Chiricahua

Indianerstamm in Arizona
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Chiricahua (Nahuatl: "wilde Krieger aus den Bergen") bezeichnet die Chokonen-Inde im engeren Sinn, aber auch eine Gruppe eng verwandter und verbündeter Inde-Gruppen im Südwesten der USA und im Norden Mexikos.

Laut den Inde gab es vier Gruppen der Chiricahua:

  • die "echten" oder "zentralen" Chiricahua (Chokonen/Chu-kun-de = "Ridge of the Mountainside People", nannten sich auch Hiu-Ha "Volk der aufgehenden Sonne")
  • die "südlichen" Chiricahua (Nednhi/Nde-nda-i = "Feindliches Volk", Bronco Apache)
  • die "östlichen" Chiricahua unterteilten sich in zwei Gruppen:
    • die Bedonkohe/Bidanku (="At the front at the end People", auch Mimbreno, Gila, Coppermine)
    • die Chihenne (="rot bemaltes Volk", auch Warm Springs, Ojo Caliente)

Bekannte Chiricahua

Sprache

Phonologie

Konsonanten

  Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateraler
Verschlusslaut nicht aspiriert b [p] d [t]       g [k]  
aspiriert   t [tʰ]       k [kʰ]  
ejektiv   t’ [t’]       k’ [k’] [ʔ]
Affrikate nicht aspiriert   dz [ʦ] dl [tɬ] j [ʧ]      
aspiriert   ts [ʦʰ] [tɬʰ] ch [ʧʰ]      
ejektiv   ts’ [ʦ’] tł’ [tɬ’] ch’ [ʧ’]      
Reibelaut stimmlos   s [s] ł [ɬ] sh [ʃ]   h [x] h [h]
stimmhaft   z [z] l [ɮ] zh [ʒ] y [ʝ] gh [ɣ]  
Nasale plain m [m] n [n]          
pre-nasaler plosiv   nd [nd]          

Vokale

Literatur

  • Castetter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936): The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938): Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-40415783-1).
  • Opler, Morris E. (1933): An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1935): The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65-70.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1936): The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620-633.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1937): An outline of Chiricahua Apache social organization. In: F. Egan (Ed.), Social anthropology of North American tribes (pp. 171-239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1938): A Chiricahua Apache's account of the Geronimo campaign of 1886. New Mexico Historical Review, 13 (4), 360-386.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1941): An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-80328610-4).
  • Opler, Morris E. (1942): The identity of the Apache Mansos. American Anthropologist, 44 (1), 725.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1946): Chiricahua Apache material relating to sorcery. Primitive Man, 19 (3-4), 81-92.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1946): Mountain spirits of the Chiricahua Apache. Masterkey, 20 (4), 125-131.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1947): Notes on Chiricahua Apache culture, I: Supernatural power and the shaman. Primitive Man, 20 (1-2), 1-14.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1983): Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), Southwest (pp. 401-418). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Opler, Morris E.; & French, David H. (1941): Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians. Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; & in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-80328602-3).
  • Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry: (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
  • Schroeder, Albert H. (1974): A study of the Apache Indians: Parts IV and V. Apache Indians (No. 4), American Indian ethnohistory, Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.

Sprache

  • Hoijer, Harry (1939): Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish. Language, 15 (2), 110-115.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945): Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13-23.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945): The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946): The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946): The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946): Chiricahua Apache. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
  • Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938): Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-40415783-1).
  • Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry: (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
  • Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988): Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
  • Young, Robert W. (1983): Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest, (Vol. 10), (p. 393-400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16004579-7.