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Proteste im Sudan 2018–19

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Vorlage:Current event Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:Infobox civil conflict

On 19 December 2018, a series of demonstrations broke out in several Sudanese cities, due in part to spiraling costs of living and deterioration of economic conditions at all levels of society.[1] The protests quickly turned from demands for urgent economic reforms into demands for Omar al-Bashir to step down.[2][3]

The violence of the government's reaction to these peaceful demonstrations sparked international concern. On 22 February, al-Bashir declared a state of emergency and dissolved the national and regional governments, replacing the latter with military and intelligence-service officers.[4] On 8 March, al-Bashir announced that all of the women jailed for protesting against the government would be released.[5] On the weekend of 6–7 April, there were massive protests for the first time since the declaration of the state of emergency.[6] On 10 April, soldiers were seen shielding protesters from security forces,[7] and on 11 April, the military removed al-Bashir from power in a coup d'état.

Background

In January 2018, large protests started on the streets of Khartoum, Sudan’s capital, in opposition to the rising prices of the basic goods including bread. The protests grew quickly and found support from different opposition parties. Youth and women's movements also joined the protests.[8]

The Sudanese government started austerity measures recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF),[9] including devaluation of the local currency, as well as the removal of wheat and electricity subsidies. Sudan’s economy has struggled since Omar al-Bashir's ascent to power, but became increasingly turbulent following the secession of South Sudan in 2011, which, up until then, had represented an important source of foreign currency, because of its oil output.[9][10] The devaluation of the Sudanese pound in October 2018 led to wildly fluctuating exchange rates and a shortage of cash in circulation.[10] Long queues for basic goods such as petrol, bread, as well as cash from ATMs are a common sight. Sudan has around 70% inflation, second only to Venezuela.[10]

In August 2018, the National Congress party backed Omar Al-Bashir's 2020 presidential run, despite his increasing unpopularity and his previous declaration that he would not run in the upcoming elections.[11] These measures led to rising opposition from within the party calling for respect of the constitution, which currently prevents Al-Bashir from being reelected. Sudanese activists reacted on social media and called for a campaign against his nomination.[11]

Al-Bashir has ruled the country since 1989. He came to power by leading a coup against the elected, but increasingly unpopular, prime minister of the time, Sadiq al-Mahdi.[12] The International Criminal Court (ICC) has indicted Al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in the western region of Darfur.[13]

Timeline

Datei:Sudanese protestors gathering infront of Army HQ.jpg
A protest gathering at night

December 2018

The most recent waves of protests began on 19 December 2018 in response to the tripling of the price of bread in Atbara, then quickly spread to Port Sudan, Dongola and the capital Khartoum. Protestors set fire to the national party headquarters in Atbara and Dongola.[14] Authorities used tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition to disperse demonstrators, causing dozens of deaths and injuries.[15] The former prime minister, Sadiq al-Mahdi, returned to the country on the same day.[14]

Access to social media and instant messaging was cut on 21 December by the country's major service providers, with technical evidence collected by the NetBlocks internet observatory and Sudanese volunteers indicating the installation of "an extensive Internet censorship regime".[16][17] Curfews were issued across Sudan, with schools closed throughout the country.[18]

January 2019

Datei:Sudanese protestors greeting sudanese army (cropped).jpg
Protesters greeting the Sudanese Army

By 7 January 2019 over 800 anti-government protesters were arrested and 19 people, including security officials, were killed during the protests.[19]

On 9 January, thousands of protesters gathered in the southeastern city of El-Gadarif.[20]

Protests organized by the Sudanese Professionals Associations led to a doctor being shot on 17 January,[21][22] and to allegations that hospitals were being targeted by security forces.[23]

February 2019

Media coverage of the protests was strictly controlled by security forces. Al Tayyar began printing blank pages to show the amount of government-censored copy. Other news outlets have seen their entire print run confiscated by the government. The security service (NISS) raided Al JaridaPflichtangabe Text für Zitat im Zitat fehlts offices again, which has led the latter to stop producing its print version. According to The Listening Post, foreign Arabic-language videographers have been particularly targeted by the government.[24][25]

A "senior military source" told Middle East Eye that Salah Gosh, head of Sudanese intelligence, had the support of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt to replace al-Bashir as president, citing his private talks with Yossi Cohen at the Munich Security Conference as evidence (15–17 February).[4]

On 22 February, Bashir declared a state of national emergency—the first in twenty years[26]—and "dissolved the central and regional governments".[27] The next day he appointed his chosen successor, Mohamed Tahir Ayala, as Prime Minister and former intelligence chief and current Defence Minister Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf as first vice president. His intelligence chief also announced that he would not seek re-election in 2020 and would resign from the head of the National Congress Party.[26] Ahmed Haroun, also wanted by the ICC for war crimes, replaced Al-Bashir as leader of the National Congress party. Officers from the military and intelligence services were put in charge of provincial governments after the dissolution.[28][4]

Security forces raided universities in Khartoum and Ombdurman, reportedly beating students with sticks in Khartoum on 24 February.[29] New 10-year prison sentences and emergency courts were decreed the same day by al-Bashir.[30]

March 2019

On 7 March, protests were organized to honor women for their leading role in the uprising.[31] "You women, be strong" and "This revolution is a women's revolution" were slogans chanted at several protests.[32] On 8 March, Omar al-Bashir ordered that all the women who had been arrested for participating in anti-government demonstrations be freed.[5] Protestors named a Khartoum neighborhood park (in Burri) after one such woman, who had been sentenced to 20 lashes and one month in prison by an emergency court, then freed on appeal. The sentence of flogging, first introduced during British colonization in 1925, aims at discouraging Sudanese women from political activism. According to the Democratic Lawyers Alliance, at least 870 people have been tried in the newly-established emergency courts.[33]

April 2019

On 6 April, days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika was forced to step down to appease Algerian protesters,[34] the Association of Sudanese Professionals called for a march to the headquarters of the armed forces. More than a million people answered the call. According to one protester, divisions appeared between the security forces, who "tried to attack the demonstrators coming from the north", and the military, who "took the demonstrators' side and fired back." On the morning of 8 April, the army and the rapid reaction force of the secret services were facing off at the armed forces headquarters in Khartoum.[6]

On 7 April, Sudan "experienced a complete power outage on Sunday, just hours after a social media block took effect across the country."[35]

On 8 April, the Association of Sudanese Professionals issued a press release that calls for "the formation of a council comprising the DFC forces and collaborating revolutionary forces, charged with the task of liaising with the state’s regular forces as well as with local and international actors to finalize the process of political transition and the handing over of power to a transitional civilian government that enjoys the support of the people and reflects the aspirations of the revolutionary forces". [36]

According to the interior minister, there were six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend. Police were under orders not to intervene.[37]

Also on 8 April, a video of a young woman named Alaa Salah leading a musical protest chant to a crowd standing on top of a car began circulating on WhatsApp. Quickly the image became viral online with Salah becoming a symbol of the protests in the country. It also brought attention to women's involvement and leadership in the protest movement.[38]

On 11 April, Bashir was ousted from presidency and placed under house arrest by the military.[39][40] The European Union and the United States called for a UN Security Council meeting.[41] Vorlage:Clear

Slogans

"Tasgut bas" slogan sketch

Similar to other protests, the Sudanese protestors have chanted slogans demanding the fall of the current regime. These slogans include "Freedom, peace and justice,"[42] "We are all Darfur,"[10] and "Just fall – that is all",[43] among others.[44]

Slogans which widespread since 19 December 2018 were “Freedom, peace, justice” and “Revolution is the people’s choice” and video footage showed men and women, many wearing masks, shouting slogans against the government.[45]

Sudan President Omar al-Bashir, facing the country’s biggest popular protests since he came to power 30 years ago, declared a one-year state of emergency.[46]

Against this background, the outbreak of protests in the northern town of Atbara.[47]

Just fall – that is all

The slogan "Just fall – that is all" (تسقط – بس tasquṭ bas) was first used on Twitter and Facebook pages during the protests of 22 December 2018 and has thereafter been widely used.[43]

Freedom, peace and justice

This slogan was the first to be used in downtown Khartoum where demonstrators chanting "freedom, peace and justice" and "revolution is the people’s choice" were met with tear gas. The organizers of this particular march were "professionals, including doctors, engineers, and teachers."[48][49]

We are All Darfur

The slogan "You arrogant racist, we are all Darfur!" was used in Khartoum in response to the targeting of students from Darfur[50] by National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) agents in relation to allegations of a planned attack.[51] According to Radio Dabanga, the NISS claimed that a number of Darfuri students had been trained by the Israeli Mossad to carry out acts of sabotage.[52] The 32 Darfuri students who are studying at the University of Sennar in eastern Sudan were arrested in Sinnar and transported to Khartoum where they subsequently confessed "under duress."[53]

Reactions

International organizations

Arab states

  • Vorlage:Flag – Egypt sent its minister of foreign affairs Sameh Shoukry to become the first Arab official to announce its support of the Sudanese government. "Egypt is confident that Sudan will overcome the present situation," Shoukry said, adding that "Egypt is always ready to support Sudan and the ability of Sudanese people as per the government of Sudan's vision and policies."[55]
  • Vorlage:Flag – The Emir of Qatar Tamim bin Hammad declared his support of Omar al-Bashir, whose first international trip since the uprising began was to visit the Emir. No financial support was announced after this meeting.[56]
  • Vorlage:Flag – King Salman of Saudi Arabia has sent a diplomatic delegation calling for the stability of Sudan and stating that the security of Sudan is part of the security of the (Saudi) kingdom itself.[57]
  • Vorlage:Flag – The UAE has announced plans to support the shortages of the Sudanese economy and provided 1.12 million tonnes of fuel and allocated $300 million to finance Sudan's agriculture.[58][59]

Other states

  • Vorlage:Flag, Vorlage:Flag, Vorlage:Flag – On 10 April, the Troika issued a statement urging the government to heed the protesters calls for political transition: "The Sudanese people are demanding a transition to a political system that is inclusive and has greater legitimacy. The Sudanese authorities must now respond and deliver a credible plan for political transition. Failing to do so risks causing greater instability. The Sudanese leadership has a grave responsibility to avoid such an outcome."[60]
  • Vorlage:Flag, Vorlage:Flag – offered fuel and wheat, according to Sudan's Oil Minister.[58]
  • Vorlage:Flag – On 14 January, British Ambassador to Sudan Irfan Siddiq said he urged the Sudanese government to avoid violence with the protesters and to release the political detainees saying "No more use of force, credible investigations into killings, release of political detainees, freedom of media and respect for the sanctity of hospitals and work of medics all essential steps."[61]
  • Vorlage:Flag – On 23 January, the United States announced its concern over the arrests and detentions, calling for the Sudanese government to release journalists, activists, and peaceful protesters arbitrarily detained during the protests, State Department spokesman Robert Palladino announced "We call on the government to allow for a credible and independent investigation into the deaths and injuries of protesters."[62]

See also

Commons: 2019 Sudanese protests – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:Anti-government protests in the 21st century Vorlage:Ongoing protests

  1. ↑ Several killed in Sudan as protests over rising prices continue, Al Jazeera, 21 December 2018 
  2. ↑ Sudanese police fire on protests demanding president step down In: The Guardian, 17 January 2019 
  3. ↑ Osha Mahmoud: 'It's more than bread': Why are protests in Sudan happening? In: Middle East Eye, 25 December 2018. Abgerufen im 2 January 2019 
  4. ↑ a b c EXCLUSIVE: Sudanese spy chief 'met head of Mossad to discuss Bashir succession plan' In: Middle East Eye, 1 March 2019. Abgerufen im 20 March 2019 
  5. ↑ a b Soudan: les femmes en première ligne des manifestations anti-Béchir, 9 March 2019. Abgerufen im 19 March 2019 (französisch). 
  6. ↑ a b Jean-Philippe Rémy: Le mouvement de protestation embrase le Soudan, 8 April 2019 (französisch). „[Selon] une bonne source soudanaise: "Un scénario de cauchemar se profile, avec des affrontements. Or, l’armée n’est pas aussi bien équipée que l’ensemble constitué par les hommes des FSR et les nombreuses milices secrètes."“ 
  7. ↑ "Troops shield protesters as Sudan President Omar al-Bashir faces mounting pressure to go", South China Morning Post, 10 April 2019.
  8. ↑ Mohammed Amin: Protests rock Sudan's capital as bread prices soar In: Middle East Eye, 18 January 2018. Abgerufen im 2 January 2019 
  9. ↑ a b Amina Ismail and John Davison: IMF says Sudan must float currency to boost growth, investment, 12 December 2017. Abgerufen im 29 January 2019 
  10. ↑ a b c d 'We are all Darfur': Sudan’s genocidal regime is under siege In: The Economist, 10 January 2019. Abgerufen im 29 January 2019 
  11. ↑ a b Mohammed Amin: Omar al-Bashir’s nomination draws fire from all sides in Sudan In: Middle East Eye, 14 August 2018. Abgerufen im 2 January 2019 
  12. ↑ Military Coup In Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime In: The New York Times, 1 July 1989. Abgerufen im 1 February 2019 
  13. ↑ Xan Rice: Sudanese president Bashir charged with Darfur war crimes In: The Guardian, 4 March 2009. Abgerufen im 29 January 2019 
  14. ↑ a b Khalid Abdelaziz: Sudan price protests subverted by 'infiltrators': spokesman, 20 December 2018. Abgerufen im 26 February 2019 „Leading Sudanese opposition figure Sadiq al-Mahdi returned to Sudan on Wednesday from nearly a year in self-imposed exile“ 
  15. ↑ Ruth Maclean: Dozens have been killed by the regime. But Sudan’s protesters march on In: The Guardian, 30 December 2018. Abgerufen im 2 January 2019 
  16. ↑ Study shows extent of Sudan internet disruptions amid demonstrations. In: NetBlocks. 21. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2019.
  17. ↑ Sudan restricts social media access to counter-protest movement, 2 January 2019. Abgerufen im 3 January 2019 
  18. ↑ Mohammed Amin: Sudan announces curfews, shuts schools amid protests In: Anadolu Agency, 22 December 2018 
  19. ↑ Over 800 arrested in Sudan demos. In: Daily Nation. Abgerufen am 8. Januar 2019.
  20. ↑ Thousands protest al-Bashir's rule in eastern Sudanese city In: News24, 9 January 2019 
  21. ↑ Doctor and child killed as protests break out across Sudan, Al Jazeera, 17 January 2019. Abgerufen im 24 February 2019 
  22. ↑ Vorlage:Citenews
  23. ↑ Is the government of Sudan's Omar al-Bashir unravelling? In: The Take, Al Jazeera, 1 February 2019. Abgerufen im 24 February 2019 
  24. ↑ Sudan: A crumbling regime puts the squeeze on the media In: The Listening Post, Al Jazeera, 16 February 2019 
  25. ↑ Sudanese authorities prevent distribution of Al-Jarida newspaper. In: CPJ: Committee to Protect Journalists. 17. Juni 2018;.
  26. ↑ a b Khalid Abdelaziz: Day into emergency rule, Sudan's Bashir names VP and prime minister, 23 February 2019 
  27. ↑ Mohammed Alamin: Sudan's Al-Bashir Declares State of Emergency for One Year In: Bloomberg, 22 February 2019. Abgerufen im 23 February 2019 
  28. ↑ Sudanese continue protests as president tightens grip. In: The Christian Science Monitor. 14. März 2019, abgerufen am 17. März 2019.
  29. ↑ Mohammed Alamin: Protesters Face Whippings and Tear Gas in Sudanese Crackdown In: Bloomberg, 27 February 2019 „Leading Sudanese opposition figure Sadiq al-Mahdi returned to Sudan on Wednesday from nearly a year in self-imposed exile“ 
  30. ↑ Mohammed Alamin: Sudan's Leader Issues Decrees to Curb Protests, Black Market In: Bloomberg, 26 February 2019. Abgerufen im 27 February 2019 
  31. ↑ Iliana Hagenah: Women are leading the push to topple Sudan's Omar Hassan al-Bashir, and suffering for it, CBS News, 8 March 2019. Abgerufen im 19 March 2019 
  32. ↑ Ryan Lenora Brown: ‘A women’s revolution’: Why women are leading calls for change in Sudan In: The Christian Science Monitor, 12 March 2019. Abgerufen im 19 March 2019 
  33. ↑ Sudanese woman sentenced to be lashed has square named in her honour. In: Middle East Eye. 15. März 2019, abgerufen am 22. März 2019.
  34. ↑ Clashes between rival Sudan armed forces risk ‘civil war’, protesters warn In: The Independent, 10 April 2019 „Protests [...] have been reignited by the successful 3 April ouster of Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika[.]“ 
  35. ↑ Abdi Latif Dahir, Abdi Latif Dahir: Sudan’s anti-government protests face a total power outage and social media shutdown. In: Quartz Africa.
  36. ↑ DFC PRESS RELEASE, April 8, 2019 – تجمع المهنيين السودانيين. In: sudaneseprofessionals.org.
  37. ↑ Sudan police ordered not to intervene. BBC News, 9. April 2019;.
  38. ↑ {Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tamerragriffin/sudan-protests-woman-car-iconic-photo-alaa-salah%7Ctitle=People Can’t Stop Talking About This Iconic Photo From The Protests In Sudan|website=Buzzfeed}}
  39. ↑ Sudan: Army says it will make 'important announcement'. In: www.aljazeera.com. Abgerufen am 11. April 2019.
  40. ↑ Jubilation as Sudan’s Omar Al-Bashir ‘under house arrest’. In: Arab News. 11. April 2019, abgerufen am 11. April 2019.
  41. ↑ Tanguy Berthenet: Soudan: un coup d’État emporte Omar el-Béchir In: Le Figaro, 11 April 2019 
  42. ↑ Sudan women join protests to fight for their rights. 17. Januar 2019, abgerufen am 28. Januar 2019.
  43. ↑ a b تسقط تسقط تسقط بس In: Alhurra. Abgerufen im 27 January 2019 (arabisch). 
  44. ↑ Wa'el Jabbara: The Chants of the Sudan Uprising In: 500 words magazine, 17 January 2019. Abgerufen im 31 January 2019 
  45. ↑ Sudan police fire live rounds outside home of slain protester. Al Jazeera, abgerufen am 22. März 2019.
  46. ↑ Sudan's Bashir declares state of emergency, dissolves government, 23 February 2019. Abgerufen im 22 March 2019 
  47. ↑ Sudan: A genuine, peaceful people’s revolution in the making. In: African Arguments. 12. Februar 2019, abgerufen am 22. März 2019.
  48. ↑ Push for more Sudan protests after police block march In: Capital News, 1 January 2019. Abgerufen im 28 January 2019 
  49. ↑ Sudanese riot police clash with protesters in Khartoum, Press TV, 31 December 2018. Abgerufen im 28 January 2019 
  50. ↑ Paul Rosenberg: Uprising in Sudan: Does this African nation offer a window of hope onto the future? In: Salon. 27. Januar 2019, abgerufen am 28. Januar 2019.
  51. ↑ Under-fire Bashir launches probe into protest deaths in Sudan. In: Middle East Eye. 1. Januar 2019, abgerufen am 28. Januar 2019.
  52. ↑ Darfur Bar Ass calls for release of 32 students accused of being ‘SLM-AW sabotage cell’. In: Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam). Abgerufen am 28. Januar 2019.
  53. ↑ Sudan: Darfur Bar Ass – Accusations Against Darfuri Students Unfounded In: Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam), 28 December 2018. Abgerufen im 28 January 2019 
  54. ↑ Clement Nyaletsossi Voule, Aristide Nononsi: Sudan: UN experts urge halt to excessive use of force against peaceful protesters. In: OHCHR. 28. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 31. Januar 2019.
  55. ↑ Egypt backs Sudan government amid deadly protests In: The National, 27 December 2018 
  56. ↑ Protests continue in Sudan as Bashir meets Qatari ruler In: Middle East Eye, 22 January 2019. Abgerufen im 29 January 2019 
  57. ↑ Dubai-Arabic.net: الملك سلمان يبعث وفداً وزارياً إلى السودان تضامناً معه, Al Arabiya, 25 January 2018. Abgerufen im 29 January 2018 (arabisch). 
  58. ↑ a b UAE, Russia and Turkey pledge aid to Sudan amid ongoing protests In: Middle East Eye, 23 January 2019. Abgerufen im 28 January 2019 
  59. ↑ Christiane Waked: Sudan's people want bread, not another Arab Spring In: Khaleej Times, 23 February 2019 
  60. ↑ Current unrest in Sudan: Troika statement, April 2019. Government of the United Kingdom;
  61. ↑ Mohammed Alamin: Sudan's Bashir Defies Calls to Step Down as Pressure Mounts In: Bloomberg, 14 January 2019. Abgerufen im 2 February 2019 
  62. ↑ Robert Palladino: U.S. Concern Over Sudanese Government Response to Protests. United States Department of State, 23. Januar 2019, abgerufen am 29. Januar 2019.
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