Zensur der Wikipedia

Censorship of Wikipedia has occurred in several countries, including China, Iran, Syria, Pakistan, Thailand, Tunisia, and Uzbekistan.

By country

China

Chinese Wikipedia was launched in May 2001. Wikipedia received positive coverage in China's state press in early 2004, but it was blocked on 3 June 2004 on the 15th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Proposals to practice self-censorship in a bid to restore the site were rejected by the Chinese Wikipedia community. However, a story in the International Herald Tribune comparing entries on Chinese Wikipedia and English Wikipedia on topics such as Mao Zedong and Taiwan concluded that the Chinese entries were "watered down and sanitized" of political controversy. On 22 June 2004, access to Wikipedia was restored without explanation. Wikipedia was blocked again for unknown reasons in September, but only for four days. Wikipedia was blocked in China in October 2005. Wikipedia users Shi Zhao and Cui Wei wrote letters to technicians and authorities to try to convince them to unblock the website. Part of the letter read, "By blocking Wikipedia, we lose a chance to present China's voice to the world, allowing evil cults, Taiwan independence forces and others . . . to present a distorted image of China."

In October 2006, The New York Times reported that English Wikipedia was unblocked in China, although Chinese Wikipedia remained blocked. New media researcher Andrew Lih blogged that he could not read the English-language article on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in China. Lih said that "there is no monolithically operating Great Firewall of China", noting that for users of various internet service providers in different locations in China–China Netcom in Beijing, China Telecom in Shanghai, and various providers in Anhui—Chinese Wikipedia was only blocked in Anhui. Advocacy organization Reporters Without Borders praised Wikipedia's leaders for not self-censoring.

On 16 November 2006, Reuters news agency reported the main page of Chinese Wikipedia could be displayed, except for some taboo political subjects, such as "4 June, [1989 protests]". However, subsequent reports suggested that both the Chinese and English versions had been reblocked the next day on 17 November. On 15 June 2007, access to apolitical articles on English Wikipedia was restored. On 6 September 2007, IDG News reported that English Wikipedia was blocked again. On 2 April 2008, The Register reported that the blocks on English and Chinese Wikipedias was lifted. This was confirmed by the BBC, and came within the context of foreign journalists arriving in Beijing to report on the 2008 Summer Olympics and the International Olympic Committee's request for press freedom during the games. In September 2008, Jimmy Wales had a meeting with Cai Mingzhao, Vice Director of China's State Council Information Office. While no agreements were made, Wales believes that a channel of communication has been opened between Wikipedia's community and the PRC Government. As of 2012, both Chinese and English Wikipedias are accessible in China except for political articles. If a Chinese IP tries to access (including searching) a "sensitive" article, the IP will be blocked from visiting Wikipedia for from several minutes to up to an hour.

On 10 November 2006, blogger Andrew Lih reported that Chinese Wikipedia appeared to have been fully unblocked. Lih confirmed the full unblocking several days later and offered a partial analysis of the effects based on the rate of new account creation on Chinese Wikipedia. Prior to the unblocking, 300–400 new accounts were created on Chinese Wikipedia daily. In the four days after the unblocking, the rate of new registrations more than tripled to over 1,200 daily, jumping into the second fastest growing Wikipedia after the English version. Similarly, there were 75% more articles created in the week ending on 13 November than during the week before. Coming on the same weekend that Chinese Wikipedia passed the 100,000 article mark, Lih predicted that the second 100,000 would come quickly but that the existing body of Chinese Wikipedia users would have their hands full teaching the new users and teaching them basic Wikipedia policies and norms.

Chinese authorities started blocking access to the secure (https) version of the site on 31 May 2013, although the non-secure (http) version is still available – the latter is vulnerable to keyword filtering allowing individual articles to be selectively blocked. Greatfire urged Wikipedia and users to circumvent the block by using https access to other IP addresses owned by Wikipedia.

France

In April 2013, a Wikipedia article describing the Pierre-sur-Haute military radio station attracted attention from the French interior intelligence agency DCRI. The agency attempted to have the article about the facility removed from the French language Wikipedia. The DCRI pressured Rémi Mathis, a volunteer administrator of the French language Wikipedia and resident of France, into deleting the article. The Wikimedia Foundation asked the DCRI which parts of the article were causing a problem, noting that the article closely reflected information in a 2004 documentary made by Télévision Loire 7, a French local television station, which is freely available online. The DCRI refused to give these details, and repeated its demand for deletion of the article. According to a statement issued by Wikimédia France on 6 April 2013:

Later, the article was restored by another Wikipedia contributor. As a result of the controversy, the article became the most read page on the French Wikipedia, with over 120,000-page views during the weekend of 6/7 April 2013. It was translated into multiple other languages. The French newspaper 20 minutes, Ars Technica, and a posting on Slashdot, noted it as an example of the Streisand effect in action. The French Ministry of the Interior told the Agence France-Presse that it did not wish to comment on the incident.

According to a judicial source quoted in an AFP story on 8 April, the article's deletion "was performed as part of a preliminary inquiry" led by the "anti-terrorist section of the Paris prosecutor's office" on the grounds that the French language Wikipedia article compromised "classified material related to the nuclear firing orders chain of transmission".

Following the incident, Télévision Loire 7 said that it expected that the DCRI would request that it take down the original 2004 report on which the Wikipedia article was based, though it had been filmed and broadcast with the full cooperation of the French armed forces. The National Union of Police Commissaires suggested that the next step would be for the judiciary to order French Internet service providers to block access to the Wikipedia article. However, the France-based Vorlage:Abbr Reporters Without Borders criticised the DCRI's actions as "a bad precedent". The organisation's spokesman told Le Point that, "if the institution considers that secret defence information has been released, it has every opportunity to be recognised by the courts in arguing and clarifying its application. It is then up to the judge, the protector of fundamental freedoms, to assess the reality and extent of military secrecy." The spokesman noted that the information contained in the article had come from a documentary that had previously been filmed and distributed with the cooperation of the army, and that the hosts and intermediaries should not be held responsible.

Iran

Vorlage:Further In Iran some pages of the Persian version of Wikipedia are blocked, including articles about sexual issues and political articles, especially those about the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests. The Hebrew version of Wikipedia and articles about sexual issues in the English Wikipedia are also blocked in Iran.Vorlage:Cn

The Kurdish version of Wikipedia was blocked for several months in 2006, according to Reporters Without Borders.

Italy

On 4 October 2011, following a decision adopted by the community, the contents of the Italian version of Wikipedia were hidden and the website was blocked by its administrators, as a protest against paragraph 29 of the "DDL intercettazioni" (Wiretapping Bill). The proposed bill would empower anyone who believes themselves to have been offended by the content of a web site to enforce publication of a reply, uneditable and uncommented, on the same web site, within 48 hours and without any prior evaluation of the claim by a judge or to face a €12,000 fine.

On 4, 5 and 6 October all pages on the Italian version of Wikipedia redirected to a statement opposing the proposed legislation. The statement is available in Italian, English, French, Spanish, German, Hebrew, and Esperanto. On 7 October the Italian Wikipedia pages were again available, but a notice about the proposed legislation was still displayed at the top of pages.

Pakistan

For seven hours on 31 March 2006, the entire domain of Wikipedia.org was blocked in Pakistan because one out of 3.5 million articles on the website contained information pertaining to the controversial cartoons on the Prophet Muhammad.

The English version of Wikipedia was blocked in Pakistan for several days in May 2010 during the controversy surrounding Everybody Draw Mohammed Day.

Russia

On 5 April 2013, it was confirmed by a spokesperson for the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media that Wikipedia had been blacklisted over the article "Cannabis Smoking" on Russian Wikipedia. On 31 March 2013 The New York Times reported that Russia was beginning 'Selectively Blocking [the] Internet'.

Saudi Arabia

Vorlage:Further On 11 July 2006, the Saudi government blocked access to Google and Wikipedia for its sexual and politically sensitive content. Many articles from the English and Arabic Wikipedia projects are censored in Saudi Arabia.

Syria

Access to the Arabic Wikipedia was blocked in Syria between 30 April 2008 and 13 February 2009, although other language editions remained accessible.

Thailand

Wikipedia's article on Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej has been blocked by most Thai ISPs since October 2008, due to lèse majesté concerns, but was accessed from Thailand in April 2013.

Tunisia

The Wikimedia website was blocked in Tunisia between 23 and 27 November 2006.Vorlage:Cn

United Kingdom

In December 2008, the Internet Watch Foundation, a UK-based non-government organization, added the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer to its internet blacklist due to the cover image and the illegality of child pornography; the image had been assessed as the lowest level of legal concern: "erotic posing with no sexual activity". As a result, people using many major UK ISPs were blocked from viewing the entire article by the Cleanfeed system, and a large part of the UK was blocked from editing Wikipedia owing to the means of blocking in use. Following discussion, representations by the Wikimedia Foundation (who host the Wikipedia website), and public complaints, the IWF reversed their decision three days later, and confirmed that in future they would not block copies of the image that were hosted overseas.

Uzbekistan

The entire Wikipedia has been briefly blocked twice in Uzbekistan, in 2007 and 2008. The Uzbek Wikipedia was blocked in Uzbekistan sometime in late September/early October 2011Vorlage:Citation needed but caught the attention of the international press only in late February 2012 following RFE/RL's report about the blockage on 16 February 2012. Internet users in Uzbekistan trying to access Uzbek-language pages are being redirected to msn.com of Microsoft. Users in Uzbekistan can easily open Wikipedia articles in other languages. Only Uzbek-language articles have been blocked.

External links

Meta-Wiki: Wikimedia projects blocks – Koordination

• Full Text: Cui Objects to Wikipedia Shutdown (translated by The Washington Post Beijing Bureau)
• Full Text: Shi's Defense of Wikipedia (translated by The Washington Post Beijing Bureau)