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Black Lives Matter

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Black Lives Matter die-in protest at Metro Green Line against Saint Paul Police Department police brutality in Minnesota.

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence toward black people. BLM regularly organizes protests around the deaths of black people in killings by law enforcement officers, and broader issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system.

In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media, after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin. Black Lives Matter became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown, resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, and Eric Garner in New York City.[1][2]

Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody, including those of Tamir Rice, Eric Harris, Walter Scott, Jonathan Ferrell, Sandra Bland, Samuel DuBose and Freddie Gray. In the Summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter began to publicly challenge politicians—including politicians in the 2016 United States presidential election—to state their positions on BLM issues. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy or structure.[3]

Founding

Nekima Levy-Pounds speaks during a Black Lives Matter demonstration in Minneapolis.

In the summer of 2013, after George Zimmerman's acquittal for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.[4] The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.[5][6] BLM drew inspiration from the African-American Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power movement, the 1980s black feminist movement, Pan-Africanism, Anti-Apartheid Movement, Hip hop, LGBT social movements and Occupy Wall Street.[7]

Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains community organizers.[7] They began to question how they were going to respond to the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal.[7] Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she wrote: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter."[7] Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born as an online campaign.[7]

In August 2014, BLM members organized their first in-person national protest in the form of a "Black Lives Matter Freedom Ride" to Ferguson, Missouri after the Shooting of Michael Brown.[7] More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations.[7] Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups, becoming nationally recognized as symbolic of the emerging movement.[7] Since August 2014, Black Lives Matter has organized more than one thousand protest demonstrations.[7] On Black Friday in November, Black Lives Matter staged demonstrations at stores and malls across the United States.[7]

In 2015, after the Death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the Arab Spring.[7] This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring".[8][9] Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the Dalit rights movement.[10] Expanding beyond street protests, BLM is rising to prominence through activism, like the 2015 University of Missouri protests, on American college campuses.[11]

Currently, there are at least twenty-three Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., Canada, and Ghana.[12] Other Black Lives Matter leaders include: DeRay Mckesson, Shaun King, Marissa Johnson, Nekima Levy-Pounds, Johnetta Elzie.

Tactics

Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality.

Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including hashtag activism—to reach thousands of people rapidly.[7] Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a diversity of tactics.[13] BLM generally engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.[14] For example, BLM has also been known to build power through protest.[15] BLM has held rallies and marches, including one for the death of Corey Jones in Palm Beach, Florida.[16] BLM has also staged die-ins and held one during the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon.[17]

Political slogans used during demonstrations include the eponymous "Black Lives Matter", "Hands up, don't shoot" (a reference that was attributed to Michael Brown[18]), "I can't breathe"[19][20] (referring to Eric Garner), "White silence is violence",[21] "No justice, no peace",[22][23] and "Is my son next?", among others.

Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and respectability politics.[24][25]

Philosophy

Black Lives Matter protest at Union Square, Manhattan

Black Lives Matter incorporates those traditionally on the margins of black freedom movements.[7] The organization's website, for instance, states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing intersectionality, that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."[26]

Founder Alicia Garza summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement Black poverty and genocide is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–one half of all people in prisons or jails–is an act of state violence. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence." Garza went on: "Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence; the fact that Black girls are used as negotiating chips during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of state-sponsored Darwinian experiments that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence."[27]

Influence

Black Lives Matter protest at Herald Square

In 2014, the American Dialect Society chose #BlackLivesMatter as their word of the year.[28][29] Over eleven hundred black professors expressed support for BLM.[30] Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement".[1][31][32] #BlackLivesMatter was voted as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.[33]

In 2015, Serena Williams expressed her support for Black Lives Matter, writing to BLM: "Keep it up. Don’t let those trolls stop you. We’ve been through so much for so many centuries, and we shall overcome this too."[34] As a part of a general assembly, the Unitarian Universalist Church passed a resolution in support of BLM and staged a die-in in Portland, Oregon.[35] Patrisse Cullors, Opal Tometi, and Alicia Garza—as "The Women of #BlackLivesMatter"—were listed as one of the nine runners-up for The AdvocatePflichtangabe Text für Zitat im Zitat fehlts Person of the Year.[36] The February issue of Essence Magazine and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.[37] In December 2015 Black Lives Matter was chosen as a contender for the Time Magazine Person of the Year award. Angela Merkel won the award while BLM came in fourth of the eight candidates.[38]

Notable protests and demonstrations

2014

Black Lives Matter protester at Macy's Herald Square.

In August, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into Ferguson, Missouri, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.[39] Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from New York City, Newark, Boston, Chicago, Columbus, Miami, Detroit, Houston, Oakland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Nashville, Portland, Tucson, Washington, D.C., and more, in a similar way to that of the Freedom Riders in the 1960s.[40] The movement has been generally involved in the Ferguson unrest, following the death of Michael Brown.[41] In 2015, protesters and journalists from a rally in Berkeley, California, filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees.[42]

In November, in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) train on Black Friday, one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".[43]

In December, two thousand to three thousand people gathered at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.[44] At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.[45] In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, BLM protested the Shooting of Dontre Hamilton who died in April.[46] Black Lives Matter protested the Shooting of John Crawford III.[47] The Shooting of Renisha McBride was protested by Black Lives Matter.[48]

A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota

2015

Vorlage:OdsIn March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel's office, demanding reforms within the Chicago Police Department.[49] In Cobb County, Georgia, the movement protested the death of Nicholas Thomas who was shot and killed by the police.[50]

In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the death of Freddie Gray which included the 2015 Baltimore protests.[51][52] Black Lives Matter organizers supported the fast food strike in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.[53] On April 14, BLM protested across U.S. cities.[54] In Zion, Illinois, several hundred protested over the fatal shooting of Justus Howell.[55] After the Shooting of Walter Scott, Black Lives Matter called for citizen oversight of police.[56]

In May, a protest by Black Lives Matter in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, Aiyana Jones, Yvette Smith, Rekia Boyd and others.[57] In Cleveland, Ohio, after an officer was acquitted for the Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams, BLM protested.[58] In Madison, Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the Shooting of Tony Robinson.[59]

In June, after the Charleston church shooting of a historically black church, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.[60] BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.[61][62] BLM was part of twenty thousand people who marched for peace on the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge in South Carolina.[63] After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the Confederate States of America were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.[64][65] BLM protested after a video was released showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in McKinney, Texas—to the ground with his knees.[66]

In July, BLM protesters shut down Allen Road in Toronto protesting the Greater Toronto shooting deaths of two black men, Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby, at the hands of police.[67] BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of Sandra Bland, an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in Waller County, Texas.[68][69] In Cincinnati, Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the Death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a University of Cincinnati police officer.[70] In Newark, New Jersey, over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.[71]

In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, DC, calling to stop violence against transgender women.[72] In St. Louis, Missouri, BLM activists protested the death of Mansur Ball-Bey who was shot and killed by police.[73] In Charlotte, North Carolina, after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, Jonathan Ferrell, BLM protested and staged die-ins.[74] In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Janelle Monae, Jidenna and other BLM activists marched through North Philadelphia to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.[75] Around August 9, the one-year anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in St. Louis and across the country.[76][77]

One-Year Commemoration of the Shooting of Michael Brown, the Ferguson unrest, and the Black Lives Matter Movement at Barclays Center, Brooklyn.

In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, Canada, rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the Take Back the Night event in Toronto.[78] In Austin, Texas, over five hundred BLM protesters rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto Interstate 35.[79] In Baltimore, Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the Freddie Gray police brutality case.[80] In Sacramento, California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a California Senate bill that would increase police oversight.[81] BLM protested the Shooting of Jeremy McDole.[82]

Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at Metro Green Line

In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago.[83] Members protested Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti during a town hall meeting at a church in South L.A.[84] "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.[85] Quentin Tarantino and Cornel West, participating in "Rise Up October," decried police violence.[86] A Dunkin Donuts employee in Providence, Rhode Island wrote "black lives matter" on a police officer's cup of coffee which resulted in protests.[87] At UCLA, students protested "Black Bruins Matter" after some students wore blackface to a Kanye West-themed fraternity party.[88]

In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by Minneapolis Police Department.[89] Later in the month, after continuous protest at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police Station, a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, masked men carrying firearms appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters.[90] All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to later be found and arrested. The men arrested were young, one white, one Hispanic, both believed to be white supremacists.[91] Black Lives Matter protesters marched around the library at Dartmouth College shouting "Black Lives Matter!" CriticsVorlage:Who said this amounted to harassment, while protesters said their actions were non-violent.[92][93][94][95]

In December 2015, the Black Christmas protests took place.[96]

2016 Presidential election

In the Summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter began to publicly challenge politicians—including 2016 United States presidential candidates—to state their positions on BLM issues.[97]

Influence

Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists in Westlake Park, Seattle

In August 2015, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.[98] In the first Democratic debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.[99] In reply, Bernie Sanders stated "black lives matter."[99] Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."[100] Jim Webb, on the other hand, replied: "as the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."[101] In response to what she would do differently from President Obama for African-Americans, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."[102] Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives in August 2015, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.[103]

Republican candidates have been mostly critical of Black Lives Matter. In August 2015, Ben Carson, the only African American vying for the presidency, called the movement "silly".[104] Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few.[105] In the first Republican Presidential debate, that took place in Cleveland, only one question referenced Black Lives Matter.[106] In response to the question, Scott Walker did not acknowledge Black Lives Matter and advocated for the proper training of law enforcement.[106] Republican presidential candidate Scott Walker blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,[107] while Marco Rubio was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.[108] Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".[109] Candidate Chris Christie, the New Jersey Governor, criticized President Obama for supporting BLM, saying that the movement calls for the murder of police officers,[110] which was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.[111]

Black Lives Matters activists called on the Democratic National Committee and the Republican National Committee to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.[112] Both parties, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead the parties support a townhall or forum.[113]

Protests

Black Lives Matter on Black Friday 2014 at Times Square

At the Netroots Nation Conference in July 2015, co-founder of Black Lives Matter Patrisse Cullors led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of Martin O'Malley and Bernie Sanders.[114][115] Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."[116] O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.[116]

On August 8, 2015, a speech by Democratic presidential candidate and civil rights activist Bernie Sanders was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder Marissa Johnson[117] who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.[118][119][120] Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.[121] Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.[122]

In August, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush.[123] As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".[124]

In October, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at Atlanta University Center was interrupted by BLM activists.[125]

In November, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a Donald Trump rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."[126] Donald Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.[127]

"All Lives Matter"

Some have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. Tim Scott has defended usage of the "All Lives Matter" term.[128] Macklemore and Ryan Lewis critique the phrase in their song, "White Privilege II" by sampling a BLM activist, who argues using a metaphor: "if there's a subdivision and a house is on fire...the fire department wouldn't show up and put water on all the houses because all houses matter, they would show up and turn on their water on the house that was burning because that's the house that needs help the most."[129][130]

This was part of a response from activists and public figures challenging the term All Lives Matter. On Real Time with Bill Maher, for example, Bill Maher expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".[131] Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within White supremacy, are important to your liberation."[132] In a video interview with Laura Flanders, Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand structural racism in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.[133]

The movement challenges the "universalizing politics" implied in the notion of a Post-racial America, and the phrase 'All Lives Matter' reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial", according to critical race theory scholar David Theo Goldberg.[134]

United States President Barack Obama spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.[135] Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He went on to say "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."[14]

Other opposition

African-Americans

African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson, minister Johnathan Gentry of the West Angeles Church of God in Christ, and author and minister Barbara Ann Reynolds.[136][137] Deroy Murdock questioned the number of black people killed by police that is reported by BLM. He wrote, "But the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies."[138] Some black civil rights leadersVorlage:Who have criticized the tactics of BLM.[139]

Police

Baltimore riot policemen form a line to push back protesters and media members on April 28 as a part of the 2015 Baltimore protests.

The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.[140] Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".[141] Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.[142]

Many individuals in law enforcement have been critical of BLM. Sheriff David A. Clarke, Jr of Milwaukee County has been critical of Black Lives Matter, stating that there is no police brutality problem in America and that "there is no racism in the hearts of police officers".[143] A North Carolina police chief retired after calling BLM a terrorist group.[144] A police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a social media post in which he said he would have to “babysit these fools,” in reference to planned BLM event.[145]

Ferguson effect

Some commentators and law enforcement have claimed that BLM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates.[138] Commentators have referred to this as the Ferguson effect.[138] FBI Director James Comey, for example, suggested that the movement is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates because police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs.[146] Others have called to question the validity of the "Ferguson effect" noting that there were even larger crime spikes prior to the events in Ferguson.[147]

White groups

In response to Black Lives Matter, Facebook pages purporting to represent "White Student Unions" with the slogan "White Lives Matter" have been linked to college campuses in the United States.[148] The pages often promise a “safe space” for white students and condemn alleged anti-white racism on campus.[149] However, many of the groups were not verified as legitimate student organizations registered with their respective universities.[148]

Black on black shootings

Tom Trinko referred to government statistics showing 93% of black murder victims were murdered by other blacks, and wondered why Black Lives Matter never protested against these murders.[150] John McWhorter has argued that the Black Lives Matter movement should take on black-on-black crime.[151] Seattle Seahawks Richard Sherman said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn't anybody else involved, and I didn't hear anybody shouting 'black lives matter' then."[152]

Media depictions

  • Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of Law & Order: SVU.[4][27]
  • The TV drama Scandal depicted Black Lives Matter on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.[153]
  • The documentary short film Bars4Justice features brief appearances by various activist and recording artist affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual Pan African Film Festival.
  • Macklemore & Ryan Lewis both rap and sample protest chants in their single, "White Privilege II", including the eponymous chant, "black lives matter," as well as "it's not about you!" and "no justice, no peace".

See also

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References

Vorlage:Reflist

Further reading

Vorlage:Commons category

Vorlage:Black Lives Matter Vorlage:2014 Ferguson unrest

  1. ↑ a b Elizabeth Day: #BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement. In: the Guardian. Abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  2. ↑ Black Lives Matter: How the events in Ferguson sparked a movement in America. In: cbsnews.com. 7. August 2015, abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  3. ↑ Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter? In: The Daily Beast. Abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  4. ↑ a b Jessica Guynn: Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter In: USA Today, March 4, 2015 
  5. ↑ Hunt, Jazelle: Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media. In: Black Voice News. 13. Januar 2015, archiviert vom Original am 10. Juli 2015;.
  6. ↑ Valentina Zarya: Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters. In: Fortune Magazine. 19. Juli 2015;.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Herbert Ruffin: Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement. blackpast.org, abgerufen am 10. November 2015.
  8. ↑ Khaled Beydoun: Baltimore and the emergence of a Black Spring. Al Jazeera, abgerufen am 11. November 2015.
  9. ↑ Janaya Khan: Black Lives Matter Has Become a Global Movement. Common Dreams, abgerufen am 11. November 2015.
  10. ↑ Sonia Paul: From Black Lives Matter, activists for India's discriminated Dalits learn tactics to press for dignity. In: Public Radio International. 8. November 2015, abgerufen am 18. November 2015 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  11. ↑ Sandhya Somashekhar: How Black Lives Matter, born on the streets, is rising to power on campus. Washington Post, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  12. ↑ Segalov, Michael: We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America. In: Vice. 2. Februar 2015;.
  13. ↑ Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter'. In: VOA. Abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  14. ↑ a b Bryan Tucker: Tactics of Black Lives Matter. KCTS9;
  15. ↑ 'Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest. Rachel Maddow Show;
  16. ↑ Alexandra Seltzer: Corey Jones' brother, 'Black lives matter. All lives matter'. myPalmBeachPost;
  17. ↑ Mara Gottfried: Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful. In: twincities.com. Pioneer Press;
  18. ↑ US Department of Justice.
  19. ↑ Grace Ji-Sun Kim, Jesse Jackson: 'I Can't Breathe': Eric Garner's Last Words Symbolize Our Predicament. In: The Huffington Post. 18. Dezember 2014, abgerufen am 18. November 2015.
  20. ↑ Ben Zimmer: The Linguistic Power of the Protest Phrase ‘I Can’t Breathe’. In: Wired. 15. Dezember 2014, abgerufen am 18. November 2015 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  21. ↑ Abby Phillip: Protesting racial injustice while white In: The Washington Post, December 11, 2014. Abgerufen im November 18, 2015 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  22. ↑ Glen Ford: Tamir Rice and the Meaning of "No Justice – No Peace". In: Black Agenda Report. 10. November 2015, abgerufen am 18. November 2015.
  23. ↑ Nathan Palmer: "No Justice, No Peace": Black Lives Matter & Bernie Sanders. In: Sociology In Focus. 19. August 2015, abgerufen am 18. November 2015 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  24. ↑ Brittney Cooper: Al Sharpton does not have my ear: Why we need new black leadership now. In: salon.com. Abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  25. ↑ The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement. In: Gothamist. Abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  26. ↑ Black Lives Matter About.
  27. ↑ a b Alicia Garza: A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement. In: The Feminist Wire. Abgerufen am 8. März 2015.
  28. ↑ R.L.G.: Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter), The Economist, January 15, 2015 
  29. ↑ Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter., Slate Magazine 
  30. ↑ An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter. In: blackspaceblog.com. Black Space;
  31. ↑ Janell Ross: How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force. In: Washington Post. 19. August 2015, abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  32. ↑ The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement. In: POLITICO Magazine. Abgerufen am 19. November 2015.
  33. ↑ Lindsey Weedston: 12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014, Yes Magazine, December 19, 2014. Abgerufen im October 24, 2015 
  34. ↑ Serena Williams: The Ball Is in Your Court. Wired;
  35. ↑ Kenny Wiley: Black Lives Matter resolution, rally, die-in cap General Assembly. In: uuworld.org. UU World;
  36. ↑ Advocate.com Editors: Person of the Year: The Finalists. Advocate.com;
  37. ↑ Yesha Callahan: Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter. The Root, abgerufen am 11. November 2015.
  38. ↑ Botelho, Greg; Hume, Tim: TIME names German leader Angela Merkel its Person of the Year. CNN, 9. Dezember 2015, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2015.
  39. ↑ Solomon, Akiba: Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson. In: Colorlines. 5. September 2014;.
  40. ↑ Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L: 5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown In: The Guardian, September 4, 2014 
  41. ↑ Steven W Thrasher: What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting? In: The Guardian 
  42. ↑ Curtis Skinner: Black Lives Matter protesters sue over treatment by California police. Yahoo, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  43. ↑ Richard Halstead: Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks In: Marin Independent Journal 
  44. ↑ John Reinan: Black Lives Matter protesters question 'intertwined' relationship between Mall of America and Bloomington. StarTribune, abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2015.
  45. ↑ Brumfield, Ben: Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested, CNN, December 21, 2014 
  46. ↑ Max Seigle: Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown. WISN-TV, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  47. ↑ Lewis Wallce: Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today. WKSU-FM, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  48. ↑ Michelle Anderson: Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday. mLive Media Group, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  49. ↑ Mary Wisniewski: Three arrested as Chicago protesters demand police reforms. Reuters, 24. März 2015, abgerufen am 9. November 2015.
  50. ↑ Mandi Milligan: 'Black Lives Matter' rally held in Smyrna. CBS, abgerufen am 10. November 2015.
  51. ↑ Sarah Hagen: Peaceful "Black Lives Matter" protest in Tampa. 10 News, abgerufen am 8. November 2015.
  52. ↑ Nicole Norfleet: Twin Cities students walk out of schools to join Black Lives Matter protest. In: startribune.com. Abgerufen am 8. November 2015.
  53. ↑ Steven Greenhouse: Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics In: The New York Times, March 30, 2015. Abgerufen im May 22, 2015 
  54. ↑ Sebastien Malo: Protests in U.S. cities against police violence prompt arrests. Reuters, abgerufen am 8. November 2015.
  55. ↑ Katlyn Smith: Protesters demand 'Justice for Justus' after black teen fatally shot by Zion police officer. Daily Herald, abgerufen am 8. November 2015.
  56. ↑ Liz Fields: After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police. In: Vice News. Abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  57. ↑ Laura Mandaro, Jessica Guynn: Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter' In: USA Today. Abgerufen im May 26, 2015 
  58. ↑ Ralph Ellis, Elliott McLaughlin: Cleveland protesters appear in court In: CNN, May 25, 2015. Abgerufen im May 26, 2015 
  59. ↑ Mary Spicuzza, Bill Glauber: Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  60. ↑ Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror. In: TeleSUR. 20. Juni 2015, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2015.
  61. ↑ Rialda Zukic: Hundreds march in solidarity in Charleston after church shooting. PBS Newshour, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  62. ↑ Kayla Kettmann: UC Berkeley’s Black Student Union holds vigil, protest for Charleston victims. In: dailycal.org. Daily Californian;
  63. ↑ Organizers says 20,000 joined Bridge to Peace march on Ravenel Bridge. In: abcnews4.com. ABC 4, abgerufen am 2. November 2015.
  64. ↑ ROBERT E. LEE MONUMENT IN VA. VANDALIZED WITH 'BLACK LIVES MATTER'. ABC 7, abgerufen am 2. November 2015.
  65. ↑ 'Black Lives Matter' spray painted on New Orleans monument. Fox 8, abgerufen am 2. November 2015.
  66. ↑ McKinney video: Protest over Texas pool party policing. In: bbc.com. BBC News, abgerufen am 8. November 2015.
  67. ↑ Adam Miller: Black Lives Matter protesters shut down section of Allen Expressway. In: globalnews.ca. Global News, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  68. ↑ Dawn Rhodes: More Sandra Bland footage released; protest held in downtown Chicago. Chicago Tribune, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  69. ↑ Groups in Texas hold vigil, protest in jail death of Sandra Bland. In: torontosun.com. Toronto Sun, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  70. ↑ Courtis Fuller: Black Lives Matter stages rally after murder indictment against UC officer. In: www.wlwt.com. WLWT NBC, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  71. ↑ Edward Leavy: Million People's March through Newark for Justice and Equality. Demotix, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  72. ↑ Perry Stein: Black Lives Matter organizers hold rally in D.C. for black trans women. Washington Post, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  73. ↑ Rachelle Blidner: St Louis teen killed by police died from single gunshot to back; family attorney says he was 2 doors down from raided home. New York Daily News, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  74. ↑ 2 arrested after Kerrick trial protests take violent turn. In: wcnc.com. NBC Charlotte, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  75. ↑ David Chang: Janelle Monae, Jidenna March Through Philly. NBC Philadelphia, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  76. ↑ Ferguson protesters, police gather on West Florissant Avenue; state of emergency declared in county. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  77. ↑ Simone Wilson: Hundreds of #BlackLivesMatter Protesters March on Downtown Brooklyn. In: patch.com. Patch, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  78. ↑ Al Donato: Black Lives Matter Takes Back The Night And Shuts Down Downtown Toronto. Huff Post, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  79. ↑ Dylan Baddour: Black Lives Matter protest shut down by police in Austin, Texas. Houston Chronicle, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  80. ↑ Dana Hedgpeth: Views from Baltimore as protesters rally in Freddie Gray case. Washington Post, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  81. ↑ Rich Pedroncelli: Black Lives Matter protesters rally to back Senate bill increasing police oversight. Abgerufen im November 1, 2015 
  82. ↑ Kyle Jaeger: Jeremy McDole Was Shot and Killed by Delaware Police. In: Attn:. 24. September 2015;.
  83. ↑ Tatiana Walk-Morris: Black Lives Matter activists arrested during protest of police chiefs conference. Chicago Reader, abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2015.
  84. ↑ Angel Jennings: Black Lives Matter defends this week's protest of L.A. Mayor Garcetti. Los Angeles Times, abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2015.
  85. ↑ Nadeen Shaker: "This injustice has taken genocidal proportions": Why Cornel West and Carl Dix are rising up against police brutality. Salon, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  86. ↑ Voices of Rise Up October: Quentin Tarantino, Cornel West, Victims' Families Decry Police Violence. Democracy Now, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  87. ↑ Matt Reed: Activists protest at Providence Dunkin' Donuts in support of black lives matter movement. In: turnto10.com. NBC News, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  88. ↑ Veronica Rocha: Kanye West-themed frat party at UCLA sparks protests, claims of racism. LA Times, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  89. ↑ 51 arrested in protests after black man shot by Minneapolis police. USA Today, abgerufen am 18. November 2015.
  90. ↑ Jason Silverstein: Five people shot at Minneapolis Black Lives Matter protest. In: NY Daily News. 24. November 2015, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2015.
  91. ↑ Two men arrested in shooting of Black Lives Matter protesters in Minneapolis. In: Washington Post. 24. November 2015, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2015.
  92. ↑ Dartmouth says Black Lives Matter protest didn't lead to violence, WMUR, November 17, 2015
  93. ↑ Black Lives Matter protesters berate white students studying at Dartmouth library, Washington Times, November 16, 2015
  94. ↑ Dartmouth president threatens sanctions against Black Lives Matter protesters who stormed library, Washington Times, November 24, 2015
  95. ↑ Dartmouth College #BlackLivesMatter Protest, Campus Reform channel at YouTube, November 14, 2015
  96. ↑ http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-black-lives-matter-20151225-story.html
  97. ↑ John Eligon: One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics. New York Times, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  98. ↑ Alex Seitz-Wald: DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter. MSNBC, abgerufen am 1. November 2015.
  99. ↑ a b Reena Flores: Democratic debate: Do black lives matter? CBS News, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  100. ↑ Carimah Townes: How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question. Think Progress, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  101. ↑ Gideon Resnick: Everyone but Jim Webb Says Black Lives Matter. The Daily Beast, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015. Referenzfehler: Ungültiger Parameter in <ref>.
  102. ↑ Tanzina Vega: Did Hillary and Bernie connect with black voters? CNN, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  103. ↑ Hillary Clinton's brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics. In: Vox. Abgerufen am 2. Oktober 2015.
  104. ↑ Kira Lerner: Ben Carson Says The 'Black Lives Matter' Movement Is 'Silly'. Think Progress, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  105. ↑ Vanessa Williams: Carson: Activists should advocate for ‘all black lives, not just a few’. Washington Post, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  106. ↑ a b Alice Ollstein: GOP Debate Spends Less Than A Minute On Police Violence And Black Lives Matter. Think Progress, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  107. ↑ Scott Walker suggested it's more dangerous to be a cop today. It's actually much safer. In: Vox. Abgerufen am 2. Oktober 2015.
  108. ↑ Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter. In: Vox. Abgerufen am 2. Oktober 2015.
  109. ↑ Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group". Abgerufen am 16. September 2015.
  110. ↑ Jake Miller: Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter? CBS News, abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2015.
  111. ↑ Claude Brodesser-Akner: Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU. In: NJ.com. Abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  112. ↑ Jim Geraghty: Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate. National Review, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
  113. ↑ Wesley Lowery: DNC and RNC won’t add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall. Washington Post, abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2015.
  114. ↑ Lee Stranahan: Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!' Breitbart, abgerufen am 13. August 2015.
  115. ↑ Jennifer Laar: 'Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'. IJReview, abgerufen am 13. August 2015.
  116. ↑ a b Chris Moody: Democrats lose control of presidential event, CNN, July 19, 2015. Abgerufen im August 12, 2015 
  117. ↑ Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed. In: washingtonpost.com.
  118. ↑ Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter? In: The Daily Beast.
  119. ↑ Vorlage:Cite av media
  120. ↑ Jim Brunner: Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 In: The Seattle Times. Abgerufen im August 9, 2015 
  121. ↑ Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists, Think Progress, August 10, 2015. Abgerufen im August 13, 2015 
  122. ↑ Renee Lewis: Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption. Al Jazeera, abgerufen am 12. August 2015.
  123. ↑ Jordan Frasier: 'Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally, NBC News. Abgerufen im August 13, 2015 
  124. ↑ Ed O'Keefe: 'Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face, The Washington Post. Abgerufen im August 13, 2015 
  125. ↑ Dan Merica: Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter, CNN. Abgerufen im October 31, 2015 
  126. ↑ Jeremy Diamond: Trump on protester: 'Maybe he should have been roughed up'. CNN, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  127. ↑ Judd Legum: Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events. In: ThinkProgress. Abgerufen am 12. August 2015.
  128. ↑ Eugene Scott: Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter', CNN, September 3, 2015. Abgerufen im October 24, 2015 
  129. ↑ Ella Ceron: Macklemore, Award-Winning White Rapper, Makes a Song About White Privilege, January 22, 2016. Abgerufen im January 23, 2016 
  130. ↑ Macklemore and Ryan Lewis: White Privilege II. Macklemore LLC;
  131. ↑ Vorlage:Cite av media
  132. ↑ A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire. In: The Feminist Wire. Abgerufen am 2. Oktober 2015.
  133. ↑ Laura Flanders: Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter, Truthout, March 24, 2015. Abgerufen im March 25, 2015 
  134. ↑ David Theo Goldberg: Why "Black Lives Matter" Because All Lives Don't Matter in America. In: The Huffington Post. 25. September 2015, abgerufen am 18. November 2015.
  135. ↑ President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement. CBS News, abgerufen am 24. Oktober 2015.
  136. ↑ Annika Fredrikson: Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter? In: Christian Science Monitor. Abgerufen im September 17, 2015 
  137. ↑ Barbara Reynolds: I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter. In: The Washington Post, August 24, 2015. Abgerufen im September 17, 2015 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  138. ↑ a b c Deroy Murdock: Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus. New York Post;
  139. ↑ Angel Jennings: Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists. LA Times;
  140. ↑ 'Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot, BBC. Abgerufen im July 27, 2015 
  141. ↑ Jessica Mendoza: Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video) In: Christian Science Monitor. Abgerufen im September 17, 2015 
  142. ↑ Gottfried, Mara H.: Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say. In: TwinCities.com, St. Paul Pioneer Press. 31. August 2015, abgerufen am 22. September 2015.
  143. ↑ Jessica Chasmar: Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke: Black Lives Matter ‘will join forces’ with Islamic State. Washington Times, abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2015.
  144. ↑ NC police chief who retired after calling ‘Black Lives Matter’ a ‘terrorist group’ speaks out. Fox, abgerufen am 7. November 2015.
  145. ↑ Sarah Larimer: Officer reassigned after calling Black Lives Matter protesters ‘fools’ in tweet. Washington Post, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  146. ↑ Joel Mathis: Is the Black Lives Matter movement inspiring a new crime wave? Newsday, abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2015.
  147. ↑ Carimah Townes: The Myth Of The ‘Ferguson Effect’. Think Progress, abgerufen am 17. November 2015.
  148. ↑ a b Taylor Turner: Facebook Pages Purporting To Represent 'White Student Unions' Spark Backlash On College Campuses. ABC, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  149. ↑ Allum Bokhari: EXCLUSIVE: The Media Is Wrong, White Student Unions Are not ‘Hoaxes’ Created by Racists. Breitbart, abgerufen am 26. November 2015.
  150. ↑ Do Black Lives Really Matter to Liberals?, American Thinker, December 19, 2014
  151. ↑ John McWhorter: Commentary: Black Lives Matter should also take on black-on-black crime. Chicago Tribune, abgerufen am 28. Oktober 2015.
  152. ↑ Stephen Cohen: Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman addresses 'Black Lives Matter' after post falsely attributed to him In: Seattlepi.com, Hearst Seattle Media, September 16, 2015. Abgerufen im September 17, 2015 
  153. ↑ Luvvie Ajayi: Scandal Recap: Justice for Brandon. Vulture, abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2015.
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