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An 1893 engraving of Joseph Smith receiving the Golden Plates and the Urim and Thummim from Moroni. The sword of Laban is shown nearby.

The Golden Plates is the name most frequently used to refer to a book with metallic engraved leaves that Joseph Smith, Jr. said was the source for his 1829 translation of the Book of Mormon. Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, said he found the plates together with other ancient artifacts in a hill near his home, where they had been protected for centuries by an angel named Moroni. During the 1830s, the Golden Plates were sometimes referred to as the Gold Bible.[1]

Significance of the golden plates

Since the 1820s, the Golden Plates have been one of the central and most significant elements of the Latter Day Saint movement, because Smith said he used them to produce the Book of Mormon, the "keystone" of the religion he founded Vorlage:Harv. For many adherents, the actual, physical existence of the Golden Plates is a central element of their faithVorlage:Fact; however, the plates, if they existed, have never been available for inspection, other than by a group of Three Witnesses and a separate group of Eight Witnesses whose testimony was included at the end of the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon Vorlage:Harv. The present whereabouts of the Golden Plates are unknown, because Smith said he gave them back to an angel for safekeeping Vorlage:Harv.

Physical description of the Golden Plates

Full-scale model of the Golden Plates based on Joseph Smith's description.

Appearance

In a letter of 1842, Smith said that the "records were engraven on plates which had the appearance of gold, each plate was six inches [150 mm] wide and eight inches [200 mm] long and not quite so thick as common tin. They were filled with engravings, in Egyptian characters, and bound together in a volume, as the leaves of a book with three rings running through the whole. The volume was something near six inches [150 mm] in thickness, a part of which was sealed."[2]

Weight

Shortly after he had retrieved the plates from the Hill Cumorah, Smith claimed to have escaped from unknown assailants. Joseph said that he had wrapped the plates in his frock and started for home with them "under his arm," when he was chased through the woods by a man who gave him a "heavy blow with a gun." Knocking the man down with a single punch, Joseph ran "at the top of his speed" for a half mile and was assaulted in the same manner two more times before arriving safely, suffering only a dislocated thumb.[3] The plates probably weighed at least sixty pounds.[4] (Solid gold plates would have weighed at least 140 pounds because gold is heavier than lead.)[5]

Others who lifted the plates while they were wrapped in cloth or enclosed in a box agreed that they weighed about sixty pounds. Joseph's brother William said, "I was permitted to lift them as they laid in a pillow-case; but not to see them, as it was contrary to the commands he had received. They weighed about sixty pounds according to the best of my judgment."[6] Of course, Smith could have easily made the plates himself out of tin, which was readily available in the Palmyra area; and that much tin would weigh about sixty pounds.[7]

Story of the plates

Obtaining the plates

In the 1820s, Joseph Smith, Jr. lived with his parents Joseph Sr. and Lucy Mack Smith on a farm at the edge of Manchester Township near Palmyra, New York. There he worked at various farm-related jobs in the area while using folk magic to search for buried treasure.[8] Referring to the time he was working as a treasure seeker, he said he first became aware that a set of Golden Plates and other artifacts were deposited in a prominent hill near his home.

In Smith's most detailed account dated 1838, he stated that an angel named Moroni]][9] visited him on the night of September 21, 1823[10].

An 1841 engraving of "Mormon Hill" (looking south), where Smith said he found the Golden Plates on the west side, near the peak.

According to Smith, Moroni showed him the location of the Golden Plates, buried with other artifacts in a prominent hill near his home.Vorlage:Harv[11] Thus, on September 22, 1823, a day listed in local almanacs as the autumn equinox, Smith said that he went to a prominent hill near his home, and found the location of the artifacts Vorlage:Harv. There are varying accounts as to how the angel reportedly directed Smith to the location of the Golden Plates. Smith himself later stated that this location was shown to him in a vision while he conversed with Moroni Vorlage:Harv. This conforms to an account by Smith's friend Joseph Knight, Sr. Vorlage:Harv. However, according to an account by another friend Martin Harris, Smith discovered the location of the Golden Plates through the use of the seer stone he had used to seek treasure as part of the Stowell-Hale team in 1825 Vorlage:Harv. In yet another account, the angel required Smith to follow a sequence of landmarks until he arrived at the correct location Vorlage:Harv.

The plates, according to Smith, were inside a covered stone box. However, Smith stated he was unable to obtain the plates at his first visit. According to an account by Willard Chase, the angel gave Smith a strict set of "commandments" which he was to follow in order to obtain the plates. Among these requirements, according to Chase, was that Smith must approach the site "dressed in black clothes, and riding a black horse with a switch tail, and demand the book in a certain name, and after obtaining it, he must go directly away, and neither lay it down nor look behind him" Vorlage:Harv. According to Smith's mother, the angel forbade him to put the plates on the ground until they were under lock and key Vorlage:Harv. He was, however, according to a retelling of an account by Smith, Sr., allowed to put down the plates on a napkin he was to bring with him for that purpose Vorlage:Harv.

When Smith arrived at the place where the plates were supposed to be, he reportedly took the plates from the stone box they were in and set them down on the ground nearby, looking to see if there were other items in the box that would "be of some pecuniary advantage to him" Vorlage:Harv. When he turned around, however, the plates were said to have disappeared into the box, which was then closed Vorlage:Harv. When Smith attempted to get the plates back out of the box, William Chase's testimony of a conversation he had with Joseph Smith, Sr. claims that Joseph Smith, Jr. saw a toad that grew into the form of the angel Vorlage:Harv, and hurled him back to the ground with a violent force (id.); Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv. After three failed attempts to retrieve the plates Vorlage:Harv, the angel told him that he could not have the plates then, because he "had been tempted of the advisary [sic] and saught [sic] the Plates to obtain riches and kept not the commandments that I should have" Vorlage:Harv.

Thus, Smith said the angel directed him to return the next year on September 22, 1824, with the "right person", whom the angel reportedly said was his brother Alvin Vorlage:Harv. However, Alvin died within a few months, and when Smith returned to the hill in 1824, he did not return with the plates. Once again, the angel reportedly told Smith that he must return the next year with the "right person", the identity of whom the angel would not say Vorlage:Harv. According to Smith's associate Willard Chase, Smith originally thought this person was to be Samuel T. Lawrence, a seer himself who worked in Smith's treasure-seeking company in Palmyra Vorlage:Harv, and therefore Smith reportedly took Lawrence to the hill in 1825 Vorlage:Harv. At Lawrence's prompting, Smith reportedly ascertained through his seer stone that there was an additional item together with the plates in the box, which Smith later called the Urim and Thummim Vorlage:Harv. Smith also reportedly discovered at some point that the box, or the ground nearby, contained at least two more Book of Mormon artifacts, the Liahona and the sword of Laban Vorlage:Harv. However, Lawrence was apparently not the "right person", because Smith did not obtain the plates in his 1825 visit.

Later, Smith reportedly determined by looking into his seer stone that the "right person" was Emma Hale Smith, his future wife Vorlage:Harv. There is no specific record of Smith seeing the angel in 1826, however, after Joseph and Emma were married on January 18, 1827, Smith returned to Manchester, and as he passed by Cumorah, he said he was chastised by the angel for not being "engaged enough in the work of the Lord" Vorlage:Harv. He was reportedly told that the next annual meeting was his last chance to get the plates Vorlage:Harv.

Datei:Josephreceivingtheplatesccachristensen.gif
A 19th century painting by C.C.A. Christensen, reflecting the popular motif of Joseph Smith, Jr. kneeling while being handed the plates from a standing or floating Moroni.

Just days prior to the day Smith said he was to meet with the angel on September 22, 1827, Smith's treasure-seeking associates Josiah Stowell and Joseph Knight, Sr. arranged to be in Palmyra for the attempt to retrieve the plates Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv. Because Smith was concerned that Samuel Lawrence, his earlier confidant, might interfere, Smith sent his father to spy on Lawrence's house the night of September 21 until dark Vorlage:Harv. Late that night, Smith took the horse and carriage of Joseph Knight, Sr. to Cumorah with his wife Emma Vorlage:Harv. Leaving Emma in the wagon, where she knelt in prayer Vorlage:Harv, he reportedly walked to the site of the Golden Plates, retrieved them, and hid them in a fallen tree-top on or near the hill Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv. He also reportedly retrieved the Urim and Thummim, which he showed to his mother the next morning Vorlage:Harv.

Over the next few days, Smith took a well-digging job in nearby Macedon to obtain money to buy a solid lockable chest in which he said he would put the plates Vorlage:Harv. By then, however, some of Smith's treasure-seeking company had heard that Smith was successful in obtaining the plates, and they wanted what they believed was their cut of the profits from what they saw as part of their joint venture Vorlage:Harv. Spying once again on the house of Samuel Lawrence, Smith, Sr. determined that a group of ten–twelve of these men, including Lawrence and Willard Chase, had enlisted the talents of a renowned and supposedly-talented seer from sixty miles away, in an effort to locate where the plates were hidden by means of divination Vorlage:Harv. When Emma heard of this, she went to Macedon and informed Smith, Jr., who reportedly determined through his Urim and Thummim that the plates were safe, but nevertheless he hurriedly traveled home by horseback Vorlage:Harv. Once home in Palmyra, he then walked to Cumorah and reportedly removed the plates from their hiding place, fending off attackers on his walk back home, with the plates said to be under his arm wrapped in a linen frock Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv.

According to Smith, the plates "had the appearance of gold", and were: Vorlage:Cquote

However, Smith stated that the angel commanded him not to allow any person other than himself to see the plates, including his family. At first, he reportedly kept the plates in a chest under the hearth in his parents' home Vorlage:Harv. Fearing they might be discovered, however, Smith reportedly hid the chest under the floor boards of his parents' old log home nearby Vorlage:Harv. Later, he reportedly took the plates out of the chest, left the empty chest under the floor boards, and hid the plates in a barrel of flax, not long before the location of the empty box was discovered and the place ransacked by Smith's former treasure-seeking associates, who had enlisted one of the men's sisters to find that location by looking in her seer stone Vorlage:Harv.

Translation of the plates

Early transcription and lost translation

Once Smith said he had obtained the Golden Plates from the angel Moroni, his focus turned to getting the engravings he said were on them translated. With the financial assistance of a prominent local landowner Martin Harris Vorlage:Harv, Smith and his wife Emma moved to Harmony, Pennsylvania (Emma's home town) in early October 1827, with the golden plates reportedly hidden in a glass box during the trip in a barrel of beans Vorlage:Harv.

When Joseph and Emma arrived in Harmony, Pennsylvania, they stayed temporarily in the home of Emma's father Isaac Hale, while Hale set them up in a home on an adjoining thirteen-acre property a few hundred yards from the Susquehanna River. Vorlage:Harv. Skeptical that Smith had found golden plates, Hale asked to see them, but was only allowed to lift the glass box in which Smith said they were kept. Vorlage:Harv. Nevertheless, Hale refused to allow the plates in his home if he could not see them, so the glass box was hidden in the woods nearby, where the plates are said to have remained during much of the translation process that followed Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv.

Beginning in December 1827, Smith began transcribing the characters he said were engraved on the plates, and dictating what he said was a translation of some of them Vorlage:Harv. While transcribing, he reportedly sat behind a curtain and looked at the plates through the Urim and Thummim,[12] passing the written transcriptions to Emma, who was sitting on the other side of the curtain Vorlage:Harv. Eventually, after some transcription, he began to dictate what he said was a translation of the plates to Emma or her brother Reuben. Vorlage:Harv. About this time, Smith also reportedly dispensed with using the curtain, and said he did not need to look at the plates or have them in view. To translate, he reportedly "put the urim and thummim into his hat and Darkened his Eyes than [sic] he would take a sentance [sic] and it would apper [sic] in Brite [sic] Roman Letters. Then he would tell the writer and he would write it." Vorlage:Harv.

Martin Harris came to assist with the translation in February 1828 Vorlage:Harv, and began acting as Smith's scribe in the middle of April 1828, while Smith dictated what he later would call the Book of Lehi Vorlage:Harv. Harris reported that for at least part of Smith's early translation, Smith used his seer stone to translate, rather than the Urim and Thummim, because the stone was more convenient Vorlage:Harv. Smith also at least sometimes made use of a curtain; Harris stated that one time during the translation, Smith raised a curtain between him and Harris, because "the presence of the Lord was so great", or sometimes Smith dictated to Harris from upstairs or from a different room Vorlage:Harv.

In mid-1828, Smith loaned the only manuscript copies of the translation to Harris, who lost them on a trip home to Palmyra. See 116 pages (Mormonism). Therefore, as part of the penalty for losing the manuscript, Smith said the angel took away the Urim and Thummim Vorlage:Harv, returning it once again on September 22, 1828, the autumn equinox and the anniversary of the day he first received the plates Vorlage:Harv. Smith said the angel also temporarily took back the plates during that time Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv.

When translation began (sporadically), Emma was once again the scribe. According to Emma, Smith no longer used the Urim and Thummim in translation after the loss of the 116 manuscript pages; rather, he began using exclusively his dark seer stone Vorlage:Harv. He translated by sitting "with his face buried in his hat with the seer stone in it, and dictating hour after hour with nothing between us" Vorlage:Harv. While looking at the stone, he "rest[ed] his elbows upon his knees" Vorlage:Harv, and drew the hat "closely around his face to exclude the light", so that the "spiritual light" would shine Vorlage:Harv.

In March 1829, Martin Harris returned to Harmony and wanted to see the plates firsthand. Smith reportedly told Harris that Smith "would go into the woods where the Book of Plates was, and that after he came back, Harris should follow his tracks in the snow, and find the Book, and examine it for himself"; after following these directions, however, Harris could not find the plates Vorlage:Harv. The next day Vorlage:Harv, Smith dictated a revelation Vorlage:Harv indicating that there was no need for the present "unbelieving" generation of humanity to see the plates because—in the words of God—"if they will not believe my words" written on the plates, "they would not believe my servant Joseph, if it were possible that he could show them all things." Vorlage:Harv. Nevertheless, according to the revelation, the words of the plates would go forth to "this generation" accompanied by the testimonies of three witnesses who would have the exclusive privilege to "view [the plates] as they are" Vorlage:Harv. Harris could be one of those three witnesses if he would "go out and bow down before me [God], and humble himself in mighty prayer and faith" Vorlage:Harv.

Translation with Oliver Cowdery

Part of Smith's March 1829 revelation told Smith to stop translating for a while, until there was a means whereby he could continue the translation Vorlage:Harv. That "means", in Smith's view, arrived on April 5 1829 in the form of Oliver Cowdery Vorlage:Harv, who began acting as Smith's full-time scribe on April 7 Vorlage:Harv.

With Cowdery as scribe, Smith continued translating the engravings he said were on the gold plates. On or before May 1829,[13] Smith dictated a revelation warning him that whoever had stolen the 116 manuscript pages was planning to wait until Smith re-translated that section of the Golden Plates], and then alter it, to show Smith could not translate the same words twice Vorlage:Harv. Therefore, according to the revelation, God's plan was for Smith to "go on unto the finishing of the remainder of the work as you [Smith] had begun" Vorlage:Harv, and instead of going back and re-translating the original 116 manuscript pages, Smith was to substitute a translation which he would create from another set of plates, called the "plates of Nephi", which covered roughly the same material, except in more detail Vorlage:Harv.

Due to resentment by Smith's neighbors in Harmony Vorlage:Harv, Smith, his wife Emma, and Cowdery moved to the home of Peter Whitmer, Sr., an acquaintence whose son David Whitmer had shown an interest in the Golden Plates, in Fayette, New York, while they completed the translation Vorlage:Harv. On the way from Harmony to Fayette, rather than hiding the Golden Plates in the wagon during the travels as he said he did on his trip to Harmony, Smith said he gave the plates to an angel, who transported the plates and then delivered them to Smith in Fayette Vorlage:Harv. However, by this time, Smith was not directly using the plates in the process of translation Vorlage:Harv.

Witnesses

In Fayette, New York, some time before June 14 1829,[14] a revelation by Smith commanded Cowdery and Whitmer to seek out twelve "disciples", who desired to serve, and who would "go into all the world to preach my gospel unto every creature", and who would be ordained to baptize and to ordain priests and teachers Vorlage:Harv. Soon thereafter in the second half of June 1829 Vorlage:Harv, a group of Three Witnesses and a separate group of Eight Witnesses were selected, in addition to Smith himself, to testify that Smith had the Golden Plates].

The Three Witnesses were selected soon after a visit by Martin Harris to the Whitmer home in Fayette, accompanied by Smith's parents Vorlage:Harv, to inquire about the translation Vorlage:Harv.[15]. When Harris he arrived, he joined with Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer to request that the three be named as the Three Witnesses referred to in the much earlier revelation directed to Harris, and also referred to in a recently-translated portion of the plates called the Book of Ether (2:2–4) Vorlage:Harv. In response, Smith dictated a revelation that the three of them would see the Golden Plates Vorlage:Harv. Thus, Smith took the three of them to the woods near the Whitmer home and they had a shared vision in which they all claimed to see (with their "spiritual eyes", Harris reportedly said Vorlage:Harv) an angel holding the Golden Plates and turning its leaves (Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb). The four of them also said they heard "the voice of the Lord" telling them that the translation of the plates was correct, and commanding them to testify of what they saw and heard (Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb).[16]

The Eight Witnesses were selected a few days later when Smith traveled to Palmyra with the males of the Whitmer home, including David Whitmer's father Peter, his brothers Christian, Jacob, and John, and his brother-in-law Hiram Page. Smith took this group, along with his father Joseph Smith, Sr. and his brothers Hyrum and Samuel to a location near Smith's parent's home in Palmyra Vorlage:Harv,[17] where Smith said he showed them the Golden Plates Vorlage:Harv. Like the Three Witnesses, the Eight Witnesses later signed an affidavit for inclusion at the end of the Book of Mormon Vorlage:Harv. Though the Eight Witnesses did not refer, like the Three, to an angel or the voice of God, they said that they had hefted the plates and seen the engravings on them Vorlage:Harv.

Plates returned to Moroni

Translation was completed around July 1 1829 Vorlage:Harv, after which Smith reportedly returned the plates to the angel Vorlage:Harv. Some Latter Day Saints, such as Brigham Young, have believed that Moroni returned the plates to Hill Cumorah and that other ancient records lie buried there, including the Sword of Laban and The Interpreters, special spectacles given to Smith to aid the translation process.

Other metal plates mentioned in the Book of Mormon

In addition to the Golden Plates, the Book of Mormon refers to several other sets of books written on metal plates:

Other metal plates in the Latter Day Saint Tradition

  • In 1843, Smith acquired a set of six small bell-shaped plates, known as the Kinderhook Plates, found in Kinderhook, Pike County, Illinois. Joseph said that they contained information about a descendant of Ham "through the loins of Pharaoh" but never produced a translation. Although after Smith's assassination the Kinderhook Plates were presumed lost, for decades The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints published facsimiles of them in its official History of the Church as evidence that ancient Americans wrote on metal plates. In 1980 the Kinderhook Plates were proved to have been manufactured in the nineteenth century, probably in an attempt to catch Smith in a fraud. Today the LDS Church acknowledges the plates as a hoax and makes no attempt to defend their authenticity.[18]
  • James J. Strang, one of the rival claimants to succeed Smith, also claimed to have discovered and translated a set of plates known as the Voree Plates. Strang likewise produced witnesses to their authenticity.[19]

Metal plates outside the Latter Day Saint tradition

Some ancient European and Meso-American cultures kept short records on metal plates. Those found to date have been extremely thin to facilitate being engraved with a pointed tool. In 500 BCE, Darius the Great of Persia inscribed a history on a gold plate and sealed it in a stone box in the temple at Persepolis. [20]. A six-page gold book, written in Etruscan, was found in Bulgaria.[21]. The Pyrgi Tablets (now at the National Etruscan Museum, Rome) are gold plates with a bilingual Phoenician-Etruscan text. Among the Dead Sea Scrolls is a Copper Scroll (which seems to be a list of treasure locations) and gold Laminae funerary texts similar to Books of the Dead have also been found in Italy. Legendary gold, silver, copper and brass books are also discussed in Masonic Hiram Abif and Enoch legends. Nevertheless, no ancient record of any length, written on metal plates, is extant.

Notes

  1. ↑ Often the term was a derisive one, used by opponents of Joseph Smith and the fledgling Church, but in 1829 Martin Harris told people in Rochester that Joseph Smith had been "visited by the spirit of the Almighty in a dream, and informed that in a certain hill…was deposited a Golden Bible."(Early Mormon Documents 2: 272) Also, Joseph Smith, Sr. overheard treasure hunters "devising many plans and schemes to find Joe Smith's 'gold bible,' as they termed it." (EMD 1: 332.)
  2. ↑ Joseph Smith to John Wentworth, March 1, 1842., also at EMD, 1: 171.
  3. ↑ Lucy Smith, "Preliminary Manuscript," LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City, Utah, in Dan Vogel, Early Mormon Documents (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1996), I, 335-36.
  4. ↑ However, in 1859, Martin Harris said that he had "hefted the plates many times, and should think they weighed forty or fifty pounds." Martin Harris interview with Joel Tiffany, 1859 in EMD, 2: 306.
  5. ↑ "A block of solid tin measuring 7 x 8 x 6 inches, or 288 cubic inches, would weigh 74.67 pounds. If one allows for a 30 percent reduction due to the unevenness and space between the plates, the package would then weigh 52.27 pounds. Using the same calculations, plates of gold weigh 140.50 pounds; copper, 64.71 pounds; a mixture of gold and copper, between 65 and 140 pounds."(Vogel, 600, n. 65).
  6. ↑ 1883 account of William Smith." Some LDS scholars have speculated that the metal was tumbaga, the name given by the Spanish to an alloy of gold and copper that could be "cast, drawn, hammered, gilded, soldered, welded, plated, hardened, annealed, polished, engraved, embossed, and inlaid." Tumbaga can be treated with a simple acid, like citric acid, to dissolve the surface copper. A shiny layer of 23-karat gold then remains on top of a harder, more durable copper-gold alloy sheet. This process was used by the pre-Columbian cultures of central America to make religious objects. Tumbaga plates of the dimensions Smith described would weigh between 53 and 86 pounds.
  7. ↑ Dan Vogel, Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2004), 98. "The construction of such a book would have been relatively easy. There were scraps of tin available on the Smith property and elsewhere in the vicinity, and during the several hours Joseph was separated from Emma the night they went to the hill and on other occasions, he could have easily set up shop in the cave on the other side of the hill or in some corner of the forest."
  8. ↑ Richard Lyman Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 50-51, 54-55: "The Smiths were as susceptible as their neighbors to treasure-seeking folklore.…Joseph, Jr. never repudiated the stones or denied their power to find treasure. Remnants of the magical culture stayed with him to the end."
  9. ↑ As originally taken down in dictation and published, the story stated that the angel was Nephi Vorlage:Harv. Long after Smith's death, however, this reference to Nephi in the official history was changed to Moroni Vorlage:Harv to conform to Smith's other statements from as early as 1835 that refer to the latter Vorlage:Harv. Generally, modern historians refer to this angel as Moroni.
  10. ↑ The date of Moroni's first visits is generally taken as 1823. However, Smith's 1832 history (his first written account) dates the visit of Moroni to September 22, 1822, a year earlier, although he also states he was seventeen years old Vorlage:Harv, and his seventeenth birthday would not have been until December 23, 1822. Further possible ambiguity arises because in an 1830 interview, Joseph Smith, Sr. reportedly claimed that he was not told about Moroni's visit until a year after the fact, during which Smith, Jr. had been collecting items in preparation for receiving the plates Vorlage:Harv. Lucy Mack Smith asserts that Smith, Sr. was told about Moroni's visit in 1823, the day after Moroni's first visit Vorlage:Harv; Vorlage:Harv; however, Lucy's history also indicates that after the appearance of the angel, Joseph had made two annual visits to the hill Cumorah before the 1823 death of her son Alvin Vorlage:Harv, which Lucy incorrectly dated to 1824 Vorlage:Harv.
  11. ↑ Punctuation has been modernized.
  12. ↑ The words Urim and Thummim derive from passages in the Old Testament which describe the use of "the Urim and the Thummim" as a means for divination by Israelite priests (see, e.g., Book of Exodus 28:30). Smith described an artifact called the Urim and Thummim which was "two stones in silver bows...fastened to a breastplate", which was deposited with the Golden Plates Vorlage:Harv. In Smith's view, the Urim and Thummim operated much like the seer stones with which he had much prior experience, and observers reported that Smith eventually used the Urim and Thummim and his seer stone interchangeably. Vorlage:Harv.
  13. ↑ The date of this revelation (now D&C 10) was listed as May 1829 in the Book of Commandments and the 1835 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, and remains so in the edition published by the Community of Christ. In 1902, however, LDS editor Brigham Henry Roberts felt that the date should be changed to the summer of 1828, and that date is found in the most recent editions published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Scholars disagree as to whether Roberts' change is consistent with the evidence Vorlage:Harv.
  14. ↑ See letter from Oliver Cowdery to Hyrum Smith dated June 14 1829, quoting the language of this revelation. Joseph Smith letterbook (22 Nov. 1835 to 4 Aug. 1835) 5-6. Commentators generally agree that this letter references the revelation. See, e.g., Larry C. Porter (June 1979), Dating the Restoration of the Melchizedek Priesthood, Ensign, p. 5.
  15. ↑ According to Smith's mother, this trip was prompted by news that Smith had completed the translation of the platesVorlage:Harv.
  16. ↑ David Whitmer later stated that the angel showed them "the breast plates, the Ball or Directors, the Sword of Laban and other plates" (Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; see also Vorlage:Harvnb).
  17. ↑ Because of a foreclosure on their Manchester property, the Smith family was then living in a log cabin technically in Palmyra (Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb).
  18. ↑ Richard Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 489-90.
  19. ↑ Palmer, 208-09.
  20. ↑ [1], [2]
  21. ↑ BBC news report

References

  1. Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), letter to Emma S. Pilgrim, published in Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  2. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  3. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  4. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  5. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  6. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  7. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  8. Vorlage:Harvard reference, republished in Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  9. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  10. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  11. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  12. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  13. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  14. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  15. Smith, Joseph, Jr. (1832) History of the Life of Joseph Smith, in Joseph Smith Letterbook 1, pp. 1–6, Joseph Smith Collection, LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City, published in Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  16. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  17. Smith, Joseph, Jr. et al. (1838–1842) History of the Church Ms., vol. A–1, pp. 1–10, LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City, published in Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  18. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  19. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  20. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  21. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  22. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  23. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  24. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  25. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  26. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
  27. Vorlage:Harvard reference.
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