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Ostikanat Arminiya

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Vorlage:Refimprove Vorlage:Infobox Former Country

The Emirate of Armenia (Vorlage:Lang-hy), also called the Principality of Armenia, refers to an aristocratic regime in early medieval Armenia that flourished in the period of interregnum between the 7th and 9th centuries, following the Marzpanate Period when the leading political authority was exercised by a succession of princes. By 637, Armenia emerged as an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire under Caliph Umar, reuniting Armenian lands previously ruled by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, recognised by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor.

History

The first Arab expedition reached Armenia in 639 AD.Vorlage:Sfn Dvin was captured and pillaged during this raid on 6 October 640. A second invasion took place in 642–643 and a third in 650, which captured some land north of Lake Van. According to bishop Sebeos, in January [642], the Arabs took the city of Tovin (Duin) by storm, slaughtered twelve thousand of its inhabitants and carried away thirty-five thousand into slavery.[1] Armenia however remained under Byzantine suzerainty until 653/654, when Theodore Rshtuni voluntarily conceded Arab suzerainty and was recognized as autonomous prince of Armenia in return. According to this agreement, Armenia was recognized as an autonomous state subject to an annual tribute and a contribution of fifteen thousand troops to the Arab army. With Arab aid, Rhstuni repelled Byzantine attacks, and Arab troops even captured Theodosiopolis in 655, and cemented their control of the country by taking Rhstuni to Damascus and appointing his rival Hamazasp Mamikonian in his stead. The outbreak of the Muslim Civil War in 657 led to the recall of the Arab troops to Syria. Thereupon the Byzantines re-asserted their authority over the country, aided by Mamikonian. In 661 however, the victor of the Muslim civil war Mu'awiyah ordered the Armenian princes to re-submit to his authority and pay tribute. In order to avoid another war, the princes complied. The Arab policy of demanding that the tribute be paid in money had an effect on Armenian economy and society. Coins were struck in Duin. The Armenians were forced to produce a surplus of food and manufactured goods for sale. A strong urban life was developed in Caucasia as the economy revived. Vorlage:History of Armenia The Arabs, for administrative purposes, gathered the whole of the South Caucasus into one vast viceroyalty called al-Arminiya. Under the Umayyads especially, it was usually combined with the governorship of Azerbaijan (classical Media Atropatene), sometimes with the Jazira (northern Mesopotamia), and less often, with Tabaristan (southeast of Gīlān) and even Fars (central Persia). Armenia was governed by an emir or wali headquartered at Dvin (Dabil in Arab sources), whose role however was limited to defence and the collection of taxes: the country was largely run by the local princes, the nakharar. The province was formally established by the time of the caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705). The Emirate of Armenia (al-Arminiya) was divided into four regions: Arminiya I (Caucasian Albania), Arminiya II (Caucasian Iberia), Arminiya III (the area around Aras River), Arminiya IV (Taron).[2] This viceroyalty also contained two large lakes: the salt lake known as Lake Van in the south-west, and the fresh water Lake Gukchah on its north-eastern border.

The most prominent Caliph of the Abbasid Dynasty was Harun al-Rashid who rose to power on 14 September 786. According to contemporary Armenian sources, he was a greedy and avaricious man. Harun brought such excessive oppression upon Armenia that, considering the fact that Armenians generally preferred Arab suzerainty to Byzantine Greek absorption, many cantons went over to the Greeks.

Despite several insurrections, the Emirate of Armenia lasted until 884, when Ashot I of the Bagratuni Dynasty, who had managed to win control over most of its area, declared himself "King of the Armenians". He received recognition by Caliph Al-Mu'tamid of the Abbasid dynasty in 885 and Byzantine Emperor Basil I of the Macedonian dynasty in 886. Armenia thus emerged as an independent region.

Emirs (Ostikans) of Armenia

Presiding princes of Armenia

See also

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

References

  • Vorlage:Citation.
  • Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, Pp. 341.
  • Garbis Armen. Historical Atlas of Armenia. A. N. E. C., New York, 1987, Pp. 52.
  • George Bournoutian. A History of the Armenian People, Volume I: Pre-History to 1500 AD, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, 1993, Pp. 174.
  • John Douglas. The Armenians, J. J. Winthrop Corp., New York, 1992.

Vorlage:Medieval states in Anatolia

  1. ↑ Histoire d’Héraclius. Trancl. Fr. Macler, Paris, 1904.
  2. ↑ Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, 107, map 81.
  3. ↑ Rbedrosian.com
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