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Manbidschoffensive

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Vorlage:Infobox military conflict The Manbij offensive, also known as Operation Martyr and Commander Faysal Abu Layla, is a 2016 military offensive operation by the Syrian Democratic Forces to capture the city of Manbij from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and eventually, the ISIL-held areas through Al-Bab to Herbel, in the area referred to as the "Manbij Pocket"[1] in the northern Aleppo Governorate.[2] The main goal of the offensive is to cut off ISIL's last supply routes from the outside world, and to prevent ISIL from moving fighters out of Syria to carry out terrorist attacks in Turkey and Europe.[3][4][5] During the offensive, the US-led coalition conducted over 55 airstrikes, in support of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) advances.[4]

Preparations

Vorlage:Main article

Layout of Manbij city.

In late December 2015, the SDF captured the Tishrin Dam and crossed the Euphrates, capturing the town of Tishrin and other nearby areas from ISIL, paving the way for a future offensive toward Manbij.

By 30 March 2016, the United States Air Force had conducted 25 airstrikes against ISIL.[6] On 2 April, 6 non-YPG factions of the Syrian Democratic Forces formed the Manbij Military Council to pave the way for the attack on Manbij. Most of the groups were part of the Army of Revolutionaries's Northern Sun Battalion, including the Euphrates Martyrs Brigade, the Jund al-Haramayn Brigade, and an non-Northern Sun Battalion group consisting of ethnic Turkmen called the Manbij Turkmen Brigade.[7][8][9]

On 3 April, the U.S. asked for Turkey's support for the Manbij offensive, but Turkey had two demands in exchange for helping the U.S.-led anti-ISIL coalition. Turkey first demanded that the Syrian Arab tribes to be included in the Manbij operation should leave the Syrian Democratic Forces, which mostly consists of the People's Protection Units and the Women's Protection Units, and also the U.S. should increase its airstrikes for groups Turkey supports.[10] On 4 April, according to a Turkish source, a group of U.S. military and intelligence staff traveled to Turkey to work on a plan for an operation to liberate Manbij.[10] Turkey stated that it would not participate nor contribute to the offensive,[11] the reason being the involvement of Kurdish (YPG) fighters and because it was beyond the range of artillery stationed in Turkey.[12] Furthermore, Turkish intelligence and military units were to closely watch the operation in Manbij.[13] When the offensive started, the Washington Post reported it under the headline of "Ignoring Turkey, U.S. backs Kurds in drive against ISIS in Syria".[14]

On 5 April, a civilian council was formed in the town of Sarrin in the context of the polyethnic de facto autonomous Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava by individuals originally from Manbij, whom had fled when ISIL took over. The council consists of Arabs, Kurds, Syrian Turkmen, Circassians[15] and was created to administer Manbij after its capture in the future.[16] When after the start of the offensive international media interest in ethnic issues surged, Sheikh Farouk al-Mashi, an ethnic Arab former member of the Syrian parliament, and designated co-chairman of the Manbij City Council stated: "I have a Syrian ID, and Kurds have a Syrian ID. Let those people who talk against us in Turkey and Europe come here and fight ISIS. Why this distortion in media about problems between Kurds and Arabs?" Ethnic Kurdish fellow co-chairman Salih Haji Mohammed stated: "In our social contract, we say we want to have good relations with neighboring countries like Turkey. Any country that does not interfere in Manbij and our areas, we will have good relations with."[17]

On 31 May, the US announced that they would support the offensive and send supporting troops to the area. A US official stated that "Syrian Arab fighters would be the ones to stabilize and secure it once Islamic State is gone".[18] The same day the offensive started, the SOHR stated "most of the fighters were from the Kurdish Popular Protection Units (YPG) militia".[19] However, the next day, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that around 3,000 SDF fighters were joining the operation and that some 2,500 of them were Arabs, while around 450 were from the YPG.[13] Furthermore, two coalition spokesmen reiterated Arab fighters were leading the offensive, while Kurdish forces were in support, and one stated the reports that were suggesting the offensive was Kurdish-led were inaccurate.[20][21] Another report stated, per local activists, that 60 percent of the attacking force were Arabs from Manbij.[22] This was also confirmed by a Manbij Military Council commander who said 60 percent of the attacking force were Arabs and 40 percent Kurds, Turkmen and other ethnic groups,[17] while an SDF fighter gave his perspective as "we have Arabs, Kurds, nobody knows how many exactly, we all work under the SDF-forces".[23]

The offensive

SDF capture the eastern countryside

On 31 May 2016, the Syrian Democratic Forces launched the offensive for the "Manbij Pocket" (al-Shahba) region, with small numbers of US Special Forces assisting with tactical operations and planning near the frontlines.[3][24][25][26] The SDF captured three villages and the al-Gharra Mountain from ISIL, located southeast of the ISIL stronghold of Manbij. This advancement put the SDF and YPG within 15 kilometres of Manbij.[27] The offensive was launched from two directions, from the Tishrin Dam area and the ruins of the Qara Qozak Bridge, near Sarrin. It was reported that US Special Forces constructed an Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge (AVLB) at the site of the destroyed Qara Qozak Bridge, to enable SDF forces to cross the Euphrates River.[28] On 1 June, the SDF captured Najam Castle, on the west bank of the Euphrates River, across from Sarrin, and linked the two fronts east of Manbij, advancing along the M4 Highway and the west bank of the Euphrates.[29][30] These advances nearly doubled the SDF-held territory near Manbij since the start of the offensive,[30] and brought the SDF within 12 kilometers of Manbij.[31]

On 3 June, Abu Layla, a leading commander of the Manbij Military Council, was severely injured during the clashes with ISIL. He was subsequently moved to Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan for treatment, where he remained in critical condition.[32] Abu Layla died of his wounds two days later;[33] the offensive was subsequently named after him in his honor. By this point, SDF forces had captured around 50 villages and almost 400 square kilometers of land from ISIL, within the past week.[34]

Encirclement of Manbij

On 4 June, the SDF captured another eight villages,[35] and cut the road between Manbij and Ar-Raqqah.[36][37] Heavy fighting continued on 5 June, five kilometers from Manbij.[21] On 5 June, the SDF captured the village of Awn Dadat, north of Manbij, severing the Jarabulus-Manbij road. SDF forces also captured Khirbat Hisan, Malla Saad, and Safiya, to the north of Manbij, killing dozens of ISIL militants.[38] By early 6 June, it was reported that the SDF had captured 10 more villages from ISIL near Manbij, including Kabir al-Kabir, located 5 km south of Manbij, putting ISIL in a state of high alert. Due to the SDF advancement and the ongoing encirclement of Manbij, ISIL was reportedly beginning to transfer fighters from the Azaz frontline to Manbij, in order to reinforce their positions against the SDF.[39]

On 6 June, ISIL fighters were reportedly fleeing Manbij with their families,[40] while ISIL attempted to regain control over Om Ezam village and its vicinity.[41] That day, the SDF took the Jarabulus-Manbij road and two villages east of Manbij.[42] By the evening, SDF fighters were within two kilometers south of Manbij.[43] Furthermore, two ISIL leaders were killed by airstrikes on Jarabulus: Abu Huzaifa Alordoni and Hasan Rimo.[44]

On 7 June, the SDF captured six more villages and farms around Qara Qoqaz bridge.[45]

On 8 June, ISIL started to abandon its frontline against the Turkish-backed rebels north of Aleppo to reinforce Manbij, while the SDF captured two more villages.[46] That morning, the rebels launched surprise simultaneous attacks from Mare' and Azaz to push back ISIL. ISIL forces did not put up much resistance.[47]

Civilians flee Manbij city.

On 9 June, the SDF was trying to complete its siege on Manbij, advancing on its eastern, northern and southern side, capturing several villages in the progress.[48] Later that day, SDF forces reached the Manbij-Aleppo road; the last major route going out of the city.[49] According to the SOHR, 49 ISIL militants and one SDF fighter were killed in the past 36 hours.[50] The SDF claimed that the emir of Manbij, Osama al-Tunisi, was among the ISIL casualties, releasing footage of his corpse.[51] According to local activists and SDF officials, Osama had attempted to escape from the city to Al-Bab with his family and bodyguards; all of them were subsequently killed by SDF artillery bombardment. ARA News claimed that Osama al-Tunisi's escape attempt and death "indicates the collapse of ISIS in the city under the ongoing operation by the western-backed SDF troops".[52] Nevertheless, ISIL forces launched a limited counter-offensive south of Manbij on the same day, claiming to have retaken a small number of villages.[53] Osama al-Tunisi was subsequently succeeded by Abu Khalid al-Tunisi as new Emir of Manbij.[54]

On 10 June, Manbij was completely besieged by the SDF, with all of the routes leading to Manbij cut off by SDF forces,[55] trapping 2,000 ISIL fighters[56] and several thousand civilians inside the city.[57] Meanwhile, SDF forces continued to advance west of Manbij, reaching within 17 kilometers of Al-Bab by 11 June.[58]

The next day, SDF fighters advanced further, attacking the village of Um Mayyal, which served as ISIL headquarters for the countryside west of Manbij. In course of the following fierce battle, Dahham al-Hussein, ISIL emir and field commander, was killed and the village taken by the SDF.[59] Between 12 and 13 June, an ISIL counterattack reportedly recaptured six villages around Manbij.[60] On 13 June, it was reported that before their withdrawal from the countryside of Manbij, ISIL militants broke into civilians’ houses in dozens of villages, killing the men and raping the women.[61]

By 14 June, the SDF had captured 105 villages and farms, while intense airstrikes targeted the northern and eastern vicinity, and outskirts of Manbij city, to prepare for the eventual assault on the city.[62] Following a report by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights,[63] the Syrian government "strongly condemned" the presence of French and German special forces on Syrian territory. While France's defense minister had previously announced its special forces would help the SDF advance towards Manbij, a German Foreign Office spokesman declared the accusation to be "false", stating that there were no German special forces.[64]

On 15 June, ISIL launched another breakout attempt from Manbij city, reportedly recapturing two nearby villages.[65] The next day, SDF forces were not only able to reverse the recent ISIL gains, but also captured two more villages near Manbij, Tal Rafi’i and Yaleeni, after hard fighting with ISIL defenders.[66] SDF troops also advanced into Manbij, capturing the city's Hatabat district. In course of the fighting, ISIL's local Hisba police chief, Abu al-Hayjaa, was killed by SDF fighters.[67]

On 17 June, heavy clashes were reported at the western entrance of Manbij,[68] while SDF forces continued to advance against the remaining ISIL-held villages at the city's outskirts. SDF commanders claimed that some ISIL fighters disguised themselves as women in an attempt to flee the encircled city.[69] Later on the same day, SDF forces entered the western part of Manbij city, killing over 26 ISIL militants.[70] By this point, several Arab tribes of the Shahba region had also joined the SDF after a secret meeting.[71]

Battle in Manbij's outskirts

On 18 June, SDF forces reached the western entrance of Manbij, two kilometers from the city center,[72] in the process inflicting heavy casualties on ISIL, including two killed senior commanders.[73] By the next day the SDF had secured the crucial Al-Kitab crossroad in western Manbij, while they continued to assault the ISIL-held villages of Yasta and Eyn En-Nexîl northeast of the city.[74] The two villages were eventually captured after heavy clashes, depriving ISIL forces of their last strongholds in Manbij's outskirts.[75] Subsequently, a SDF field commander claimed that the SDF had captured all villages around Manbij from ISIL, and that the situation for the besieged forces in the city became dire. He reported that some ISIL emirs had attempted to bribe the SDF to let them flee the city.[76] Furthermore, clashes between SDF and ISIL took place near al-Kawkali and al-Arima, where ISIL forcibly conscripted 200 locals to fight against the SDF.[77]

The next day, the coalition intensified their airstrikes in order to assist the SDF, while the latter continued to advance into Manbij. In course of these airstrikes, Abu Hamza al-Ansari, another leading ISIL commander of the city, was killed. Despite their losses, ISIL forces reportedly continued to defend their positions in Manbij fiercely.[78]

On the morning of 20 June, ISIL fighters attacked forces of the SDF from the side of al-Bab, Jarabulus and the village of Arima in an attempt to break the siege of Manbij. The clashes continued until the afternoon,[79] and ISIL forces managed to retake three villages[80] before they were repelled by the SDF forces. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, with the SDF losing 28 fighters[81] and ISIL suffering over 140 dead and much lost material.[79][82] As result of the SDF advances, ISIL also initiated mass arrests of Kurdish civilians in many towns and villages of the northern Aleppo countryside. Activists expressed fear that the civilians would be used as human shields.[83] In two villages, the locals revolted against ISIL fighters when they attempted to kidnap women, resulting in clashes that left six civilians dead.[84]

On June 21, the SDF were reported to have entered the built-up area of Manbij from the Northwest and from the South.[85] With some western parts of the city on Manbij proper under SDF control, they opened a humanitarian corridor between the city and its liberated countryside in order to assist civilians to evacuate the city.[86]

The next day, SDF broke into the Manbij Silos, one of the most important ISIL strongholds in the city.[87] According to U.S. officials, despite their recent defeats ISIL forces in Manbij did not show signs of faltering and are expected to fight till the last for the city.[88]

By 23 June, while there were heavy clashes in the outskirts, the SDF further advanced into the town.[89] SDF forces broke into the city's southern perimeter resulting in heavy street fighting. Two SDF fighters were killed by an explosive device.[90] As the resistance of the besieged remained considerable, al-Masdar News estimated that "hundreds" of ISIL fighters still remained in the city, "with many locals volunteering to become suicide bombers". Furthermore, the number of abducted Kurdish civilians in the northern Aleppo countryside rose to 900.[91]

Explosions near the silos in southern Manbij.

On 24 June, the Manbij Silos at the southern entrance to the city, a site that had seen fierce fighting for days, were reported under control of the SDF.[92][93] Furthermore, the SDF also captured the Akhdar farms south of the city as well as the local Sharia School in the western suburb, which ISIL had reportedly used as training camp for fighters.[94]

The next day, further advances of SDF forces into Manbij were reported, which included heavy fighting at the northern entrance to Manbij, from the western suburbs already under SDF control advances to the gates of the city center, from the southern entrance with the SDF controlled Manbij Silos advances in the direction of the city center, while only in the east ISIL defences still successfully denying SDF forces the way into the built-up area.[95] In course of clashes in western Manbij, Turkish Alevi MLKP volunteer Sevda Çağdaş was killed while fighting ISIL.[96] Furthermore, the YPG claimed that the Turkish Army had shelled Kurdish-held villages west of Kobanî in order to support an ISIL raid across the Euphrates; the ISIL fighters were eventually repelled.[97]

On 26 June, significant SDF advances towards the city center from all directions were reported, with particularly heavy fighting in the northern districts. While the SDF for the first time entered the built-up area from the east, most territorial gains were made in the west and in the south, from the latter direction for the first time penetrating the city center.[98] YPG forces also claimed that the Turkish Army had once again shelled their positions in the northern Kobanî Canton to support ISIL.[99]

The next day, SDF made major progress in Manbij, capturing the Al-Hawatimah and Al-Haram neighborhoods in the northern and the Al-Hawani neighborhood in the southwestern parts of the city.[100] The SDF further claimed to have broken through the ISIL defences south of Manbij, with their main force now one kilometer away from the city's main market.[101]

On the morning of 28 June, ISIL fighters launched a counterattack from Jarablus, attempting to break through SDF defenses at the northern front. After three hours of fighting at Qirat village, the attack was repelled.[102] Later on, SDF fighters broke into the Transportation Department in Manbij, which was cleared of ISIL combatants by midnight. The SDF also took control of some parts of the city's Hazawna district.[103]

The next day, especially heavy clashes were reported in the northern and southern parts of Manbij, with SDF fighters attempting to take control of the Al-Matahin crossroad. If they capture the crossroad, the SDF would be able to advance into the city center. Meanwhile, progress by the SDF in eastern and western Manbij was slowed by ISIL mines.[104][105]

The US-backed rebels have seized piles of propaganda leaflets, maps and cellphones as they push to recapture the Syrian city of Manbij. A batch of more than 10,000 documents also contains textbooks, laptops, and digital storage devices. "Exploitation of this information is ongoing to better understand [Islamic State] networks and techniques, including the systems [used] to manage the flow of foreign fighters into Syria and Iraq," the US-led anti-ISIL campaign's spokesman, Colonel Chris Garver, said Wednesday.[106]

By 30 June, the SDF had "gained a critical foothold" in southern Manbij,[107] even though their progress was hindered by many landmines. ISIL fighters had also dug tunnels in the city, enabling them to launch surprise attacks on the SDF and thus further slowing down the latter's progress.[108] Nevertheless, the SDF managed to capture the Al-Asadiyê neighborhood, where Abu Layla's old home was located, and to further advance toward the city center despite heavy ISIL resistance.[109]

First major ISIL counter-offensive

A ISIL car bomb is destroyed by a missile strike near Manbij.

Beginning on 1 July, ISIL forces launched a counter-offensive in an attempt to break the siege of Manbij and to evacuate their besieged forces. ISIL fighters attacked on all fronts,[110][111] although their most intense assault targeted the SDF-held village of Dadat at the northern front near Jarabulus. There, the ISIL attackers were repelled only after heavy fighting.[112] The next day, ISIL attacked Dadat again, finally storming it. At the same time, besieged ISIL forces in Manbij launched an outbreak attempt, reportedly recapturing the Jelawi neighborhood in the northern parts of the city and Khataf village east of Manbij.[113]

On 3 July, there were contradictory reports over the progress of the ISIL counter-offensive. Whereas ANF News reported that the SDF had repelled ISIL attacks at the northern, western, and southern front,[114] al-Masdar News claimed that a major ISIL attack from the south had succeeded in recapturing two mountains and seven villages.[115] SOHR simply reported heavy clashes at all fronts, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.[116] Shervan Derwish, official spokesperson for the Syrian Democratic Forces, maintained on Facebook that the forces of the Manbij Military Council (MMC) had clashed throughout the day with ISIL militants on three fronts in the Manbij area. But the militants had fled the area, he stated, with MMC forces pursuing them.[117] The SDF also reportedly made further progress in Manbij, although they were restricted in their use of heavy weapons due to ISIL using civilians as human shields.[118] According to Reuters, based on SOHR sources, all ISIL attacks against SDF positions that had taken place on 3 and early 4 July had been repelled, although the SDF also had reportedly made no to little progress in Manbij over the last ten days.[111]

On 4 July, however, SOHR claimed that the ISIL attacks of the previous day had actually succeeded in capturing some territory from the SDF, but that these gains remained strategically insignificant, as the ISIL had been unable to open a corridor to its besieged forces in Manbij.[116] Farsnews further reported that the SDF had recaptured most of the lost villages.[119] Furthermore, a SDF commander claimed that the failed ISIL counter-attacks showed the group's desperation to save their trapped fighters in Manbij, whose situation became increasingly dire.[110]

The next day, ISIL released footage that showed the brother of Abu Layla, Yousif Abdo Sa'don, as their prisoner. In the video, the tortured Yousif claimed to have worked as internal security officer for the Northern Sun Battalion, and that the SDF had suffered high casualties in the battle for Manbij. Kurdish sources confirmed that Yousif had been detained by ISIL, though hinted that he was only a civilian.[120] Meanwhile, in an effort to tip the balance in the fierce fight to free the city from ISIL, SDF forces in Manbij had called in reinforcements from Kobani, Al-Hasakah and Al-Qamishli.[121]

In the night of 5–6 July, ISIL forces in Manbij launched a counter-attack to an attempt to recapture the Al-Sherîa junction. After heavy, hour-long fighting, the assault was repelled by SDF fighters.[122] SOHR also reported heavy clashes in Mankubah village at the outskirts of Manbij,[123] as ISIL launched a major attempt to break through the SDF siege. The assault was eventually repelled; nevertheless, the recent ISIL counter-attacks had led to a stalemate in Manbij, with the SDF unable to significantly advance further into the city.[124]

Battle for Manbij's west and the city center

By 7 July, the SDF had further advanced into the city, coming within 1 km of the city centre and capturing the southwestern neighborhoods of the city.[125]

On 9 July, ISIL forces attacked SDF positions near Dadat village,[126] while heavy clashes continued in Manbij city, especially in the al-Hezwania neighborhood,[127] of which the SDF had reportedly captured 85%.[128] In course of the fighting in Manbij on that day, Abu Khalid al-Tunisi, the ISIL emir of Manbij, was killed. He was subsequently replaced by Abu Omaar al-Muhajiri as leading local commander.[54][129]

On 10 and 11 July, heavy fighting between SDF and ISIL fighters took place in the Sabaa Bahrat and al-Hezwania neighborhoods, as well as at the National (Watanî) Hospital.[130][131] During the clashes near the hospital, a CJTF–OIR airstrike killed Abu Suheyl El-Maarawî, ISIL commander of western Manbij.[132] In the Sabaa Bahrat and al-Hezwania neighborhoods, ISIL forces launched a last large-scale counter-attack,[131] resulting fierce fighting,[133] in course of which the ISIL security official of Manbij, Safi Yahiya Rajab, was killed.[134] ISIL also launched another counter-attack along the Sajur River west of Dadat on 11 July, though the assault was repelled by the SDF.[135]

From 11–13 July, the SDF made major progress in western Manbij, as it first split the ISIL pocket in a large eastern and small western half,[136] the latter of which the SDF then mostly captured.[137] After several days of heavy fighting, ISIL forces finally retreated from the Sabaa Bahrat and al-Hezwania neighbourhoods after suffering heavy casualties.[131] Meanwhile, heavy fighting continued at the hospital[136] and the Sharia square, where Abu Muhamad al-Kahtani, an ISIL emir, was killed.[138] As their situation became increasingly desperate, the remaining ISIL fighters of Manbij reportedly had begun to negotiate with the SDF for a deal in which they would be allowed to peacefully leave Manbij for other ISIL strongholds.[139] A SDF official declared in regard to the remaining ISIL fighters in Manbij, "Either they will surrender and give up, or fight against us until they die."[140] Two reporters near Manbij were injured by an IED, with Mustafa Mohammed of Ronahi TV dying of his wounds five days later.[141]

On 16 July, the Fars News Agency claimed that the SDF had finally captured the National Hospital from ISIL fighters,[142] which was later on confirmed by Reuters. Used as command center and logistics hub, the loss of the hospital was a heavy blow to local ISIL forces.[143] Nevertheless, clashes around the hospital continued the next day, while SDF fighters reached the Al-Aqsa mosque. The YPG had also deployed their elite sniper teams to Manbij, inflicting heavy casualties on ISIL forces.[144] At the same time, SDF fighters captured several sites north and west of the al-Hezwania neighborhood,[145] while Heval Agir, a U.S. national fighting for YPG was killed in Manbij.[146] Furthermore, CJTF–OIR airstrikes hit six ISIL tactical units and destroyed 22 defense positions in Manbij.[147]

On 18 and 19 July, ISIL launched counter-attacks in the northern, western and southern countryside in another attempt to break the siege of Manbij. The northern attack at the Sajur River failed disastrously, resulting in the death of 111 ISIL fighters and the SDF destroying several armored vehicles.[148][149] In the south, however, ISIL claimed to have retaken the Al-Aqra Mountains, as well as the villages of Umm Al-Sirraj and Qarah Saghirah.[150] In Manbij itself, heavy fighting continued, while the US Central Command stated that liberating the city would probably still take much time.[141]

On 21 July, the SDF issued ISIL an ultimatum to leave the city along with their light weaponry within 48 hours,[151] though ISIL did not respond to the offer.[152] U.S. Army Colonel Christopher Garver, chief spokesman for the US military command in Iraq and Syria, commented that fighting was "very intense", describing it as "different than what we’ve seen in Fallujah [or] Ramadi" and concluding that "this is a fight like we haven’t seen before."[153] Fierce fighting continued during the next days in the city center, with the SDF attacking the Post Office and the Cultural Center. By 22 July, the SDF had reportedly captured 90% of western Manbij, though a number of small ISIL pockets in the area continued to resist, most notably at the Tetbekat Prison.[154] On 24 July, ISIL attempted yet again to break the siege on Manbij, launching several attacks in the countryside. ISIL fighters attacked Osajli village in the southwest, Zinogil village in the northwest, and Til Sarraj in the south. All assaults were eventually repelled, but only after fierce fighting that continued until the next day.[155]

On 25 July, Kurdish sources reported that SDF had retaken Bannawi neighbourhood and were fighting in al-Kejeli. SDF sources claimed that 51 ISIS fighters were killed during the clashes. The SOHR backed this claim up by stating that the SDF was advancing “in several areas in Manbij city, amid more casualties among both parties".[156] The clashes in al-Kejeli continued throughout the following night, and resulted in the death of Abu Aisha, a Turkish ISIL emir and commander of eastern Manbij.[157] However, even as ISIL forces retreated, they attempted to hamper the SDF's advances as much as possible. Thus, there are reports of ISIL fighters planting large numbers of bombs and landmines in Manbij's houses, shops, schools and other public places to detonate them while retreating from their positions.[158]

Second major ISIL counter-offensive and SDF continue to advance into eastern Manbij

On 28 July, ISIL launched a major counter-offensive in the western Manbij countryside. In course of this attack, the Islamists retook the villages of Yalanli, Qatwyran (Qurt Wiran), Qart, Al-Buwyr, Al-Jamousyah, and Al-Dandaniyah from the SDF. In Al-Buwyr, ISIL fighters then proceeded to execute 24 civilians. The Amaq News Agency also claimed that ISIL had recaptured the Bannawi neighbourhood in Manbij city.[159][160][161] Pro-Kurdish news outlets such as ANHA (Hawar News Agency) disputed that the aforementioned villages had fallen, though it reported that clashes took place in the villages Bozgich and Misherfat in northwestern Manbij on the night of 28–29 July. It was also said that the SDF had gained full control of the Kijli neighborhood in Manbij.[162]

On 31 July, ISIL forces continued their attacks in the countryside, as heavy fighting was reported in Adasa village west of Manbij. In the city, meanwhile, the SDF captured the Al-Na’imi[163][164] and Mestosaf neighborhoods, the Al-Jazeera road and the Ghasania school. According to SOHR, the SDF had by then captured 40% of Manbij.[165] Furthermore, some 3,000 civilians managed to flee the city in a matter of 24 hours.[166]

See also

Notes

1. The "Manbij Pocket" region in the northern Aleppo Province, itself the focus of this offensive, is also locally known as the al-Shahba region.[167]

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:Military intervention against ISIL Vorlage:Syrian Civil War

Vorlage Coord: Einbindungsfehler
Bitte verwende Vorlage:Coordinate.Koordinaten fehlen! Hilf mit.

  1. ↑ Revisiting Train-and-Equip in Syria to Clear the Manbij Pocket. 30. Mai 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  2. ↑ a b Exclusive: U.S.-backed Syria forces launch offensive for Manbij pocket - U.S. officials. via Reuters, 1. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  3. ↑ a b Fights to Retake Fallujah, Manbij City From ISIL Begin. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  4. ↑ Carter says Islamic State used Manbij to plot against U.S., Europe, Turkey. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  5. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen pave.
  6. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen all4syria.
  7. ↑ Military council formed and announced on Tishrin Dam, statement says: "We will make every effort to liberate Manbij". In: Live UA Map. 2. April 2016;.
  8. ↑ Several SDF factions have formed the military council for Manbij. In: Live UA Map. 2. April 2016;.
  9. ↑ a b Turkey has two demands from US for support in Manbij operation: Sources, hurriyet 
  10. ↑ Turkey not contributing to U.S.-backed Syria operation near Manbij: source. via Reuters, 1. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  11. ↑ Turkey not contributing to US-backed Syria operation near Manbij: Source, hurriyet 
  12. ↑ a b Turkish intel ‘closely watching’ anti-ISIL operation near its border: Erdoğan, hurriyet 
  13. ↑ Ignoring Turkey, U.S. backs Kurds in drive against ISIS in Syria. In: Washington Post. 1. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 3. Juni 2016.
  14. ↑ Wladimir van Wilgenburg: Kurds, rebels in rat race to seize ISIS territory. In: now.mmedia.me. Abgerufen am 30. Mai 2016.
  15. ↑ Kurds set up new civilian council for recapturing Syria's Manbij from ISIS. In: ARA News. 6. April 2016;.
  16. ↑ a b On the Front Line in the Bloody Fight to Take Manbij From ISIS, The Daily Beast, 5. Juni 2016. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016 
  17. ↑ Exclusive: U.S.-backed Syria forces launch offensive for Manbij pocket - U.S. officials. In: Reuters. 1. Juni 2016;.
  18. ↑ Syria conflict: US-backed fighters 'advance on IS-held Manbij', BBC, 1. Juni 2016. Abgerufen am 4. Juni 2016 
  19. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen spokesman.
  20. ↑ a b US-backed fighters close in on IS Syria bastion. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  21. ↑ Leith Fadel: US backed rebels reach outskirts of ISIS stronghold. 4. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  22. ↑ SDF-led Manbij Military Council cuts off ISIS supply route between Raqqa and Manbij, Ara News, 5. Juni 2016 
  23. ↑ Turkey not contributing to U.S.-backed Syria operation near Manbij - source. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  24. ↑ US-backed Syria forces launch offensive for Manbij pocket: US officials. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  25. ↑ US, PYD hit ISIL in Syria, Turkey doesn’t take part, hurriyet 
  26. ↑ Syrian Democratic Forces capture new villages in Northern Syria. 31. Mai 2016;.
  27. ↑ Zen Adra: SDF inch closer to ISIS-held Manbij. 1. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  28. ↑ Battle of Manbij: Evening of June 1, 2016. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  29. ↑ a b Syrian Civil War Map 2016 - 01/06/2016: SDF merges Manbij fronts. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  30. ↑ Leith Fadel: US backed rebels advance in northeast Aleppo. 2. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  31. ↑ Leading FSA commander heavily injured in Manbij operation, moved to Iraqi Kurdistan for treatment. In: ARA News. 4. Juni 2016;.
  32. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Layla.
  33. ↑ Chris Tomson: Syrian Democratic Forces inch closer to Islamic State stronghold of Manbij. In: Al-Masdar News. 3. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 4. Juni 2016.
  34. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen eight.
  35. ↑ SDF-led Manbij Military Council cuts off ISIS supply route between Raqqa and Manbij. In: ARA News. 5. Juni 2016;.
  36. ↑ SDF take control on more areas in Menbej countryside. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  37. ↑ Syrian Democratic Forces expel ISIS from key district near Jarablus - ARA News. 6. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  38. ↑ Chris Tomson: ISIS on high alert as the Syrian Democratic Forces encircle Manbij city - Map update. 6. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
  39. ↑ U.S.-backed force says Islamic State fleeing Syrian city. In: Reuters. 6. Juni 2016;.
  40. ↑ More than 60 fighters killed in the operation of controlling Manbej city by the Syria Democratic Forces. In: SOHR. 6. Juni 2016;.
  41. ↑ Jarabulus-Manbij road captured from ISIS. In: Rudaw. 6. Juni 2016;.
  42. ↑ Chris Tomson: ISIS on the verge of losing Manbij city in eastern Aleppo - Map update. 7. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  43. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen jarablos.
  44. ↑ SDF advances in about 60 farmlands and villages around Menbej. Abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  45. ↑ The "Islamic State" retreat from more towns and villages in the northern countryside of Aleppo and 16 members from the "Islamic state" killed in the targeting by the warplanes of the International Coalition in the vicinity of Manbej, and the Syria Democratic Forces continue advancing in the area. Abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  46. ↑ Rebels push IS back from Turkish border as Manbij showdown looms. 8. Juni 2016;.
  47. ↑ The Syria Democratic Forces control 75 villages and farms and get closer to Manbej city and more casualties in Coalition's airstrikes. Abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  48. ↑ US-backed Forces Tighten Grip Around Islamic State in Syria's Manbij - VICE News. Abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  49. ↑ SDF kills about 50 IS around Menbej. SOHR, abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  50. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen emir.
  51. ↑ ISIS governor of Manbij killed in SDF attack. In: ARA News. 11. Juni 2016;.
  52. ↑ Chris Tomson: ISIS claims to recapture areas south of Manbij in eastern Aleppo. al-masdar News, 9. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  53. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Khalid.
  54. ↑ U.S.-backed forces cut off all routes into IS-held Manbij: Syrian Observatory. via Reuters, 10. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 10. Juni 2016.
  55. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen ISIL numbers in Manbij.
  56. ↑ Siege of IS bastion in north Syria traps thousands. Abgerufen am 14. Juni 2016.
  57. ↑ Thomson Reuters Foundation: U.S.-backed forces push deeper into Islamic State territory in northern Syria - monitor. Abgerufen am 14. Juni 2016.
  58. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Dahham.
  59. ↑ Chris Tomson: ISIS seizes two more villages from the Syrian Democratic Forces near Manbij. 13. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 14. Juni 2016.
  60. ↑ Islamic State jihadis raped dozens of women in Syrian town: activists, Ara News, 13. Juni 2016 
  61. ↑ Intense airstrikes by the coalition on Manbij and advancement for The Syria Democratic Forces in the vicinity of the city, SOHR, 14 June 2016 
  62. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen SOHR German.
  63. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen sana.
  64. ↑ Leith Fadel: ISIS launches counter-attack against US backed forces in northeast Aleppo. al-masdar News, 15. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 16. Juni 2016.
  65. ↑ Leith Fadel: Syrian Democratic Forces liberate two villages near ISIS stronghold. Al-Masdar News, 16. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 16. Juni 2016.
  66. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen hisba.
  67. ↑ Heavy clashes at the western entry point of Manbij city. In: ANF News. 17. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 17. Juni 2016.
  68. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen present.
  69. ↑ Kurdish-led SDF enter Manbij, liberate western side
  70. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen SOHR tribes.
  71. ↑ U.S. backed Syrian forces advance two km from center of Islamic state-held Manbij: source. via Reuters, 18. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 15. Juli 2016.
  72. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen senior.
  73. ↑ Strategic Al-Kitab crossroad liberated and 22 gangs killed in Manbij. In: ANF News. 19. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 19. Juni 2016.
  74. ↑ 2 more villages liberated near Manbij. In: ANF News. 19. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 19. Juni 2016.
  75. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen bribe.
  76. ↑ IS plants houses in Menbej countryside and arrests 200 young men. SOHR, 19. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 19. Juni 2016.
  77. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Hamza.
  78. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen counter.
  79. ↑ 28 SDF fighters killed south of Manbij. In: Rudaw. 20. Juni 2016;.
  80. ↑ Suleiman Al-Khalidi: Islamic State launches counter-attacks on U.S.-backed forces, Syrian army. Reuters, 20. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 21. Juni 2016.
  81. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Asayish.
  82. ↑ ISIS arrests 700 civilians north Syria, mostly Kurds. In: ARA News. 21. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 21. Juni 2016.
  83. ↑ Shahba areas residents revolt against IS. In: ANHA. 21. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 21. Juni 2016.
  84. ↑ MANBIJ: 21 JUN 2016. 1130 EDT. Manbij TacMap. In: Chuck Pfarrer on Twitter. 21. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 21. Juni 2016.
  85. ↑ Syrian Democratic Forces open humanitarian corridor to evacuate civilians in ISIS-held city. Ara News, 22. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 22. Juni 2016.
  86. ↑ Manbij fighters broke into silos. In: Washington Kurdish Institute. 22. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 22. Juni 2016.
  87. ↑ U.S. coalition says expects tough fight against IS near Turkish border. 22. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 22. Juni 2016.
  88. ↑ Syria conflict: US-backed forces 'enter IS-held Manbij'. BBC, 23. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2016.
  89. ↑ US-backed forces enter key IS bastion in north Syria. Abgerufen am 15. Juli 2016.
  90. ↑ Chris Tomson: Zero hour approaches Manbij as ISIS clings onto control of the city – Map update. al-masdar News, 23. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2016.
  91. ↑ IEDs and concern for civilians slow down Manbij operation. 24. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 24. Juni 2016.
  92. ↑ صوامع منبج محررة. 24. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 24. Juni 2016.
  93. ↑ Syrian Democratic Forces capture ISIS Sharia school in Manbij. Ara News, 25. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 25. Juni 2016.
  94. ↑ MANBIJ: 25 JUN 2016, 1830EDT. Manbij TacMap. In: Chuck Pfarrer on Twitter. 25. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 26. Juni 2016.
  95. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen MLKP.
  96. ↑ YPG: Turkish army and ISIS attack Rojava simultaneously. In: ANF News. 25. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 27. Juni 2016.
  97. ↑ MANBIJ: 26 JUN 2016, 1940EDT. Manbij TacMap. In: Chuck Pfarrer on Twitter. 26. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 27. Juni 2016.
  98. ↑ Turkey bombs Kurdish positions in Syria's Kobane. In: ARA News. 27. April 2016;.
  99. ↑ Leith Fadel: Syrian Democratic Forces make huge strides in Menbeij. al-masdar News, 28. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2016.
  100. ↑ Pentagon: ISIS resistance won’t stop progress of Syrian Democratic Forces in Manbij. Ara News, 28. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2016.
  101. ↑ An IS attack thwarted from Jarablos side. In: ANHA. 28. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 30. Juni 2016.
  102. ↑ US-backed SDF report new gains in anti-ISIS operation north Syria. Ara News, 29. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 29. Juni 2016.
  103. ↑ Heavy clashes 1 km north of Manbij. In: ANF News. 29. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 29. Juni 2016.
  104. ↑ Street to street fighting in the southern side of Manbij. In: ANF News. 29. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 29. Juni 2016.
  105. ↑ US-backed rebels seize 10k+ troves of ISIS documents on doorstep of Syrian Manbij. 30. Juni 2016;.
  106. ↑ Syrian oppostion gains "critical foothold" in southern Manbij, says US military. 30. Juni 2016;.
  107. ↑ Anti-ISIS forces brace for street battle in Manbij. In: Rudaw. 30. Juni 2016;.
  108. ↑ Heavy clashes in Manbij city center. In: ANF News. 30. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 1. Juli 2016.
  109. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen ISIL goal.
  110. ↑ a b U.S.-backed militias face second Islamic State counter attack - official, monitor. 4. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 4. Juli 2016.
  111. ↑ ISIS attack in Manbij repelled. In: ANF News. 1. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 1. Juli 2016.
  112. ↑ Chris Tomson: ISIS launches surprise offensive to break Manbij siege – several sites captured. al-masdar News, 2. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 3. Juli 2016.
  113. ↑ ISIS gangs' attack from 3 directions repelled in Manbij. In: ANF News. 3. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 3. Juli 2016.
  114. ↑ Izat Charkatli: ISIS seizes a chunk of territory from the SDF south of Manbij – 9 sites lost. al-masdar News, 3. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 3. Juli 2016.
  115. ↑ a b Hundreds of civilians flee Manbij city and ISIS detonate 6 booby trapped vehicles in a violent attack from 3 areas to lift the siege of the city. SOHR, 3. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 4. Juli 2016.
  116. ↑ SDF deny ISIS claim to have seized territory around Manbij. 3. Juli 2016;.
  117. ↑ Kurdish-led SDF troops avoid use of heavy weapons in Manbij operation to guarantee civilians’ safety. Ara News, 3. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 4. Juli 2016.
  118. ↑ Syria: ISIL Suffers Heavy Casualties in Clashes with SDF in Manbij Battlefields. Farsnews, 4. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 4. Juli 2016.
  119. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Sa'don.
  120. ↑ Anti-Daesh Forces Get the Better of Terrorists in Battle for Manbij. Sputnik International, 5. Juli 2016;.
  121. ↑ Heavy clashes in Manbij. In: ANF News. 6. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juli 2016.
  122. ↑ Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - Timeline - Facebook. Abgerufen am 15. Juli 2016.
  123. ↑ Leith Fadel: Syrian Democratic Forces, ISIS deadlocked at key town in northeast Aleppo. al-masdar News, 7. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 7. Juli 2016.
  124. ↑ "U.S.-backed forces drive into Islamic State-held city, monitors say", Reuters, 7 July 2016.
  125. ↑ Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - Timeline - Facebook. Abgerufen am 15. Juli 2016.
  126. ↑ Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - Timeline - Facebook. Abgerufen am 15. Juli 2016.
  127. ↑ 32 ISIS members killed in Manbij. In: ANF News. 9. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 9. Juli 2016.
  128. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen prince.
  129. ↑ Manbij fighters liberate west of the city. In: ANHA. 11. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 11. Juli 2016.
  130. ↑ a b c At least 32 ISIS militants killed in fresh clashes with Kurdish-led SDF north Aleppo. In: ARA News. 12. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 12. Juli 2016.
  131. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Maarawî.
  132. ↑ Continuous clashes in Manbij, 26 mercenaries killed. In: ANHA. 10. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 10. Juli 2016.
  133. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen security.
  134. ↑ IS mercenaries’ attack foiled. In: ANHA. 11. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 11. Juli 2016.
  135. ↑ a b Izat Charkatli: SDF splits ISIS stronghold in 2, kills ISIS top commanders. In: al-Masdar News. 12. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 12. Juli 2016.
  136. ↑ Chris Tomson: ISIS in trouble at Manbij as the Syrian Democratic Forces push forward – full report. In: al-Masdar News. 13. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 13. Juli 2016.
  137. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Kahtani.
  138. ↑ Izat Charkatli: SDF negotiating with ISIS on relocation agreement. In: al-Masdar News. 12. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 12. Juli 2016.
  139. ↑ SDF official: ISIS militants have only two options in Manbij: give up or die. In: ARA News. 12. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 12. Juli 2016.
  140. ↑ a b US Central Command says anti-ISIS operation in Syrian border pocket will take time. In: ARA News. 19. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 19. Juli 2016.
  141. ↑ Aleppo: Syrian Democratic Forces Capture Manbij's General Hospital. Fars News Agency, 16. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 16. Juli 2016.
  142. ↑ Syrian rebels capture Islamic State headquarters in Manbij: U.S. military. In: Reuters. 19. Juli 2016;.
  143. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen verge.
  144. ↑ Attempts by SDF to advance in Menbej. SOHR, 17. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 18. Juli 2016.
  145. ↑ American YPG fighter killed by ISIS in Manbij. In: ARA News. 18. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 12. Juli 2016.
  146. ↑ US-Led Coalition Destroys 22 Daesh Positions Near Syria’s Manbij - CENTCOM. In: sputnik international. 18. Juli 2016;.
  147. ↑ 80 ISIL Terrorists Killed in Failed Attacks on SDF's Positions in Northeastern Aleppo. Fars News Agency, 18. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 19. Juli 2016.
  148. ↑ 111 ISIS members killed in Manbij. In: ANF News. 19. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 19. Juli 2016.
  149. ↑ Leith Fadel: ISIS reclaims 3 sites near besieged town in northeast Aleppo. In: al-Masdar News. 19. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 19. Juli 2016.
  150. ↑ Syrian Fighters Give IS 48-Hour Deadline to Leave Syria's Manbij. Voice of America, 21. Juli 2016;.
  151. ↑ Islamic State said to shun withdrawal offer in surrounded Syrian city. 23. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 23. Juli 2016.
  152. ↑ US says airstrikes on Syrian city Manbij to continue despite civilian deaths. The Guardian, 22. Juli 2016;.
  153. ↑ Izat Charkatli: SDF advancing on Manbij’s city center: Field Report. In: al-Masdar News. 22. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 23. Juli 2016.
  154. ↑ Three attacks to break siege thwarted. In: Washington Kurdish Institute. 25. Juni 2016, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2016.
  155. ↑ SDF closing in on Manbij on all sides. Rudaw, 24. Juli 2016;.
  156. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen eastern.
  157. ↑ ISIS Changing Manbij Public Places into Minefield. ahlulBayt News Agency, 26. Juli 2016;.
  158. ↑ Izat Charkatli: SDF advancing on Manbij’s city center: Field Report. In: al-Masdar News. 29. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 29. Juli 2016.
  159. ↑ IS executes 24 civilians 10km away from Menbej city. SOHR, 29. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 29. Juli 2016.
  160. ↑ Dozens Killed in Intense Fighting Near Manbij. Foreign Policy, 29. Juli 2016;.
  161. ↑ Attack foiled and searching operation are continue. In: ANHA. 29. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 29. Juli 2016.
  162. ↑ Nae’me is liberated and clashes in Azi. In: ANHA. 31. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 31. Juli 2016.
  163. ↑ Leith Fadel: Syrian Democratic Forces capture new district in Menbeij. In: al-Masdar News. 31. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 31. Juli 2016.
  164. ↑ About 2300 civilians leave Menbej city during 24 hours after taking control on wide parts of it by SDF. In: SOHR. 31. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 31. Juli 2016.
  165. ↑ Jan Mohammed: Syrian Democratic Forces free thousands of civilians from ISIS-held city. In: ARA News. 31. Juli 2016, abgerufen am 31. Juli 2016.
  166. ↑ Tribal leaders in northern Aleppo call on US-backed SDF forces to liberate their areas from ISIS - ARA News. 23. Mai 2016, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2016.
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