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John Hales (Politiker)

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John Hales (Hayles) (c.1516 - 26 or 28 December 1572) was an writer, administrator and politician during the Tudor period.

Family

John Hales was the son of Thomas Hales of Hales Place, Halden, Kent, and 'the daughter of Trefoy of the county of Cornwall'. He had four brothers:[1]

  • John Hales, who died without issue.
  • Bartholomew Hales (d.1599), esquire, of Snitterfield, Warwickshire, who married Mary Harper, the daughter of George Harper (1503–1558) by his first wife, Lucy Peckham (d.1552), daughter of Thomas Peckham.[3]

Career

According to Lowe, Hales may have spent some time at Oxford, but 'was largely a self-taught scholar of Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and the law'. He spent his early years in the household of Sir Christopher Hales, Attorney General and Master of the Rolls,[5] and after nine years' service there, was dismissed after having expressed a wish to leave his employment. By 1535 he was in the service of Thomas Cromwell.[6] In 1537 he was appointed clerk to Sir John Gostwick in the office of First Fruits and Tenths, and by 1541 had become deputy to the Clerk of the Hanaper, Sir Ralph Sadler. In 1545 Hales and Sadler were granted a joint patent for the office. According to Bindoff, the records show that Hales 'bore the brunt of the work' at the Hanaper, and in addition assisted Sadler with his duties as Master of the Great Wardrobe.[7][8]

In 1541, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Hales acquired from Sir Richard Morison the former Priory of St Mary Without Bishopsgate in London,[9] and two or three years later purchased from Sir Ralph Sadler the former monastery of the Whitefriars in Coventry. Hales converted part of the Whitefriars into a residence, Hales Place, and set up a free grammar school in what had been the choir. In 1545 he was granted licence to establish the free school as King Henry VIII School in the former St John's Hospital in Coventry. Hales provided lands valued at 200 marks for the school's maintenance.[10]

When King Edward VI came to the throne in 1547, Hales was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Warwickshire, and became a Member of Parliament for Preston, Lancashire.[11]

Hales supported the economic policies pursued by the young King's uncle, Protector Somerset. Hales was particularly opposed to the enclosure of land, and is said to have been the most active of the commissioners appointed in 1548 to redress this evil. However he failed to carry several remedial measures through Parliament.[12] When Somerset fell from power in October 1549, Hales was imprisoned in the Tower, likely as a result of his support for Somerset's policies. He was released in 1550, and after enfeoffing his lands to his brother, Stephen, and to Sir Ralph Sadler, obtained licence on 2 February 1551 to leave England in the company of Sir Richard Morison, who was being sent as ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Hales lived in Germany with his brother, Christopher, principally at Frankfurt, until Queen Elizabeth came to the throne. While there he formed a friendship with the scholar Sturmius. He was back in England by 3 January 1559, and resumed his former position at the Hanaper, and was the Member of Parliament for Lancaster from 1563–7.[13]

However Hales soon lost royal favour by writing a book entitled A Declaration of the Succession of the Crowne Imperiall of Inglande, supporting the title to the crown of the descendants of King Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary Tudor. Mary Tudor's granddaughter, Lady Catherine Grey, had secretly married Edward Seymour, and Queen Elizabeth had had them both imprisoned. Hales took the position that if the Queen were to have no children, Catherine Grey, as the descendant of Mary Tudor, should be next in line to the throne.[14] Hales was imprisoned for his temerity. On 27 April 1564 Sir William Cecil wrote to Sir Thomas Smith that:

Here is fallen out a troublesome fond matter. John Hales had secretly made a book in the time of the last Parliament wherein he hath taken upon him to discuss no small matter, viz., the title to the Crown after the Queen’s Majesty, having confuted and rejected the line of the Scottish Queen, and made the line of the Lady Frances, mother to the Lady Catherine, only next and lawful. He is committed to the Fleet for this boldness, specially because he had communicated it to sundry persons. My Lord John Grey is in trouble also for it. Beside this, John Hales hath procured sentences and counsels of lawyers from beyond seas to be written in maintenance of the Earl of Hertford’s marriage. This dealing of his offendeth the Queen’s Majesty very much.[15]

With Cecil's help Hales obtained his release from prison in 1566, but remained under house arrest for the next four years.[16]

The date of Hales' death is uncertain. According to Bindoff, he died on 26 December 1572, while according to Lowe, he died two days later on 28 December.[17] He was buried in the Church of St Peter-le-Poer in Broad Street, London.

He was sometimes referred to as 'Club-foot' Hales, allegedly because he had accidentally wounded his foot with a dagger.[18]

Works

Hales wrote his Highway to Nobility about 1543. He wrote Introductiones ad grammaticum for his newly-founded free school. In 1543 he also published Precepts for the Preservation of Health, a translation from Plutarch.[19]

Inheritance

Hales had never married, and left most of his estate to his nephew, John Hales, son his brother, Christopher Hales, and Mary Lucy.[20] John Hales married Frideswide Faunt, the daughter of William Faunt, esquire, of Foston, Leicestershire, and his second wife, Jane Vincent (d.1585).[21] In 1589 John Hales, at the request of his great-uncle,[22] Sir Richard Knightley of Fawsley, allowed the secret press on which the Marprelate tracts were being printed to be brought to his house at the Whitefriars in Coventry. In November 1589 he and Sir Richard Knightley, together with Sir Roger Wigston, were imprisoned in the Fleet.[23] At his subsequent trial Hales protested that:

He had great reason, as he thought, to gratify Sir Richard Knightley in anything, to whom he owed much reverence, as he that had married his aunt'.[24]

Footnotes

Vorlage:Reflist

References

  • S.T. Bindoff: The House of Commons 1509-1558. Band II. Secker and Warburg, London 1982 (google.co.uk [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • John Burke: A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England. Scott, Webster and Geary, London 1838 (google.ca [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • Edward Deacon: The Descent of the Family of Deacon of Elstowe and London, Part 2. Bridgeport, Connecticut 1898 (archive.org [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • Henry Ellis: Original Letters Illustrative of English History (= Second Series. Band II). Harding and Lepard, London 1827 (google.ca [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • Christina Hallowell Garrett: The Marian Exiles; A Study in the Origins of Elizabethan Puritanism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1938, S. 171-4 (google.ca [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • R. Cox Hales: Archaeologia Cantiana. Band XIV. Kent Archaeological Society, London 1882, Brief notes on the Hales Family, S. 61–84 (google.com [abgerufen am 4. Januar 2013]).
  • Joseph Jackson, ed. Howard: Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica (= (New Series). Band I). Hamilton, Adams, London 1874 (google.ca [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • Ben Lowe: Hales, John (1516?–1572). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 (oxforddnb.com [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]). Vorlage:Subscription required
  • Walter C. Metcalfe: The Visitations of Northamptonshire. Harleian Society, London 1887 (archive.org [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • William Pierce: A Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts. Burt Franklin, New York 1908.
  • William Thomas: The Antiquities of Warwickshire . . . by Sir William Dugdale. 2nd rev. Auflage. John Osborn and Thomas Longman, London 1730 (google.ca [abgerufen am 7. Januar 2013]).
  • Vorlage:Wikisource-inline: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 24, pp. 29-30.

Vorlage:Persondata

  1. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  2. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  3. ↑ According to the History of Parliament biography of George Harper, the real father of Lucy Peckham's children during her marriage to George Harper was Sir Richard Morison.
  4. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  5. ↑ Said by some authorities to have been his uncle, but by others to have been a distant kinsman.
  6. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  7. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  8. ↑ Folger Shakespeare Library, Guide to the Loseley Collection, (1955/2000), 87, L.b.479.
  9. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb;Vorlage:Harvnb.
  10. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  11. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  12. ↑ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hales
  13. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  14. ↑ http://www.jstor.org/pss/4052892
  15. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  16. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  17. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  18. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  19. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  20. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  21. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  22. ↑ John Hales' grandmother was Anne Fermor, and Sir Richard Knightley's first wife was Anne's sister, Mary Fermor.
  23. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  24. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
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