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Black Lives Matter

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Vorlage:Use mdy dates

Protestors carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014

Black Lives Matter is an American activist grassroots movement that traces back to the July 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Florida shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin. It received fresh impetus from the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown, an African-American teen, and the death of Eric Garner, as well as the acquittals of both of the officers who killed them. The Black Lives Matter movement also speaks out and organizes against police brutality against African-Americans in the United States. Some of the unarmed African-Americans who died at the hands of law enforcement have had their deaths protested by the movement, including Tamir Rice, Eric Harris, Walter Scott, and Freddie Gray (which sparked the 2015 Baltimore protests).

The movement was co-founded by three black activists: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.[1][2]

The shooting of Walter Scott by a white policeman was recorded by bystander Feidin Santana, who contacted a local activist involved with Black Lives Matter; they, in turn, contacted Scott's family to take possession of the video. This led to the police officer's arrest.[3]

Description and events

Photo from march on April 29 in New York City

The movement began as a hashtag after George Zimmerman's 2013 acquittal for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, and gained momentum after the shooting of Michael Brown, the shooting of John Crawford III, and the death of Eric Garner, all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., Canada, and Ghana.[4] The organization states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."[5] The movement has received worldwide media attention due to its massive scope and ongoing existence. Protesters and protest organizers have met with U.S. President Barack Obama and other prominent leaders to demand an end to what they view as racial profiling, police brutality, mass incarceration of African-Americans, and the militarization of many U.S. police departments.

Sean Bell Protest

As of March 2, 2015, at least 700 Black Lives Matter demonstrations have been held worldwide.[6] In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into Ferguson, Missouri, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.[7] Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from New York City, Newark, Boston, Chicago, Columbus, Miami, Detroit, Houston, Oakland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Nashville, Portland, Tucson, Washington, D.C., and more, in a similar way to that of the Freedom Riders in the 1960s.[8] In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota.[9]

The "informal branch of Black Lives Matter in Ferguson" has been involved in the Ferguson unrest, following the death of Michael Brown.[10]

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 fast food strike in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.[11][12][13]

Influence

Photo from march on April 29, 2015, in New York City

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by Alicia Garza and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Trayvon Martin trial.[14] The American Dialect Society chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their word of the year for 2014.[15][16] Vida Johnson and other black professors support the movement.[17]

Founder Alicia Garza has denounced certain corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan which she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn’t mean your life isn’t important–it means that black lives, which are seen as without value within white supremacy, are important to your liberation".[18]

In a video interview with Laura Flanders, Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand structural racism in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.[19] In a Twitter post, Black Lives Matter said, "If you really believe that all lives matter, you will fight like hell for Black lives."[20]

A group of Asian-Americans created the hashtag #Asians4BlackLives in solidarity with the movement and specifically to confront anti-blackness in some Asian-American communities.[21]

Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of Law & Order: SVU.[14][18] The TV drama Scandal expressed support to the Black Lives Matter movement on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.[22]

The hastag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.[23] "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the Civic Center in Downtown Denver. At the Netroots Nation Conference in Los Angeles, Democratic presidential candidate Martin O'Malley declared "All Lives Matter" and was booed by Black Lives Matter demonstrators.[24]

Philosophy

Founder Alicia Garza has summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows:

Vorlage:Quotation

List of deaths protested by Black Lives Matter

Link Date Name (Age) of deceased City, State Description and aftermath
[25][26]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Oscar Grant III (22) Oakland, California Shot by BART Police officer Johannes Mehserle. Initially Grant had struggled with officers, but was shot while being restrained and unarmed.[27] The officers were responding to a call of a fight on a train.[28] Mehserle, who maintained that he accidentally used his handgun when he meant to use his Taser, was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter and received a sentence of two years in jail.[29]
[30][31]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Aiyana Jones (7) Detroit, Michigan Shot by policeman Joseph Weekley during a house raid. Weekley was ultimately cleared of all charges after multiple mistrials.[32]
[33][34]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Kenneth Chamberlain, Sr. (68) White Plains, New York Shot by policeman Anthony Carelli in Chamberlain's home. No criminal charges filed. Emergency services were drawn to Chamberlain's home after his medical alert device activated. Chamberlain refused to let them in, with police breaking down the door to enter.[35]
[36][26][37]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Trayvon Martin (17) Sanford, Florida Trayvon Martin was shot outdoors by neighborhood watch coordinator George Zimmerman, who was later charged and acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter.[38]
Resulted in the speech "Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago" by President Barack Obama.
Directly inspired the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement.[39]
[40][31]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Rekia Boyd (22) Chicago, Illinois Shot by policeman Dante Servin after Servin confronted a group of people in a local park. A directed verdict found Servin not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.[41]
[33][37]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Jordan Davis (17) Jacksonville, Florida Shot by software developer Michael David Dunn over an argument over loud music. Dunn was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without parole.[42]
[33][43]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Multiple:
Timothy Russell (43)
Malissa Williams (30)		 Cleveland, Ohio Both were shot during a car chase, each being hit more than 20 times. 13 policemen fired 137 shots into the car; the car chase stemmed from police thinking they were being shot at by the car's occupants, but no gun was found in the car and the sound was later determined to be due to the back-fire of the Chevrolet Malibu. Policeman Michael Brelo was charged with voluntary manslaughter, but was cleared in 2014. The judge found that because other policemen had also fired, it was not beyond reasonable doubt Brelo was responsible for killing the duo.[44][45]
[46][47]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Renisha McBride (19) Dearborn Heights, Michigan Shot by airport maintenance worker Theodore Wafer, after McBride had approached Wafer's home on a rainy early morning after a car accident, seeking help. Wafer was sentenced to at least 17 years in jail for second-degree murder, manslaughter and felony firearm usage.[48]
[49][50]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Dontre Hamilton (31) Milwaukee, Wisconsin Shot by policeman Christopher Manney, when a fight broke out when Manney attempted to frisk Hamilton. Although he did not face criminal charges, Manney was fired from the police.[51]
[52][26][53]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Eric Garner (43) New York City, New York Died from a chokehold by policeman Daniel Pantaleo as well as the police's compression of Garner's chest. Garner was being arrested on the suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes.[54]
[55][56]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 John Crawford III (22) Dayton, Ohio Shot by policeman Sean Williams when police answered a 911 call alleging a man waving a gun in a Walmart store. Crawford was holding a pellet/BB gun being sold in the store itself. A grand jury declined to indict any policemen, but the United States Department of Justice is investigating.[57]
[58][26][53]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Michael Brown (18) Ferguson, Missouri Shot by policeman Darren Wilson on a street. After Brown robbed a convenience store, he was confronted by Officer Wilson. The two struggled through the window of Wilson's police vehicle, where Wilson shot Brown, who fled with Wilson pursuing. When Brown turned around and advanced on Wilson, Wilson shot Brown multiple times in the front. Both a St. Louis County grand jury and the United States Department of Justice decided not to charge Wilson.[59]
Resulted in several waves of the Ferguson unrest, as well as the "Hands up, don't shoot" saying.
[60][61]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Ezell Ford (25) Florence, Los Angeles Shot by policemen Sharlton Wampler and Antonio Villegas, who confronted Ford as part of an "investigative stop".[62]
[63][64]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Akai Gurley (28) Brooklyn, New York City Shot by policeman Peter Liang, who drew his gun and accidentally discharged it. A round ricocheted and hit Gurley, who was elsewhere on the same stairwell as Liang. Liang was indicted by a grand jury on manslaughter, assault, and other criminal charges.[65]
[52][26][53]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Tamir Rice (12) Cleveland, Ohio Shot in a city park by policeman Timothy Loehmann.[66] Rice had been allegedly pointing his air-soft pellet gun replica at passersby prior to getting shot. A grand jury will decide whether either Loehmann or his partner Garmback will be indicted.
[67][68]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Tony Robinson (19) Madison, Wisconsin Shot by policeman Matt Kenny during an altercation as Kenny was responding to reports of a man jumping in front of cars and attempting to strangle someone. The Wisconsin Department of Justice will investigate the Robinson shooting.[69]
[70][71]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Meagan Hockaday (26) Oxnard, California Shot by policeman Roger Garcia after Hockaday ran at Garcia and his partner with a knife while they were responding to a domestic dispute report. Garcia has been placed on administrative leave and the case is currently being investigated.[72]
[73][53]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Walter Scott (50) North Charleston, South Carolina Shot by police officer Michael Slager during a traffic stop. Slager was charged with murder after a video surfaced showing him shooting Scott multiple times from behind while Scott was fleeing.[74]
[75][26][76]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Freddie Gray (25) Baltimore, Maryland Fell into a coma while being transported by police after they arrested him. Gray died a week later of injuries to his spinal cord. Charges have been filed against 6 policemen after a medical examiner’s report that ruled Gray's death a homicide.[77]
Resulted in the 2015 Baltimore riots and 2015 Baltimore curfew.
[78][79]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Emanuel Nine (multiple) Charleston, South Carolina A mass shooting at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church resulted in nine dead and one injured.[80]
[81]
Vorlage:dts ist VERALTET – siehe dort.
 Sandra Bland (28) Waller County, Texas Pulled over by police, arrested, and found dead in her jail cell. Her death was ruled a suicide by the county medical examiner, with no evidence of foul play.[82]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:2014 Ferguson unrest Vorlage:Black Lives Matter

  1. ↑ Hunt, Jazelle: Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media. In: Black Voice News. 13. Januar 2015, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.
  2. ↑ Valentina Zarya: Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters. In: Fortune Magazine. 19. Juli 2015, abgerufen am 20. Juli 2015.
  3. ↑ Meghan Keneally: Police Shooting Witness Says He Saw Officer Drop Something by Walter Scott's Body (Memento des Originals vom April 9, 2015 im Internet Archive) In: ABC News. Abgerufen im April 9, 2015 
  4. ↑ Segalov, Michael: We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America. In: Vice. 2. Februar 2015, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.
  5. ↑ Black Lives Matter About.
  6. ↑ 2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations. In: Elephrame. Abgerufen am 28. Januar 2015.
  7. ↑ Solomon, Akiba: Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson. In: Colorlines. 5. September 2014, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.
  8. ↑ Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L: 5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown. In: The Guardian. 4. September 2014, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.
  9. ↑ Brumfield, Ben: Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested. In: CNN. 21. Dezember 2014, abgerufen am 21. Dezember 2014.
  10. ↑ Steven W Thrasher: What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting? The Guardian, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2015.
  11. ↑ Greenhouse, Steven. "Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics", The New York Times, March 30, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  12. ↑ Woodman, Spencer. "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage", Vice, April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  13. ↑ Bruce Horovitz and Yamiche Alcindor. "Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement". USA Today. April 15, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  14. ↑ a b Jessica Guynn: Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter, USA Today, March 4, 2015. Abgerufen im March 8, 2015 
  15. ↑ R.L.G.: Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)]. The Economist, 15. Januar 2015, abgerufen am 11. April 2015.
  16. ↑ http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html
  17. ↑ An Open Letter of Love to Black Students: #BlackLivesMatter. In: http://blackspaceblog.com/. Abgerufen am 27. April 2015.
  18. ↑ a b Alicia Garza: A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement. In: The Feminist Wire. Abgerufen am 8. März 2015.
  19. ↑ Laura Flanders: Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter, Truthout, March 24, 2015. Abgerufen im March 25, 2015 
  20. ↑ @Blklivesmatter. In: http://twitter.com. Abgerufen am 30. April 2015.
  21. ↑ Julia Carrie Wong: “Which side are you on?”: #Asians4BlackLives confronts anti-black prejudice in Asian communities, Salon, March 8, 2015. Abgerufen im March 10, 2015 
  22. ↑ Jen Yamato: ‘Scandal’ Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: ‘It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are’. In: Daily Beast. Abgerufen am 16. April 2015.
  23. ↑ 'Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot, BBC. Abgerufen im 27 July 2015 
  24. ↑ Krista Kafer: Kafer: Which lives matter? Who decides?, The Denver Post. Abgerufen im 27 July 2015 
  25. ↑ Trayvon Martin. Marissa Alexander. Oscar Grant. Justice for all! #blacklivesmatter. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 24. Mai 2015.
  26. ↑ a b c d e f Yohuru Williams: You're Nobody 'Till Somebody Kills You: Baltimore, Freddie Gray and the Problem of History. Huffington Post, abgerufen am 29. Mai 2015.
  27. ↑ Demian Bulwa, Wyatt Buchanan, Matthew Yi: Behind murder charge against ex-BART officer, San Francisco Chronicle, January 9, 2011 
  28. ↑ Demian Bulwa: BART's shooting probe missteps, San Francisco Chronicle, January 30, 2009 
  29. ↑ Bob Egelko: Johannes Mehserle's appeal rejected. In: SGGate, San Francisco Chronicle, September 12, 2012. Abgerufen im December 19, 2012 
  30. ↑ State of the Black Union. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  31. ↑ a b Laura Mandaro, Jessica Guynn: Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'. USA Today, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  32. ↑ Charges Dropped Against Cop Who Shot Sleeping 7-Year-Old Girl. In: The Huffington Post. Abgerufen am 8. Mai 2015.
  33. ↑ a b c Black and unarmed. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  34. ↑ Mike Issacs: Coming Together program explores deadly race issues in America. Chicago Tribune, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  35. ↑ Rose Arce and Soledad O'Brien: Police officer cleared in shooting death of ailing veteran in New York. CNN, 4. Mai 2012, abgerufen am 3. August 2013.
  36. ↑ All #BlackLivesMatter. This is Not a Moment, but a Movement. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  37. ↑ a b Richard Halstead: Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks. Marin Independent Journal, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  38. ↑ Greg Botelho: Zimmerman jury reaches a verdict, CNN, July 13, 2013. Abgerufen im May 7, 2015 
  39. ↑ Jessica Guynn: Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter, USA Today, March 4, 2015. Abgerufen im March 8, 2015 
  40. ↑ Officer Who Killed Rekia Boyd Not Guilty of All Charges, Judge Rules. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  41. ↑ Chicago Police Detective Cleared of Manslaughter in Shooting Death In: NY Daily News, April 21, 2015. Abgerufen im April 28, 2015 
  42. ↑ Life without parole for loud-music murderer in Florida - CNN.com. In: CNN. Abgerufen am 8. Mai 2015.
  43. ↑ Ralph Ellis: Protests, arrests follow acquittal of Cleveland police officer. CNN, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  44. ↑ Cleveland police-chase shooting: As more information emerges, so do the questions. The Plain Dealer, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  45. ↑ Cleveland arrests after US officer cleared of unarmed deaths. In: BBC News. 24. Mai 2015, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  46. ↑ I am Renisha McBride and my life matters. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  47. ↑ Michelle Anderson: Muskegon-area churches to participate in 'Black Lives Matter' movement on Sunday. mLive Media Group, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  48. ↑ Tearful judge gives man 17 years for Michigan porch shooting. In: Yahoo! News. 3. September 2014, abgerufen am 7. Mai 2015.
  49. ↑ From our family Young, Gifted and Black in Madison, WI. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  50. ↑ Max Seigle: Many participate in 'Black Lives Matter' rally downtown. WISN-TV, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  51. ↑ Dontre Hamilton case: Former officer not charged in fatal Milwaukee shooting. In: cbsnews.com. 22. Dezember 2014;.
  52. ↑ a b Activists blast NYPD attempts to silence movement for change. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 24. Mai 2015.
  53. ↑ a b c d Liz Fields: After Walter Scott Killing, Black Lives Matter Movement Calls For Citizen Oversight of Police. Vice News, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  54. ↑ Joseph Goldstein, Marc Santora: Staten Island Man Died From Chokehold During Arrest, Autopsy Finds In: The New York Times, August 1, 2014. Abgerufen im May 8, 2015 
  55. ↑ but john Crawford was shot dead in less than 4 seconds in the Walmart in Ohio. Didn't resist. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  56. ↑ Lewis Wallce: Dayton 'Black Lives Matter' protesters to appear in court today. WKSU-FM, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  57. ↑ Ohio Wal-Mart surveillance video shows police shooting and killing John Crawford III. Abgerufen am 14. Dezember 2014.
  58. ↑ #BlackLivesMatter stands in solidarity and support with the Ferguson community in its call for #JusticeforMikeBrown and for all black people affected by state violence. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  59. ↑ Holbrook Mohr, David A. Lieb: [Internetquelle: archiv-url ungültig Feds: Evidence Backs Ferguson Officer's Account in Shooting.] In: The New York Times. 4. März 2015, archiviert vom Original am 3. April 2015; abgerufen am 9. März 2015.
  60. ↑ #BlackLivesMatter Solidarity Justice For Ezell Ford & Fallen Angels Action Page. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  61. ↑ Hailey Branson-Potts: Police abuse, black-on-black violence focus of rally in South L.A. Los Angeles Times, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  62. ↑ Melissa Pamer, Nerissa Knight: Man Fatally Shot by Police in South L.A. Tried to Grab Officer's Gun: LAPD. KTLA, 13. August 2014, abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2014.
  63. ↑ A statement from members of the #BlackLivesMatter team. Abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  64. ↑ Nadia Prupis: NYPD Officer Indicted in Shooting of Akai Gurley: Reports. Common Dreams NewsCenter, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  65. ↑ NYPD Officer Peter Liang Indicted In Fatal Shooting Of Akai Gurley « CBS New York. Abgerufen am 11. Februar 2015.
  66. ↑ Elahe Izadi, Peter Holley: Video shows Cleveland officer shooting 12-year-old Tamir Rice within seconds, Washington Post, November 26, 2014 
  67. ↑ #StopKillingUs. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  68. ↑ Mary Spicuzza, Bill Glauber: Madison DA decides no charges warranted in Robinson shooting. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  69. ↑ Elisha Fieldstadt: Tony Robinson Shooting: Protests Continue in Madison, Wisconsin In: NBC News, March 8, 2015. Abgerufen im March 10, 2015 
  70. ↑ Caroline Siede: #SayHerName movement brings attention to female victims of police brutality. In: Boing Boing. 22. Mai 2015;.
  71. ↑ D. Smith: [OFFICER INVOLVED] Meagan Hockaday: Dead in 20 Seconds. In: Ebony. 30. März 2015;.
  72. ↑ Oxnard police identify officer involved in fatal shooting of woman In: Ventura County Star, 31 March 2015. Abgerufen im 30 April 2015 
  73. ↑ #WalterScott. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  74. ↑ Frances Robles: Racism Denounced at Walter Scott’s Funeral One Week After Police Shooting New York Times. Abgerufen am 12. April 2015.
  75. ↑ Freddie Grey. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015.
  76. ↑ Erin Durkin, Oren Yaniv, Corky Siemaszko: Baltimore burns as riots over Freddie Gray's death convulse city, prompt officials to declare state of emergency, call in National Guard. New York Daily News, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2015.
  77. ↑ Freddie Gray’s death ruled a homicide. (video & text) In: pbs.org. 1. Mai 2015, abgerufen am 1. Mai 2015.
  78. ↑ Charleston, 8 dead, white gun person. Black Church. Black Lives Matter, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2015.
  79. ↑ Black Lives Matter: Charleston Shooting Was an Act of Terror. TeleSUR, abgerufen am 28. Juni 2015.
  80. ↑ Charleston Shooting Victims Identified. In: ABC News. 18. Juni 2015, abgerufen am 18. Juni 2015.
  81. ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/sandra-bland-hillary-clinton-democrats-2016/
  82. ↑ Katie Rogers: The Death of Sandra Bland: Questions and Answers, New York Times, 23 July 2015 
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