue 21 (Monday, February 9, 2015). Gpo.gov, 9. Februar 2015, abgerufen am 19. März 2015.
  13. ↑ a b Robin L Cautin: The indomitable Dr. Olivia Hooker. In: The General Psychologist. American Psychological Association. April 2012, abgerufen am 30. April 2015.
  14. ↑ Mara Gay: Olivia J. Hooker: Coast Guard Pioneer, Fordham Professor and Activist. WSJ, 27. Februar 2015, abgerufen am 20. März 2015.
  15. ↑ US Coast Guard Honors TC Alum and Centenarian Olivia Hooker. In: Teachers' College Media Center, Columbia University. 9. April 2015, abgerufen am 30. April 2015.
  16. ↑ Last survivor of Tulsa Race Massacre dies In: KJRH, November 21, 2018. Abgerufen im November 22, 2018 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  17. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen NYSS Veterans.
  18. ↑ Dr. Olivia Hooker Turns 100 | Juniper Hill Civic Association. Juniperhillny.com, 7. Februar 2015, abgerufen am 19. März 2015.
  19. ↑ Coast Guard Names Training Facility After 1st Black Woman In Service. The Chicago Defender, 16. März 2015, abgerufen am 25. April 2015.
  20. ↑ Remarks by the President at the United States Coast Guard Academy Commencement. whitehouse.gov, 20. Mai 2015, abgerufen am 12. Februar 2017.
  21. ↑ Nina Godlewski: Veterans Day Google Doodle Honors Veterans and their stories through videos In: Newsweek, November 11, 2018. Abgerufen im November 22, 2018 
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