Quercus wislizeni
Quercus wislizeni, known by the common name interior live oak,[1] is an evergreen oak, highly variable and often shrubby, found in many areas of California[2] in the United States continuing south into northern Baja California in Mexico. It generally occurs in foothills, being most abundant in the lower elevations of the Sierra Nevada, but also widespread in the Pacific Coast Ranges ─ where since 1980 it has been known as a separate species Quercus parvula[3]Vorlage:Sfn ─ and the San Gabriel Mountains. It was named for its collector, Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus (1810–1889).[1]
Description
It is a large shrub or treeVorlage:Sfn growing to Vorlage:Convert tall, although where it is common in the low elevation Sierra foothills it seldom exceeds Vorlage:Convert. The dark-green leaves ─ appearing grayish from a distance ─ are usually small, Vorlage:Convert long, thick, and often spiny-toothed at higher elevations, particularly on young trees. The male flowers are on catkins, the female flowers in leaf axils. The acorns are Vorlage:Convert long, and mature the second season (about 18 months) after flowering.Vorlage:Sfn
Nomenclature
Although originally published by Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle as "wislizeni",Vorlage:Sfn some sources, e.g., Jensen in Flora of North America,Vorlage:Sfn mistakenly spelled the specific epithet "wislizenii." Correct spelling is with one "i," per ICN article 60C.2.[4] Wislizenus' specimen was thought by de Candolle to have been collected in Chihuahua, Mexico. However, German-born American botanist Georg Engelmann later corrected the location to the American fork of the Sacramento River near Auburn, California.
California physician and botanist (and one of the founding fathers of the California Academy of Sciences) Albert Kellogg described an oak in an 1855 publication as Quercus arcoglandis (spur acorn oak),[5] apparently the same species as Q. wislizeni. This clearly predates French-Swiss botanist de Candolle's 1864 name, and if confirmed to be this same taxon would have priority. More investigation is needed to resolve this taxonomic conflict.
Currently there are two recognized varieties of interior live oak:Vorlage:Sfn
- Q. wislizeni A. DC. var. wislizeni (1864)
- Q. wislizeni A. DC. var. frutescens Engelm (1878).[6] This is an invalid taxon. Engelmann's Q. wislizeni var. frutescens description is virtually identical to de Candolle's Q. wislizeni, while Engelmann's Q. wislizeni description most closely matches Kellogg's Q. morehus.[7]
Ecology
The interior live oak is a red oak (section Lobatae) in the California Floristic Province (series Agrifoliae). Q. wislizeni hybridizes with California black oak (Q. kelloggii) (= Quercus × morehus, Abram's oak). All California red oaks show evidence of introgression and/or hybridization with one another.
A common alliant tree is gray pine (Pinus sabiniana).[7]
References
Bibliography
- Skriptfehler: Ein solches Modul „citation/CS1“ ist nicht vorhanden.
- Vorlage:EFloras
- Vorlage:Jepson eFlora
- Vorlage:Jepson eFlora
External links
- ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges
<ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen trop1. - ↑ Vorlage:Calflora
- ↑ Nixon, "A Systematic Study of Quercus parvula Greene on Santa Cruz Island and Mainland California," Master's Thesis (1980)
- ↑ J. McMeill et al. (eds). 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. Vorlage:ISBN
- ↑ Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1(1):25 (1855)
- ↑ Engelm., Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3:396 (1878).
- ↑ a b Duncan A. Hauser, Al Keuter, John D. McVay, Andrew L. Hipp, and Paul S. Manos, The evolution and diversification of the red oaks of the California Floristic Province (Quercus section Lobatae, series Agrifoliae), Am. J. Bot. October 2017 104:1581-1595
- Quercus
- Trees of Baja California
- Flora of California
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
- Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
- Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
- Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
- Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
- Plants described in 1864
- Trees of Mediterranean climate
- Garden plants of North America
- Drought-tolerant trees