Benutzer:Universal-Interessierter/LMS-Klasse 8F

Vorlage:Infobox Locomotive The London Midland and Scottish Railway's 8F class 2-8-0 heavy freight locomotive is a class of steam locomotive designed for hauling heavy freight. 852 were built between 1935 and 1946 (not all to LMS order), as a freight version of William Stanier's successful Black Five, and the class saw extensive service overseas during and after the Second World War.

Background

LMS freight traction suffered from the adoption of the Midland Railway's small engine policy which had left it with trains double-headed by underpowered 0-6-0s supplemented by inadequate Garratts and Fowler 7F 0-8-0s.

The 8F design incorporated the two-cylinder arrangement of the Black Fives. They were initially classified 7F, but this was later changed to the more familiar 8F.

On the outbreak of the Second World War, the design was chosen to become the country's standard freight design, reprising the role the GCR Class 8K had in the First World War. The War Department had 208 8Fs built by Beyer Peacock and North British Locomotive Company and requisitioned 51 more.

Stanier 8F production for the WD continued until 1943, when the cheaper WD Austerity 2-8-0 was introduced. Production for British domestic use continued until 1946.

Construction

Order	Builder	Delivered	Quantity	Original Numbers	Notes
London, Midland & Scottish Railway	LMS Crewe Works	1935–44	137	LMS 8000–8026, 8096–8175, 8301–8330	13 requisitioned by War Department
London, Midland & Scottish Railway	Vulcan Foundry	1936–37	69	LMS 8027–8095	38 requisitioned by War Department
London, Midland & Scottish Railway	North British Locomotive Co.	1942	50	LMS 8176–8225
London, Midland & Scottish Railway	LMS Horwich Works	1943–45	75	LMS 8331–8399, 8490–8495
War Department	North British Locomotive Co.	1940–42	158	WD 300–399, 500–524, 540–571, 623	300-337 delivered as LMS 8226–8263, on loan from WD
War Department	Beyer, Peacock & Co.	1940–42	50	WD 400–449	400-414 delivered as LMS 8286-8300, on loan from WD
Railway Executive Committee	GWR Swindon Works	1943–45	80	LMS 8400–8479
Railway Executive Committee	LNER Darlington Works	1944–45	30	LMS 8500–8509, 8540–8559
Railway Executive Committee	LNER Doncaster Works	1944–45	30	LMS 8510–8539
Railway Executive Committee order	SR Eastleigh Works	1943–44	23	LMS 8600–8609, 8650–8662
Railway Executive Committee order	SR Ashford Works	1943–44	14	LMS 8610–8612, 8618–8624, 8671–8674
Railway Executive Committee order	SR Brighton Works	1943–44	68	LMS 8613–8617, 8625–8649, 8663–8670, 8675–8704
London & North Eastern Railway (Class O6)	SR Brighton Works	1944	25	LNER 7651–7675	renumbered LNER 3100–3124, then LNER 3500–3524, then LMS 8705–8729
London & North Eastern Railway (Class O6)	LNER Darlington Works	1945–46	23	LNER 3125–3147	renumbered LNER 3525–3547, then LMS 8730–8752
London & North Eastern Railway (Class O6)	LNER Doncaster Works	1945–46	20	LNER 3148–3167	renumbered LNER 3548–3567, then LMS/(BR) (4)8753–8772
Total			852

Overseas Service

The War Department originally ordered 8Fs for service in support of the British Expeditionary Force, but they were not delivered until after the Fall of France. However, most of them did see wartime military service overseas in Egypt, Palestine, Iran and Italy. Many of these locomotives were later sold to the local railways in these countries, and some were also sold to Turkey and Iraq.

Egypt

The British Army's Middle East Forces (MEF) in Egypt received 42 8Fs in 1941-42, with another 4 having been lost at sea en route. Some of these were loaned to Egyptian State Railways (ESR) and the others were used by the MEF on the Western Desert Extension Railway. The scarcity of water made steam locomotive operations on the WDER difficult, and their smoke also attracted unwanted attention from enemy aircraft, so once American diesels began to arrive from late 1942 the use of 8Fs on the WDER declined. Forty locomotives were sold to ESR in 1942-44. The other two locomotives had accident damage, and were made into one good locomotive which was also sold to ESR in 1945. The remains of the last locomotive were bought by ESR for spares in 1946.

The MEF received another 50 8Fs from Iran in 1944, for use in both Egypt and Palestine, although 15 of these were transferred to Italy later in the year. Some of the 50 were not in operational condition, and 4 were scrapped by the MEF in 1946 without further use. Another 59 former Iranian 8Fs were transferred to the MEF in 1946, most of which were initially used in Palestine. This brought the number of 8Fs in the Middle East Forces up to 90.

After the war the British military presence in the region wained, so the need for military locomotives declined. The MEF's fleet was largely sold off in 1947-48 to British Railways (39), Palestine Railways (24) and ESR (11). Five returned to Britain for continued WD use in 1952. MEF railway operation ended in 1954, with 10 8Fs being sold to ESR, and 1 scrapped by MEF following bomb damage.

ESR thus purchased a total of 62 8Fs from MEF between 1942 and 1954, and operated the type until 1963.

Iran

Following the occupation of Iran in 1941, WD locomotives were required to operate the Persian Corridor supply route, delivering war materials to the Soviet Union via the Trans-Iranian Railway. 163 8F were dispatched to Iran in 1941-42, but only 143 arrived (12 being lost at sea and 8 returned to Britain with sea damage). These operated as Iranian State Railways' Class 41,.

The arrival of US Army Transportation Corps units in Iran with their own locomotives (including diesels which were more suitable for use in desert regions) made many of the 8Fs redundant, and 50 locomotives were transferred to the Middle East Forces in 1944. At the end of the war the need for steam locomotives in Iran was further reduced and another 71 locomotives left for the MEF (59) and Iraq (12) in 1945-48. The remaining 22 locomotives in Iran had all been withdrawn by 1963.

Iraq

Ten WD locomotives were transferred from Iran in 1946-47, being purchased by Iraqi State Railways in 1947, and 2 more locomotive were purchased from Iran in 1948. These became Iraqi Class TD, and operated until the 1970s.

Italy

15 former Iranian 8F were transferred to Italy by way of the MEF during 1944. After the war they were sold to Ferrovie dello Stato, where they operated as FS Class 737 until the late 1950s.

Palestine and Israel

Israel Railways 8F 70513 (NBL 24721 of 1941), taking water at Zichron Ya'akov on 4 January 1949. This was one of 24 WD 8Fs sold to Palestine Railways after wartime service in Iran and Palestine

.

Some MEF 8Fs were loaned to Palestine Railways during 1942, but larger numbers of former Iranian locomotives arrived in 1944, being used on the Haifa Beirut Tripoli Railway and other lines. In 1947 24 MEF 8Fs were sold to Palestine Railways. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War 23 of these locomotives were taken over by Israel Railways, being operated until 1958. The war stranded the other 8F, 70372 (NBL works no. 24680), on a small section of the main line near Tulkarm on the West Bank side of the 1949 Armistice line. It remained there, increasingly derelict, until after the 1967 Israeli invasion of the West Bank. The Israelis finally removed and scrapped it in about 1973.

Turkey

Twenty five new WD locomotives were sold to Turkish State Railways (TCDD) in 1941 for diplomatic reasons, but seven of these were lost at sea en route. Two more locomotives were delivered in 1943, making a total of 20. These served as the TCDD 45151 Class, operating until the 1980s.

War Department use in UK

With their intended role in France having ceased to exist, early WD 8Fs were loaned to British railway companies in 1940-42, being given temporary numbers in the LMS series. However, by late 1941 the need for locomotives in Iran and Egypt was such that all of the WD locomotives which had been completed up to that point were recalled for military service, and 50 more locomotives were requisitioned from the LMS. Locomotive WD 407 (LMS 8293) had been damaged in an accident whilst on loan to the Great Western Railway, so a 51st LMS engine was requisitioned as a replacement.

By 1942 the need for locomotives overseas had been satisfied, and the final 24 new WD 8Fs remained in the UK on loan to LMS. Also remaining in the UK were nine damaged locomotives (WD 407 and 8 requisitioned locomotives whose voyage to Iran had been aborted after the S.S. Pembridge Hall suffered severe storm damage - 4 other locomotives had had to be jetisoned into the sea to save the ship). Two locomotives were sold to Turkey in 1944, and the other 31 were sold to the LMS in 1943.

In 1952 five WD 8Fs returned to the UK from the MEF in poor condition. These were refurbished for WD use at the Longmoor Military Railway (LMR). Three of these were sold to British Railways in 1957. The other two were transferred to the Cairnryan Military Railway and were scrapped in 1959, ending the WD's use of 8F locomotives.

British civilian use

'The Big Four' railways

Some 331 locomotives were built for the London Midland and Scottish Railway between 1935-45. A further 245 were built by the London and North Eastern Railway, Great Western Railway and Southern Railway in 1943-45 for LMS stock, though mostly retained on loan by the other railways during the war. The LNER also purchased 68 Stanier 8Fs for its own use in 1944-46, classifying them O6, though these were also sold to the LMS after the war. As noted above, 51 LMS locomotives were requisitioned by the WD in 1941, but 31 WD locomotives were subsequently purchased by the LMS in 1943 (including 8 of the requisitioned engines).

British Railways

As a result, 624 8Fs passed into British Railways ownership when Britain's railways were nationalised in 1948. A further 39 (10 requisitioned) were purchased from MEF stock in 1948, and a final 3 (1 requisitioned) from the Longmoor Military Railway in 1957, bringing the total to 666. The 8Fs were concentrated on the London Midland Region, but were also allocated to former LMS sheds on other regions. Despite some having operated in Scotland by the LMS, they were not common on the Scottish Region under BR ownership as the later WD 'Austerity' 2-8-0 and 2-10-0 types were used instead.

8F No. 48600 was used in the 1953 Glenn Ford film Time Bomb, also called Terror on a Train.

Withdrawal

End of the line: withdrawn 8Fs in spring 1968 at Newton Heath, Manchester awaiting scrapping

The 8Fs were successful and durable locomotives in BR service, with all 666 locomotives surviving until 1960 and routine withdrawals not beginning until 1964. The first to go in 1960 was 48616, followed two years later by 48009. 48773–48775 (the former Longmoor Military Railway locomotives which were the only 8Fs on the Scottish Region) were also withdrawn in 1962, but these were reinstated into London Midland Region stock in 1963. The remaining 664 were withdrawn between 1964 and 1968, with 150 surviving to the last year of steam on BR.

Year	Quantity in service at start of year	Quantity withdrawn	Locomotive number(s)
1960	666	1	48616
1961	665	0	—
1962	665	4	48009/773–775
1963	661	-3	(48773–775 reinstated)
1964	664	26	etc.
1965	638	95	etc.
1966	543	162	etc.
1967	381	231	etc.
1968	150	150	48010/2/26/33/6/45/6/56/60/2/3/77/81/90 48107/11/5/7/24/32/51/3/67/8/70/82/91–3/7 48200/1/6/12/24/47/52/3/7/67/72/8/82/92/4 48304/5/7/8/17/9/21–3/5/7/9/34/5/8/40/4/5/8/51/6/65/8/9/73/4/80/4/90/2/3 48400/10/21/3/4/33/7/41/2/5/8/51/3/65/7/8/71/6/91–3 48503/4/7/10/29/32/3/44/6/9/51/3/9 48609/12/4/7/20/6/31/2/9/46/52/65/6/77/8/83/4/7/92 48700/2/15/20/2/3/7/30/40/4–6/9/50/2/63/5/73/5

Preservation

Seven LMS/BR locomotives have been preserved in the UK, and three more of the class have been repatriated to the UK from Turkey, with one later sent to a museum in Israel. In addition, two Turkish Railway (TCCD) locomotives have been preserved in Turkey, and some more remain there in a derelict state. At least one locomotive may have survived in Iraq. The complete list is shown below. Two more are also visible underwater on the wreck of the Vorlage:SS.

Number				Location	Notes
LMS	BR	WD	TCCD
8151	48151	-	-	West Coast Railway Company (Carnforth)	Operational. Certified for mainline use.
8173	48173	-	-	Churnet Valley Railway	Awaiting Restoration. Loco is in ex-Barry scrapyard condition.
8233	48773	307	-	Severn Valley Railway	Built as WD 307 and loaned to LMS as 8233. To Iran as 41.109, then WD (MEF) 70307, WD (LMR) 500 and BR 48773. Static display. Currently in the Engine House awaiting overhaul.
8305	48305	-	-	Great Central Railway	Built at Crewe Works, 48305 spent much of her career operating across the Midlands. She was withdrawn in 1968, just before the end of steam. During the time spent at Barry scrapyard she was sprayed with the words "Please don't let me die!" on the smokebox door, but was saved by Roger Hibbert in 1985 and was restored back to steam in the next 10 years. In 2011, half way though her boiler ticket the decision was taken to perform another overhaul. It is hoped she will return to traffic in 2013/14. This loco is currently undergoing a major overhaul.
8431	48431	-	-	Keighley and Worth Valley Railway	Static display. Only surviving Swindon-built example.
8518	48518	-	-	Llangollen Railway	Only surviving LNER-built example. Being used as a kit of parts. Boiler was removed in January 2008 and transported to the Didcot Railway Centre for re-use and modification with 1014 'County of Glamorgan'. Other parts to be used by the LMS Patriot Project. Highly unlikely to be restored in its own right.
8624	48624	-	-	Great Central Railway	This is the only surviving Southern-built example in preservation. 48624 was brought back to life in spring 2009 at Peak Rail carrying a fictional LMS Crimson Lake livery as 8624. This was only ever worn authentically by express-passenger classes of the company. She ran at Peak Rail for about a year & was then put on loan to other lines (including Churnet Valley Railway) , but became a semi-permanent resident of the Great Central Railway in early 2011. 48624 is now sporting the same livery with BR numbering. Her boiler ticket expires in 2019.
(8274)	-	348	45160	Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway	Exported as a kit of parts to Turkey in 1940. Returned to UK in 1989. Operational. Did run with TCDD livery as 45160 but now (May 2012) running again as "LMS 8476" (a Swindon-built example of the class) during GWR 175.
-	-	522	45161	Preserved in Turkey	On display in Camlik museum
(8279)	-	353	45165	Turkey	Dumped in Alasehir, Photographed in 2008
(8267)	-	341	45166	Beersheba	Recovered from Sivas, Turkey, December 2010 by the Churchill 8F group. Delivered from Barry in South Wales to the municipality of Beersheba in Israel in December 2012 where it will be cosmetically restored and exhibited in a new museum in the restored Turkish train station formerly on the Railway to Beersheba.Vorlage:Citation needed
(8266)	-	340	45168	Preserved in Turkey	Static display in Izmit old railway station Pictures from 2009
-	-	554	45170	North Norfolk Railway	Recovered from Sivas, Turkey, December 2010. Privately owned, but on display at the National Railway Museum works in Shildon until summer 2011. On 6 September 2012, 45170 arrived at the North Norfolk Railway as a long term project, and will have work commence during the coming years.Vorlage:Citation needed
-	-	547	-	Iraqi Republic Railways (IRR), Baghdad	Built as WD 547, then to Iran as 41.222, WD (Iraq) 70547, to ISR as 909 then 1429. Currently disused - abandoned in field near IRR

In Popular Culture

• 8F No. 8431 has been featured in Pink Floyd The Wall, prominently during the song Vera and Bring the Boys Back Home.

Gallery

• 
  48392 and 48216 at Water Orton
• 
  48101
• 
  Preserved 48151
• 
  A recently repatriated 8F from Turkey, 2011
• 
• 

See also

• SS Thistlegorm

References

• Paul Cotterell: The Railways of Palestine and Israel. Tourret Publishing, 1984, ISBN 0-905878-04-3. 
• Hugh Hughes: Middle East Railways. Continental Railway Circle, 1981, ISBN 0-9503469-7-7. 
• J.W.P Rowledge: Engines of the LMS, built 1923–51. Oxford Publishing Company, Oxford 1975, ISBN 0-902888-59-5. 

External links

• The Stanier 8F Locomotive Society