Back Bay (Boston)
- This article is about the neighborhood of Back Bay. For the Amtrak and MBTA station called "Back Bay", see the article Back Bay (MBTA station).
Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Back Bay and neighboring Beacon Hill are considered Boston's most upscale neighborhoods, with townhouses selling regularly for over $3,000,000. Popular shopping destinations are located along Newbury and Boylston Streets as well as in Copley Square. Architecturally the neighborhood is dominated by Victorian brownstone buildings in its northern, more residential portion; the southern part of the neighborhood is farmore commercial and is home to some of Boston's tallest skyscrapers.
Definition of Back Bay
The boundaries of the Back Bay, as defined by the Neighborhood Association of Back Bay, are "the Charles River on the North; Arlington Street to Park Square on the East; Columbus Avenue to the New York New Haven and Hartford right-of-way (South of Stuart Street and Copley Place), Huntington Avenue, Dalton Street, and the Mass. Turnpike on the South; and Charlesgate East on the West." The block between Charlesgate and Kenmore Square is often included as it retains Commonwealth Avenue's central park and pedestrial mall.
History
The neighborhood gained its name because the area was, in fact, before it was filled in literally the "Back Bay" for Boston. To the west of the Shawmut Peninsula, on the far side from Boston Harbor, a wide bay opened between Boston and Cambridge, with the Charles River entering at the west side. As with all of the New England coast, the bay was tidal, with water rising and falling several feet over the course of the day. At low water, part of the bottom of the bay was exposed.
In 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a mill dam, which would also serve as a toll road connecting Boston to Watertown, bypassing Boston Neck. The dam was later buried under present-day Beacon Street.[1]
The Back Bay neighborhood was created when the parcel of land was created by filling the tidewater flats of the Charles River. This massive project was begun in 1857. The filling of present-day Back Bay was completed by 1882; filling reached Kenmore Square in 1890, and finished in the Fens in 1900. The project was the largest of a number of land reclamation projects, beginning in 1820, which over the course of time more than doubled the size of the original Boston peninsula. It is frequently observed that this would have been impossible under modern environmental regulations.
William Dean Howells, writing of memories of his first visit to Boston, recalled "There are the narrow streets, stretching saltworks to the docks, which I haunted for their quaintness... There is Beacon Street, with the Hancock House where it is incredibly no more, and there are the beginnings of Commonwealth Avenue, and the other streets of the Back Bay, laid out with their basements left hollowed in the made land, which the gravel trains were yet making out of the westward hills."
Back Bay's development was planned by architect Arthur Gilman with Gridley James Fox Bryant. Strict regulations produced a uniform and well-integrated architecture, consisting mostly of dignified three- and four-story residential (or once-residential) brownstones.
Greatly influenced by Haussmann's renovation of Paris in the mid to late 19th century, the main thoroughfares of Back Bay emphasize order with wide, parallel tree-lined avenues and more homogenous architectural styles. Five east and west corridors run the length of the Back Bay: Beacon Street (closest to the Charles River), Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury Street, and Boylston Street. With the exception of Commonwealth Avenue, the wide central thoroughfare, these streets are one-way and intersect with north-south cross streets at regular intervals. The north-south cross streets, also one-way, are named alphabetically starting at the Public Garden, and a 1903 guidebook notes an alternation of trisyllabic and bisyllabic names: Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Hereford. (This same set of street names is used for the long East-West main streets in the center of Gladstone, Oregon, but the origin of this connection is unknown).
Perspectives on Back Bay
Back Bay has been fashionable since its inception. To the W. C. Fields character, con artist Cuthbert W. Twillie, it came as naturally as breathing to feign that he was "one of the Back Bay Twillies." However, there was a subtle social distinction between the Back Bay neighborhood and the older Beacon Hill district. A 1921 novel, By Advice of Counsel, characterizes one Bostonian by saying:
- "William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person, twenty-six years old, out of Boston by Harvard College. ... There had been an aloof serenity about his life within the bulging front of the paternal residence with its ancient glass window panes—faintly tinged with blue, just as the blood in the Pepperill veins was also faintly tinged with the same color... For W.M.P. the only real Americans lived on Beacon Hill, though a few perhaps might be found accidentally across Charles Street upon the made land of the Back Bay. A real American must necessarily also be a graduate of Harvard, a Unitarian, an allopath, belong to the Somerset Club and date back ancestrally at least to King Philip's War."
By 1900, most of the building up of Back Bay was done, as noted by the architectural historian Bainbridge Bunting in 1967:
- "By 1900 the Back Bay residential area had almost ceased to grow. After 1910 only thirty new houses were constructed, after 1917 none at all. Instead of paying high prices for filled land on which to erect a home within walking distance of his office, the potential home builder escaped to the suburbs on the electric trolley or in his automobile. This flight from the city left empty much of the area west of Kenmore Square and adjacent to Fenway Park, and only later was it occupied by non-descript and closely-built apartments."
Back Bay today
Culturally speaking, the Back Bay is known for being the home of the wealthy and the upper middle class. It is best-known for its expensive housing and shopping areas. Most stores are located on Newbury and Boylston Streets, with the ends closer to the Boston Public Garden traditionally more expensive. The Back Bay is dense with luxury hotels that include The Colonnade Hotel, Westin Copley Place, Fairmont Copley Plaza; including the largest hotel in the city, the Marriott Copley.
The Copley Square area is close to the Back Bay (MBTA station) railroad terminal, and is the eastern nexus of a system of hotels and shopping centers connected by a set of glassed-in pedestrian overpasses.
The large Copley Place mall includes the only Neiman Marcus in the New England area. The system of overpasses extends over half a mile to the Prudential Center and the shops surrounding it. The 52-story Prudential Tower, thought a marvel in 1964, is now considered ugly by some.[2] However, the Prudential Skywalk observatory offers a wonderful view of Back Bay, Boston, and surrounding areas.
The Architecture of Back Bay
Copley Square, bounded by Clarendon, Boylston, Dartmouth, and St. James streets, includes Trinity Church,the Boston Public Library the John Hancock Tower, and other notable examples of architecture. Its residential streets are some of the best preserved example of late 19th century urban architecture in the country.
The "Back Bay Historic District" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973.
MIT and the Natural History Museum
Prior to 1900, the Back Bay was the site of some of Boston's leading intuitions. The first to make it its home was MIT, founded in 1861. By 1900, MIT had expanded into many buildings around Copley Square. MIT’s original building, one of the first monumental structures in Back Bay, was named the Roger’s Building after its founder William Barton Rogers. It was located on Boylston Street not too far from Copley Square and was designed by William G. Preston together with a building for the Natural History Society.[3] In 1916, MIT moved to its new and more capacious location across the Charles River in Cambridge. The MIT building no longer survives, having been torn down in the late 1920s for the New England Life Building, but the Natural History Society building does; it now houses the upscale clothier Louis Boston.
Copley Square
The first monumental building on the square was the Museum of Fine Arts building. Begun in 1870, it opened in 1876, with a large portion of its collection taken from the Boston Athenaeum Art Gallery. Its red Gothic Revival style building was torn down and rebuilt as the Copley Plaza Hotel (1891) which still exists today.
The next building on the square was Trinity Church (1872-77), the crowning work of architect H. H. Richardson and a masterpiece of the Richardsonian Romanesque style. In 1893, Baedeker's United States called it "deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America."
The Boston Public Library (1888-1892), designed by McKim, Mead, and White in Roman Renaissance style, and sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church was intended to be "a palace for the people." Baedeker's 1893 guide terms it "dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly," and "a worthy mate... to Trinity Church." At that time, its 600,000 volumes made it the largest free public library in the world.
Admirers of the 60-story John Hancock Tower (1972), designed by I. M. Pei, assert that it does not diminish the impact of Trinity Church, although its construction did damage the church's foundations. Donlyn Lyndon notes that an early Hancock press release had "the gall to pronounce that 'the building will reflect the architectural character of the neighborhood.'" Lyndon opines that it "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull."[2]
See also
External links
- Neighborhood Association of Back Bay; Back Bay timeline
- History of the Boston landfill projects Course notes with illustrations by Professor Jeffrey Howe, Boston College
- Photos of Back Bay at Twilight
References
- Bacon, Edwin M. (1903) Boston: A Guide Book. Ginn and Company, Boston, 1903.
- Bunting, Bainbridge (1967) "Houses of Boston's Back Bay", Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-40901-9
- Fields, W.C.: "My Little Chickadee" (1940), in which the Fields character calls himself "one of the Back Bay Twillies."
- Train, Arthur (1921), "The Kid and the Camel," from By Advice of Counsel. ("William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person...")
- Howells, William Dean, Literary Friends and Acquaintance: My First Visit to New England
- ↑ http://www.nabbonline.com/history.htm
- ↑ a b op. cit Referenzfehler: Ungültiges
<ref>-Tag. Der Name „lyndon“ wurde mehrere Male mit einem unterschiedlichen Inhalt definiert. - ↑ Mark Jarzombek, Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech (Northeastern University Press, 2004.