Goodrich Castle

Goodrich Castle is a now ruinous Norman medieval castle situated to the north of the village of Goodrich in Herefordshire, England controlling a key location between Monmouth and Ross-on-Wye. The castle was praised by William Wordsworth as the "noblest ruin in Herefordshire" and is now considered the "most splendid in the county, and one the best examples of English military architecture".

Goodrich Castle was probably first built by Godric of Mappestone after the Norman invasion of England, as an earth and wooden fortification. In the middle of the 12th century, however, the original castle was replaced with a stone keep and was then expanded significantly in the late 13th century into a concentric design combining luxurious living quarters with extensive defences. The successful design at Goodrich would influence many other new constructions across England over the coming years. Goodrich became the seat of the powerful Talbot family, before falling out of favour as a residence in late Tudor times.

Held first by Parliamentary and then Royalist forces in the bitter English Civil War of the 1640s, Goodrich was finally successfully besieged by Colonel John Birch in 1646 with the help of the huge 'Roaring Meg' mortar, resulting in the subsequent slighting of the castle and its descent into ruin. At the end of the 18th century, however, Goodrich became a noted picturesque ruin and the subject of many paintings and poems; events at the castle formed the inspiration for Wordsworth's famous 1798 poem We are Seven. By the 20th century the site was a well known tourist location and is now owned by English Heritage and open to the public.

Architecture

The south-east tower of Goodrich Castle, shows the characteristic right-angled "spur", designed to prevent the undermining of the tower in war.

Goodrich Castle stands on a high rocky sandstone outcrop overlooking the River Wye and commanded a crossing of the river, known as Walesford or Walford, Ross-on-Wye, around sixteen miles from Hereford and four from Ross-on-Wye. The castle guards the line of the former Roman road from Gloucester to Caerleon as it crosses from England into Wales.

At the heart of Goodrich Castle is an early Norman square keep of light grey sandstone, with Norman windows and pilaster buttresses. Although the keep had thick walls, its relatively small size - the single chambers on each floor measure only 5.5m by 4.5m internally - would have made it more useful for defence than for day-to-day living. The keep originally had a first-storey door for safety, this was later turned into a window and the entrance brought down to the ground floor. The keep would originally have had an earth mounted up against the base of it to protect against attack, and the stone work remains rougher in the first few courses of masonry.

Around the keep is an essentially square structure guarded by three large towers, all built during the 1280s from somewhat darker sandstone. On the more vulnerable south and east sides of the castle, ditches 90 feet long and 28 feet deep have been cut into the rock, exploiting a natural fissure. These towers have large "spurs", resulting from the interface of a solid, square based pyramid with the circular towers rising up against the walls. This design feature is characteristic of castles in the Welsh Marches, including St Briavel's and Tonbridge Castle, and was intended to prevent the undermining of the towers by attackers.

The gatehouse to the castle is reached by an exposed causeway covered by the barbican to the right of the picture. The chapel window can be seen in the left-hand tower.

The fourth corner of the castle forms the gatehouse for the castle. Here the classic Edwardian gatehouse design has been transformed into a asymmetric structure, with one tower much larger than the other. The gatehouse included portcullises, murder-holes and a drawbridge. Beyond the gatehouse lies a large barbican, inspired by a similar design of the period at the Tower of London and possibly constructed using the same workmen, designed to protect the causeway leading up to the gatehouse. The barbican today is only half of its original height, and included its own gate, designed to trap intruders within the inner defences. The gatehouse and barbican are linked by a stone causeway.

The eastwards-facing tower of the gatehouse houses the chapel, an unusual arrangement driven by a lack of space, with a recently restored east window of reset 15th century glass designed by Nicola Hopwood, that illuminates the priest's seat, or sedile. The 15th-century window frame itself replaced an even taller, earlier 13th-century window. The west window of the chapel is modern, and commemorates British servicemen who died between 1936–76 in radar development. The altar itself is particularly old, possibly pre-dating the castle itself.

The bailey was designed to include a number of spacious domestic buildings. These include a great hall, a solarium, kitchen, buttery and pantry, with a luxuriously large number of gardrobes and fireplaces. The large towers provided additional accommodation. The design of the domestic buildings was skilfully interlocked to support the defensive arrangements of the bailey. The great hall for example, twenty metres by nine metres, was placed in the strongest position over-looking the river Wye, allowing it to benefit from multiple large windows and a huge fireplace without sacrificing defensive strength. Water for the castle was originally raised from the courtyard well, but was later piped in from a spring across the valley; the castle kitchens had acquired running water by the beginning of the 17th century. The design of the buildings ensured that the different classes of servant and nobility were able to live separately from one another in the confined space of the castle, a revolutionary design at the time.

Beyond the main bailey walls lies the stable block, now ruined but with a visible cobble floor. The stables and the north and west sides of the castle were protected by another, smaller curtain wall, but this is now largely ruined. Accounts suggest that the stables could originally hold around sixty horses, although by the 17th century they had been expanded to hold greater numbers.

History

Medieval history

11th and 12th centuries

The Great Keep at Goodrich, replaced Godric of Mappestone's original earth and timber fortification on the site in the mid-12th century.

Goodrich Castle appears to have been in existence by 1101, when it was known as Godric’s Castle, named probably after Godric of Mappestone, a local Anglo-Saxon thane and landowner mentioned in the Doomsday Book of 1086. Victorian historians, however, believed the castle to date back further to the pre-Norman conquest days of King Canute, and the site may have been among a small number of Saxon fortifications along the Welsh border. By Norman times, Goodrich formed part of the Welsh Marches, a sequence of territories granted to Norman nobles in, and alongside, Wales. Although Goodrich lay on the safer, English side of the border, the threat of raids and attacks continued throughout most of the period.

During the 12th century the attitudes of the English nobility towards the Welsh began to harden; the policies of successive rulers, but especially Henry II, began to become more aggressive in the region. In the mid-12th century Godric's original earth and timber fortification was dismantled and replaced by a tall but relatively small square keep built of stone, sometimes known as "Macbeth's Tower". The keep was designed to be secure and imposing but relatively cheap to build. It is uncertain, however, precisely who was responsible for this rebuilding or the date of the work, which may have been between 1120 and 1176.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the castle had passed from Godric to William Fitz Baderon, thought to be his son-in-law, and on to his son, Baderon of Monmouth, in the 1120s. England descended into anarchy, however, during the 1130s as the rival factions of Stephen and his cousin the Empress Matilda vied for power. Baderon of Monmouth married Rohese de Clare, a member of the powerful de Clare family who usually supported Stephen, and there are records of Baderon having to seize Goodrich Castle during the fighting in the region, which was primarily held by supporters of Matilda. Some suspect that Baderon may have therefore built the stone keep in the early years of the conflict. Stephen went on, however, to appoint Baderon's brother-in-law, Gilbert de Claire, the Earl of Pembroke, and Gilbert de Clare eventually acquired Goodrich Castle himself. Gilbert's son, Richard de Clare, known as 'Strongbow', succeeded him in 1148, and Richard is another candidate for the construction of the keep. In 1154 Richard fell out of favour with King Henry II because of the de Clares' support for Stephen, and the castle was taken into royal hands. Some argue that the king himself may have ordered the construction of the great keep.

13th and 14th centuries

The private solarium at Goodrich Castle, was incorporated into the defensive walls during the expansion under William de Valence.

During the following reigns of King Richard I and his brother John, the castle and manor were held by the Crown. King John, however, lost many of his lands in France which in turn deprived key English nobles of their own estatesVorlage:Ndash John became concerned about possible opposition to his rule. Accordingly, in 1203 John transferred Goodrich Castle and the surrounding manor to William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, to partially compensate him for his lost lands on the continent. Marshal was a famous English knight with reputation as an heroic warrior, and as the owner of Goodrich he expanded it by building an additional stone, towered curtain wall around the existing keep. Marshal had to intervene to protect Goodrich Castle from Welsh attack, most famously in 1216 when Marshal was forced to leave Henry III's coronation feast in Gloucester to hurry back to Goodrich to reinforce the castle.

Marshal's sons inherited the castle after their father's death; Marshal left the castle to his eldest son, William, who in turn gave it to his younger brother, Walter. After William's death, however, Marshal's second son, Richard, took over the castle. Richard led the baronial opposition to Henry III and allied himself with the Welsh, resulting in King Henry besieging Goodrich Castle in 1233 and retaking personal control for a period. Walter was eventually given Goodrich back once more, but died shortly afterwards in 1245.

The castle briefly reverted to the Crown again but in 1247 passed by marriage to William de Valence, half brother to Henry III. De Valence was a French nobleman from Poitiers and a noted soldier who spent most of his life fighting in military campaigns; Henry arranged his marriage to Joan de Munchensi, one of the heiresses to the Marshal estate. The marriage made Valence immensely rich and gave him the title of the Earl of Pembroke.

The massive south-east tower of Goodrich Castle

The Welsh border situation was still unsettled, however, and in the decades after 1250 security grew significantly worse, as the Welsh prince Llwelyn up Gruffudd conducted numerous raids into English territories. The Wye valley and Goodrich were particularly effected by these raids.

Accordingly William de Valence began to build a much larger castle around the original keep from the 1280s onwards, demolishing Marshal's earlier work. As part of the extremely expensive construction work, Valence used oak trees drawn from several royal forests. Valence was building at the same time that his nephew Edward I was constructing his major castles in the north of Wales, and the concentric castle that he built at Goodrich is both very similar in design and a rarity in England itself. Valence's son, Aymer de Valence built an additional line of outer defences before his death in 1324, including the external barbican, inspired by that at the Tower of London, and for which the earlier Valence barbican at Pembroke may have been an experimental forerunner. The effect was an early success in converting a fortress into a major dwelling, without damaging its defensive arrangements, and influenced the later castle conversion at Berkeley.

The castle then passed to Aymer's neice, Elizabeth de Comyn, a well-connected young noblewoman. By the middle of the 1320s, however, England was in the grip of the oppressive rule of the Marcher lords Hugh le Despenser the older and his son Hugh Despenser the younger, the royal favourites of King Edward II. As part of a "sweeping revenge" on their rivals, especially in the Marches, the Despensers illegally seized a wide range of properties, particularly from vulnerable targets such as widows, wives whose husbands were out of favour with the king or unmarried women. Upon her inheritance, Hugh le Despenser the younger promptly kidnapped Elizabeth in London and transported her to Herefordshire to be imprisoned in her own castle at Goodrich. Threatened with death, Elizabeth was finally forced to sign over the castle and other lands to the Despensers in April 1325. Elizabeth then married Richard Talbot, the 2nd Baron Talbot, and Talbot seized back the castle in 1326 shortly before Queen Isabella of France landed in England and deposed both the Despensers and her husband Edward II; Talbot and Elizabeth regained their legal title to the castle the following year. Richard later received permission from Isabella's son Edward III to create a dungeon under the keep for holding prisoners.

15th and 16th centuries

The current stained glass window in the chapel of Goodrich Castle was designed in 2000 but used 15th century glass.

Goodrich remained the favourite home of the Richard Talbot's descendants for many years. During the early years, the security situation in Wales remained of concern. Owain Glyndŵr rebelled against English rule in 1402 and Welsh forces invaded the Goodrich area in both 1404 and 1405. Gilbert Talbot was responsible for fighting back the Welsh advance and securing the castle. As time went on, however, the threat began to diminish. During the 1400s the Talbots considerably expanded the size of the lord's quarters in the castle and provided additional accommodation for servants and retainers.

The Talbots became the Earls of Shrewsbury in 1442, shortly before the Wars of the Roses in which they supported the Lancastrian faction. The wars meant that the Talbots were frequently fighting elsewhere in England, and often staying at their castle in Sheffield. John Talbot died in the Lancastrian defeat at Northampton in 1460, and the castle was forfeited and transferred to the Yorkist William Herbert. John's son, also called John Talbot, later made his peace with the king, however, and regained control of his lands and Goodrich Castle before his death in 1473.

By the 1500s the castle was beginning to become less fashionable as a residence. Goodrich was too distant from London to form a useful power base, and was gradually abandoned in favour of more stylish residences, Goodrich continued to be used as a judicial centre, however, with the antiquarian John Leland noting that the some of the castle was used to store prisoners for the local court during the 1530s, whilst the castle ditch was sometimes used to store confiscated cattle from local farmers.

In 1616, Gilbert Talbot died with no male heir and Goodrich then passed into the hands of Henry Grey, Earl of Kent. The Greys chose not to reside at Goodrich, but instead rented the castle out to a sequence of tenants.

English Civil War

The Goodrich Castle stables were destroyed by Colonel John Birch in a night attack in May 1646.

Goodrich Castle became the scene of one of the most desperate sieges during the English Civil War in the 1640s, which saw the rival faction of Parliament and the King vie for power across England. In the years prior to the war, there had been a resurgence of building at the castle. Richard Tyler, a local lawyer, became the tenant and constable of the castle and during the early 1630s there had been considerable renovation work.

Shortly after the outbreak of war, the Earl of Stamford, with support from Tyler, garrisoned the castle for Parliament until December 1643, when increasingly Royalist pressure in the region forced his withdrawal to Gloucester. The castle was then occupied by a garrison led by the Royalist Sir Henry Lingen. The occupation was not peaceful, with Royalist troops burning surrounding farm buildingsVorlage:Ndash Tyler himself was imprisoned by Lingen, although not before he had begun to sell off his livestock and other moveable property.

As the Royalist situation deteriorated, the south-west became one of the few remaining Royalist strongholds. Lingen, with 200 men and 90 horses at Goodrich Castle, conducted raids on Parliamentary forces in the region, representing a continuing challenge. No action had been taken, however, to strengthen the castle's defences with more modern 17th century earthworks, and the castle remained essentially in its medieval condition.

In 1646, the Parliamentary Colonels John Birch and Kyrle marched south from their successful siege of Hereford and besieged the castle, with the aim of removing one of the few remaining Royalist strongholds. There was some personal animosity between Lingen and Birch, and both were outspoken, impulsive men. Birch's first move was to prevent further attacks from Lingen, and on 9th March he attacked and burnt the stables in a sneak night attack, located outside the main castle itself, driving away the Royalist horses and temporarily destroying the Royalist forces' mobility. Birch was unable to press home his attack however, and over the next few months Lingen was able to replace some of his horses and resume his attacks on Parliamentary forces.

The "Roaring Meg" mortar used against Goodrich Castle in March 1646

In June, Birch returned and besieged the castle itself. Birch found that the castle was too strong to be taken by direct attack, and instead began laying down trenches to allow him to bring artillery to bear on the castle. Parliamentary attacks broke the pipe carrying water into the castle, and the cisterns in the courtyard were destroyed by exploding shells, forcing the garrison to depend on the older castle well. With the castle still holding out, Colonel Birch built an enormous mortar at a local forge called 'Roaring Meg', able to fire a gunpowder-filled shell of between 85–90kg in weight.

Birch concentrated his efforts on the north-west tower, using his mortar against the masonry and undermining the foundations with his sappers. Lingen responded with a counter-mine tunnel dug out under Parliament's own tunnel. This would probably have succeeded, but Birch brought his mortar forward, concealed by darkness, and launched an attack on the tower at close-range. The tower collapsed, burying Lingen's counter-mine. Reduced to their last four barrels of gunpowder and thirty barrels of beer, and with a direct assault now imminent, the Royalists surrendered. According to tradition, the garrison left to the tune of "Sir Henry Lingen's Fancy".

Despite the damage, Tyler was able to move back into his castle, which now contained a small Parliamentary garrison. After investigation by Parliamentary agents Brown and Selden, however, the castle was slighted the following year, which rendered it impossible to defend. The Countess of Kent, the new owner of the castle, was given £1,000 in damages, but chose not to rebuild the fortification as it was now virtually uninhabitable.

18th and 19th century history

The picturesque ruins at Goodrich inspired many artists' work, including David Cox, who produced this watercolour of the castle in 1815.

After the civil war, Goodrich Castle remained with the Earls of Kent until 1740, when it was sold by Henry Grey to Admiral Thomas Griffin. Griffin undertook some restoration of the castle but retained it as a ruin.

During the 1780s the concept of the picturesque ruin was popularised by the English clergyman William Gilpin. Goodrich Castle was one of the ruins he captured in his book Observations on the River Wye in 1782, Gilpin writing that the castle was an example of the "correctly picturesque" landscape. By this time, the castle was in a slow state of decay. Theodore Fielding, an early Victorian historian, noted how the "castle's situation, far from human dwellings, and the stillness which that solitude, insures to its precinct, leaves contemplation to all the solemnity, that is inspired by the sight of grandeur sinking in dignity, into decay". The Regency and Victorian watercolour artists David Cox and William Callow also captured Goodrich Castle and its landscape in paint, again invoking the picturesque, romantic mood of the setting at the time.

The castle was praised by the famous poet William Wordsworth as the "noblest ruin in Herefordshire". Wordsworth first visited Goodrich Castle in 1793, and an encounter with a little girl that he met whilst perusing the ruins led him to write his famous poem We are Seven in 1798. Other poets from this period were also inspired by the castle, including Henry Neele in 1827.

By the 1820s, visitors could purchase an early guidebook at the site outlining the castle's history, and Victorian tourists recorded being charged six-pence to wander around the castle. In the early 1820s, the antiquarian Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick attempted to purchase the site, with the aim of converting the castle back into a private dwelling, but was unable to convince the owners to sell to him. Instead, Meyrick built the neo-gothic Goodrich Court in a similar style next door, which greatly displeased Wordsworth when he returned to Goodrich in 1841 and found the view spoilt by the new building. The new bridge over the river Wye, built in 1828, and the 1873 railway line continued to add to the number of visitors.

Goodrich Castle then passed through various hands. In 1915, however, the Office of Works began discussions with its then owner, Mrs Edmund Bosanquet; large scale collapses of parts of the north-west tower and curtain wall in 1919 contributed to Bosanquet's decision to then grant the castle to the Commissioner of Works in 1920. The Commissioners began a programme of repairs of the ruin into its current state.

Today

The ruins of Goodrich Castle, depicted here in 1838, were a tourist attraction by Victorian times.

Today, the castle at Goodrich is considered by historians to be the "most splendid in the county, and one the best examples of English military architecture". The castle is classed as a Grade I listed building and as a Scheduled Monument.

Substantial remains still exist and open to the public, managed by English Heritage. The adjacent Victorian castle of Goodrich Court was demolished in 1949, restoring the original landscape. The 'Roaring Meg' mortar, preserved by Herefordshire Council, has been returned to the site, along with a number of civil war cannon-balls found at Goodrich during excavations in the 1920s.

Folklore

Several legends surround the castle at Goodrich. The great keep is named the "Macbeth tower", after stories of an Irish chieftain held prisoner in the keep. According to some tales, he died attempting to escape and his ghost is said to still haunt the tower.

The events of the English Civil War also have left their mark in local legend. Local stories tell that Colonel Birch's niece, Alice Birch, fell in love with a handsome Royalist, Charles Clifford; according to these stories the two attempted to escape before the final assault but died in in a flash flood whilst trying to cross the River Wye and live on as ghosts on the site.

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External links

Commons: Goodrich Castle – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• English Heritage – Goodrich Castle
• Goodrich Castle on Castle Wales
• The Gatehouse Gazeteer