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Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2003

tropische Wirbelsturmsaison
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Vorlage:Infobox hurricane season The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2003, and lasted until November 30, 2003. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin, although the season technically lasted from April 20 to December 11 due to out-of-season storm activity caused by Tropical Storms Ana and Peter.

The season was tied for the sixth most active on record, behind the 2005, 1933, 1995, 1887, and 1969 seasons, and tied with the 1936 season. Two unusual events happened in the 2003 season. The first was the formation of Tropical Storm Ana, the first Atlantic tropical storm on record to form in April. The other was the December formation of Tropical Storms Odette and Peter, making 2003 the first time two Atlantic tropical storms formed in December since the 1887 Atlantic hurricane season.

Other notable storms include Hurricane Fabian, Hurricane Isabel, and Hurricane Juan. Fabian struck Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane, the first direct hit since 1926, causing $300 million in damage. Isabel, which reached Category 5 strength, made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, causing widespread damage across the Mid-Atlantic amounting to $3.7 billion with 16 direct deaths. Lastly, Juan caused considerable destruction to Nova Scotia, particularly Halifax, as a Category 2 hurricane, the first hurricane of significant strength to hit the province since 1893. All three names were retired.

Storms

Tropical Storm Ana

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main A non-tropical low pressure area developed about 240 miles (390 km) south-southwest of Bermuda on April 18 through the interaction of an upper-level trough and a surface frontal trough. It tracked northwestward at first, then turned to the southeast. After developing centralized convection, the system developed into Subtropical Storm Ana on April 20 to the west of Bermuda. It tracked east-southeastward and organized, and on April 21 it transitioned into a tropical cyclone with peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), after developing an upper-level warm core. Increased wind shear caused fluctuations in intensity and a steady weakening trend, and on April 24 the center of Ana merged with an approaching cold front, thus signaling the completion of extratropical transition. The extratropical remnants continued east-northeastward, and on April 27 the gale was absorbed within the cold front.[1]

The cyclone is most notable for being the only Atlantic tropical cyclone in the month of April. When Ana became a Subtropical Storm, it became the second subtropical cyclone on record in the month, after a storm in 1992.[1] Ana dropped 2.63 inches (67 mm) of rainfall in Bermuda over a period of several days.[2] Increased swells from the storm caused two drowning deaths in southeastern Florida when a boat capsized.[1] The remnants of the storm brought light rainfall to the Azores and the United Kingdom, though no significant damage was reported.[3]

Tropical Depression Two

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on June 6.[4] Tracking westward at a low latitude, a disturbance along the wave axis became better organized on June 9,[5] with reasonable favorable environmental conditions despite the time of year. The system maintained a broad low pressure area and initially lacked a well-defined low-level circulation.[6] Convection increased further on June 10, with good outflow and some banding features around the system, and with a closed low-level circulation confirmed by visible satellite imagery, the system was declared Tropical Depression Two early on June 11, while located about halfway between the Cape Verde islands and the coast of South America.[4][7] The depression was only the third tropical cyclone on record to develop in the month of June to the east of the Lesser Antilles.[8]

Initially, the depression was forecasted to attain tropical storm status.[7] With the cyclone tracking steadily westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge to its north, satellite-based intensity estimates indicated the depression was near tropical storm status around 0900 UTC on June 11.[9] The convection subsequently diminished and became displaced to the northeast of the center, and late on June 11 the depression degenerated into an open tropical wave about 950 miles (1535 km) east-southeast of Barbados.[4] The tropical wave remained well-defined with a well-defined low-level vorticity, though strong wind shear prevented tropical redevelopment.[10] On June 13 its remnants passed through the Lesser Antilles, and the wave continued westward through the Caribbean Sea.[11]

Tropical Storm Bill

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Tropical Storm Bill developed from a tropical wave on June 29 to the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. It slowly organized as it moved northward, and reached a peak of 60 mph (95 km/h) shortly before making landfall 27 miles (43 km) west of Chauvin, Louisiana. Bill quickly weakened over land, and as it accelerated to the northeast, moisture from the storm, combined with cold air from an approaching cold front, produced an outbreak of 34 tornadoes. Bill became extratropical on July 2, and was absorbed by the cold front later that day.[12]

Upon making landfall on Louisiana, the storm produced a moderate storm surge, causing tidal flooding.[13] In a city in the northeastern portion of the state, the surge breached a levee, which flooded many homes in the town.[14] Moderate winds combined with wet soil knocked down trees, which then hit a few houses and power lines,[15] and left hundreds of thousands without electric power.[16] Two people drowned from rough surf in Florida.[17] Further inland, tornadoes from the storm produced localized moderate damage. Throughout its path, Tropical Storm Bill caused around $50 million in damage (2003 USD, $55 million 2006 USD) and four deaths.[12]

Hurricane Claudette

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main The system that became Claudette was recognized as a tropical depression near the Windward Islands on July 7. By July 11, Claudette had reached the Yucatán Peninsula. A few hours after landfall at Puerto Morelos, Claudette emerged over the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Claudette would restrengthen, and made landfall a second time on July 15 at Matagorda Island near Port O'Connor, Texas as a strong Category 1 storm. After its final landfall, Claudette remained at tropical storm strength for more than a day, an unusual occurrence. Most tropical systems weaken rapidly after landfall, as they are separated from the warm waters that power them.

Claudette was responsible for one direct death, from a falling tree. Inland towns in Texas, such as Goliad sustained significant wind damage. Estimated US damage was $180 million. No significant damage was reported from Mexico.[18]

Hurricane Danny

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Hurricane Danny was named on July 17 in the open ocean east of Bermuda from a tropical wave. Initially expected to remain a tropical depression, Danny began the northeastward leg of an anti-cyclonic loop around an area of high pressure in the central Atlantic, and strengthened over unusually favorable conditions in the north Atlantic for July. The storm reached hurricane strength on July 19, but weakened 24 hours later over the cool waters of the north Atlantic. By July 21 Danny had lost its identity as a tropical cyclone. Danny caused no reported damage and never threatened land. [19]

Tropical Depression Six

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small A low pressure system formed from a tropical wave about 1035 miles (1665 km) east of the Lesser Antilles and developed into a tropical depression on July 19. It moved west by north and reached a peak strength of 35 mph and minimum central pressure of 1010 mb. It never had a closed circulation, and it dissipated on July 21 without strengthening to a tropical storm. The northern part split off and became Tropical Depression Seven.[20] Vorlage:Clear

Tropical Depression Seven

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small A low pressure system formed from the northern remnants of Tropical Depression Six about 60 miles (95 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida and developed into a tropical depression on July 25. It moved northwest and reached a peak strength of 35 mph and minimum central pressure of 1016 mb. It formed very close to land and never developed into a tropical storm, making landfall near St. Catherines Island, Georgia on July 26 and it dissipated over Georgia on July 27.[21] Vorlage:Clear

Hurricane Erika

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Hurricane Erika formed out of a non-tropical low first spotted 1000 nmi east of Bermuda on August 9. As it approached Florida on August 14, the low began taking on tropical characteristics, and almost developed a closed circulation. When the low emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, the presence of a fully closed circulation and active convection resulted in a classification as Tropical Storm Erika. A high pressure system over the southern United States caused Erika to move quickly westerward. On August 16, Erika's motion slowed and the storm intensified. Landfall was at the Mexican town of Boca San Rafael, about 40 mi (65 km) south of Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

Erika was not classified as a hurricane while active. A post-storm analysis of radar data revealed sustained hurricane force winds just before landfall, and the storm was upgraded after the fact.

Erika was responsible for two deaths due to flooding in Mexico. Large amounts of flood-related damage were reported in north-eastern Mexico. Minor coastal damage and beach erosion occurred in South Texas. [1] Damage was limited to one building experiencing roof damage, with total damage in Texas amounting to $10,000 (2003 USD). [22][23]

Tropical Depression Nine

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main A Tropical Depression formed from a low pressure created by a tropical wave on August 21, about 160 miles (255 km) south of Puerto Rico. It had maximum strength of 35 mph and a minimum pressure of 1007 mbar. It was expected gain tropical storm status, but wind shear from the southwest caused it to dissipate on August 22.[24]Vorlage:Clear

Hurricane Fabian

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Fabian was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that formed in late August in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved generally west-northwestward, peaking at 145 mph before turning to the northwest. On September 5, Fabian hit Bermuda at Category 3 strength. Although it was not technically a landfall, Fabian's eyewall passed directly over the island, causing severe damage. The hurricane continued to the northeast, became extratropical on September 8, and dissipated on the 9th in the north Atlantic. Fabian was responsible for eight deaths, and caused an estimated 300 million (2003 USD) in damage to Bermuda, making it the worst Bermuda hurricane since 1926. Because of its destruction, the name was retired after this season, and will be replaced by Fred in 2009. [25]

Tropical Storm Grace

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Tropical Storm Grace formed from a disturbance in the central Gulf of Mexico on August 30. Grace was an ill-defined storm which formed a second circulation center. The second, stronger center moved onshore near San Luis Pass at the western end of Galveston Island on August 31. The storm quickly weakened and merged with a frontal system in eastern Oklahoma on September 2. While Grace was responsible for heavy rainfall along the Texas coast, damage was minor and totaled to $113,000 (2003 USD). There were no deaths. [26]

Tropical Storm Henri

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Henri formed from a tropical wave in the Gulf of Mexico on September 5. Under the influence of a mid-latitude trough, it moved eastward. Despite strong wind shear, Henri's winds quickly increased to 60 mph, but fell off to 30 kt before landfall as a tropical depression near Clearwater, Florida. It crossed the state, and dissipated on the 9th off the North Carolina coast due to vertical shear. The extratropical remnant moved northward, and moved inland on September 12.

Henri was responsible for up to 10 inches of rainfall across Florida, but damage was minimal. The remnants of Henri caused heavy flooding across the Mid-Atlantic of up to 10 inches. In Delaware, 194 homes were damaged from the flooding. The rainfall caused rivers to exceed flood stage, including the Red Clay Creek in Delaware which peaked at 17.27 feet. Damage totaled to $19.5 million (2003 USD), though no deaths occurred. [27]

Hurricane Isabel

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main A tropical wave off the coast of Africa was named Tropical Storm Isabel on September 6. The storm moved westward and intensified to hurricane strength. By September 11, Isabel had reached Category 5 strength, with winds of 165 mi/h. Isabel would remain at or near Category 5 for 5 days while moving west-northwest across the Atlantic. On September 15, as Isabel approached the Bahamas, vertical wind shear increased, and Isabel began to weaken. Now on a more northern track, Isabel made landfall near Drum Inlet, North Carolina on September 18 at Category 2 strength. Isabel remained a hurricane until it reached southern Virginia, and was eventually absorbed by a larger system over far northern Ontario, Canada, near James Bay, maintaining at least tropical storm intensity for most of the way up.

Isabel was directly responsible for 16 deaths, 10 in Virginia. Indirect deaths were more numerous, with 35 people losing their lives across nine states, the District of Columbia and Canada. Widespread damage was reported, most in Virginia and not in North Carolina as one would expect. Total damages were estimated at $3.37 billion, with two-thirds of that total applying to Virginia.

[28]

Tropical Depression Fourteen

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small A tropical wave off of Africa became a Tropical Depression on September 8, about 290 miles (465 km) southeast of the Cape Verde Islands. It had a maximum strength of 35 mph, and minimum pressure of 1007 mbar. This depression was forecast to become a tropical storm for some of its life, and was even projected to become a minimal hurricane when it first formed. However, an upper level low created shear from the south, which caused it to dissipate on September 10.[29]Vorlage:Clear

Hurricane Juan

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main A large upper-level low combined with a westward moving tropical wave developed into a tropical depression on September 24. Initially subtropical in nature yet classified tropical, it strengthened and reached tropical storm strength on September 25, while 300 nm southeast of Bermuda. Juan moved northward, strengthening into a hurricane on the 26th and peaking at 105 mph on the 27th, due to warmer than usual water temperatures. Juan continued northward and made landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia as a Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 100 mph. Juan was responsible for eight deaths, and, with a damage toll of $200 million, is considered the worst hurricane to hit Halifax in 110 years.[30]

Hurricane Kate

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Kate developed from a tropical wave in the central tropical Atlantic on September 25. The storm moved northwestward until a weakness in the subtropical ridge forced it eastward. Kate strengthened to a hurricane, turned sharply westward while moving around a mid-level low, and intensified to a 125 mph (205 km/h) major hurricane on October 4. Kate turned sharply northward around the periphery of an anticyclone, weakened, and became extratropical after passing to the east of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm persisted for three days until losing its identity near Scandinavia.[31]

Kate threatened Atlantic Canada just one week after Hurricane Juan caused severe damage in Nova Scotia. The storm had minimal effects on land, limited to moderately strong winds and heavy rainfall over Newfoundland;[32] St. John's reported 1.8 inches (45 mm) on October 6, a record for the date.[33] The interaction between Kate and a high pressure area to its north produced 3 to 4 foot (1 m) waves along the coast of North Carolina and New England.[34]

Tropical Storm Larry

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main A westward moving tropical wave developed a weak low pressure system to the east of the Yucatán Peninsula on September 27. It moved westward, and became associated with a cold front. An extratropical storm formed late on September 30, and while drifting over the warm waters of the Bay of Campeche, it became Tropical Storm Larry on October 1. A strong ridge of high pressure from Florida to Texas prevented any northward motion, leaving Larry to nearly stall. Larry meandered slowly southward, steadily strengthening to a 65 mph tropical storm. The storm made landfall in Tabasco near Paraiso on the 6th, and dissipated later that day. The remnant low crossed over into the Pacific where it dissipated on October 7. Five deaths were officially reported, due to inland flooding. [35]

Tropical Storm Mindy

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on October 1, and tracking westward it began to organize after entering the Caribbean Sea. Despite strong southwesterly wind shear, a closed surface circulation developed over eastern Hispaniola, and late on October 10 the system developed into Tropical Storm Mindy just off the northern coast of Dominican Republic; upon forming, the storm reached its peak intensity of 45 mph (75 km/h). Strong vertical wind shear weakened the storm greatly, and after it turned to the northeast Mindy dissipated on October 14 about 445 miles (715 km) south-southwest of Bermuda.[36]

The precursor tropical wave produced much-needed rainfall throughout the northern Lesser Antilles,[37] including 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) in Saint Lucia[38] and two days nearly continuous rainfall in Antigua.[39] In Puerto Rico, heavy rainfall caused mudslides and bridge collapses, with damage on the island totaling $46,000 (2003 USD, $50,000 2006 USD).[40][41][42] Moderate rainfall in the Dominican Republic caused flooding and overflown rivers, and damaged 320 houses in Santiago Rodríguez with two feet of mud.[43]

Tropical Storm Nicholas

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Forming from a tropical wave on October 13 in the central tropical Atlantic Ocean, Nicholas slowly developed due to moderate levels of wind shear throughout its lifetime. Deep convection slowly organized, and Nicholas attained a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) on October 17. After moving west-northwestward for much of its lifetime, it turned northward and weakened due to increasing shear. The storm again turned to the west and briefly restrengthened, but after turning again to the north Nicholas transitioned to an extratropical cyclone on October 24. As an extratropical storm, Nicholas executed a large loop to the west, and after moving erratically for a week and organizing into a tropical low, it was absorbed by a non-tropical low. The low continued westward, crossed Florida, and ultimately dissipated over the Gulf Coast of the United States on November 5.[31]

Nicholas had no impact as a tropical cyclone, and impact from the low that absorbed the storm was limited to rainfall, gusty winds, and rough surf.[34] The low that absorbed the storm nearly developed into a tropical cyclone, which would have been called Odette. However, moderate wind shear prevented further development.[44]

Tropical Storm Odette

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Odette was a rare December tropical storm (the first since Hurricane Lili in 1984) that formed on December 4, days after the official end of hurricane season. Odette strengthened and made landfall near Cabo Falso in the Dominican Republic on December 6 as a moderately strong tropical storm. A day later, Odette became extratropical, and eventually merged with a cold front.

Eight deaths were directly attributed to this tropical storm in the Dominican Republic due to mudslides or flash flooding. In addition, two deaths were indirectly caused by the storm. Approximately 35% of the nation's banana crop was destroyed. Fortunately, little damage occurred in Haiti. [45]

Tropical Storm Peter

Vorlage:Infobox hurricane small Vorlage:Hurricane main Peter was a short-lived storm, primarily notable for being the second December storm of the season, the first time this has occurred since the 1887 season. It is also notable for being only the second storm to reach the 'P' name since naming began in the Atlantic in 1950, and one of only three storms total to do this. The other storms were Pablo in the 1995 season and Philippe in the 2005 season.

Peter formed as a subtropical storm on December 7 from an extratropical gale. By December 9, Peter had become a strong tropical storm, nearly reaching hurricane strength. The organization would not last, as Peter became an extratropical low on December 11 and was absorbed by a cold front. No deaths or damages are associated with Peter. The formation of Peter made 2003 the busiest season since 1995. [46]

Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Ranking

ACE (104 kt2) – Storm
1 63.28 Isabel 9 2.76 Odette
2 43.16 Fabian 10 2.63  Ana
3 21.89   Kate 11 2.10 Erika
4 9.40 Juan 12 1.39 Bill
5 9.24 Claudette  13 1.10 Peter
6 7.25 Nicholas 14 0.85 Mindy
7 4.56 Danny 15 0.53 Henri
8 4.15 Larry 16 0.49 Grace

The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. The ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed for, so hurricanes that lasted a long time (such as Isabel and Fabian) have higher ACEs. Isabel was one of the very few hurricanes since 1950 to have an ACE of over 50 104 kt2.[47]

Season impact

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Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 2003. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2009 season. This is the same list used for the 1997 season. Storms were named Larry, Mindy, Nicholas, Odette, and Peter for the first time in 2003. Names that were not assigned are marked in Vorlage:Tcname unused.

Retirement

Vorlage:Seealso The World Meteorological Organization retired three names in the spring of 2004: Fabian, Isabel, and Juan. They will be replaced in the 2009 season by Fred, Ida, and Joaquin respectively.

See also

Vorlage:Tcportal

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Commons: 2003 Atlantic hurricane season – Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Vorlage:2003 Atlantic hurricane season buttons Vorlage:2000-2009 Atlantic hurricane seasons

  1. ↑ a b c Jack Beven: Tropical Storm Ana Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 14. Dezember 2007.
  2. ↑ Bermuda Weather Service: Bermuda Weather for April 2003. 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  3. ↑ Gary Padgett: April 2003 Global Tropical Cyclone Summary. 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  4. ↑ a b c James Franklin: Tropical Depression Two Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  5. ↑ Miles Lawrence: June 9 Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  6. ↑ James Franklin: June 9 Tropical Weather Outlook (2). National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  7. ↑ a b Lixion Avila: Tropical Depression Two Discussion One. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  8. ↑ Pasch, Stewart, Lawrence: June 2003 Tropical Weather Summary. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  9. ↑ Richard Pasch: Tropical Depression Two Discussion Two. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  10. ↑ Mike Formosa: June 13 Tropical Weather Discussion. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  11. ↑ Lixion Avila: June 13 Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2007.
  12. ↑ a b Avila: Tropical Storm Bill Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2006.
  13. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Louisiana. 2003, abgerufen am 22. Oktober 2006.
  14. ↑ NCDC: Event Report for Louisiana (2). 2003, abgerufen am 22. Oktober 2006.
  15. ↑ New Orleans National Weather Service: Tropical Storm Bill Post Tropical Cyclone Report. 2003, abgerufen am 22. Oktober 2006.
  16. ↑ Associated Press: Gulf Coast reeling from Tropical Storm Bill. 2003, abgerufen am 22. Oktober 2006.
  17. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Florida. 2003, abgerufen am 22. Oktober 2006.
  18. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Report
  19. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Report
  20. ↑ Six Tropical Cyclone Report
  21. ↑ Seven Tropical Cyclone Report
  22. ↑ Maestro Damage Report for Erika
  23. ↑ Erika Tropical Cyclone Report
  24. ↑ Nine Tropical Cyclone Report
  25. ↑ Fabian Tropical Cyclone Report
  26. ↑ Grace Tropical Cyclone Report
  27. ↑ Henri Tropical Cyclone Report
  28. ↑ Isabel Tropical Cyclone Report
  29. ↑ Fourteen Tropical Cyclone Report
  30. ↑ Juan Tropical Cyclone Report
  31. ↑ a b Pasch & Molleda: Hurricane Kate Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 4. Oktober 2006. Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag. Der Name „tcr“ wurde mehrere Male mit einem unterschiedlichen Inhalt definiert.
  32. ↑ Rousell/Bowyer: Canadian Hurricane Information Statement at 9:30 AM NDT Monday 06 October 2003. Canadian Hurricane Centre, 2003, abgerufen am 4. Oktober 2006.
  33. ↑ CBC news: Lots of rain, but no flooding from Kate. 2003, abgerufen am 4. Oktober 2006.
  34. ↑ a b Sean Collins and the Surfline Forecast Team: Wavetraks October 2003 Newsletter. 2003, abgerufen am 7. Oktober 2006. Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag. Der Name „surfline“ wurde mehrere Male mit einem unterschiedlichen Inhalt definiert.
  35. ↑ Larry Tropical Cyclone Report
  36. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence: Tropical Storm Mindy Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center, 2003, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  37. ↑ Dave McDermott: Unofficial Reports from Stormcarib.com. 2003, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  38. ↑ Sheldon Sylvester: Unofficial Reports from Stormcarib.com in St. Lucia. 2003, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  39. ↑ Alan Scholl: Unofficial Reports from Stormcarib.com in Antigua. 2003, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  40. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Puerto Rico (6). 2003, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  41. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Puerto Rico (8). 2003, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  42. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Puerto Rico (12). 2003, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  43. ↑ World Meteorological Organization: Final Report of the 2003 Hurricane Season. 2004, abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006.
  44. ↑ Gary Padgett: November 2003 Tropical Cyclone Summary. 2003, abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2007.
  45. ↑ Odette Tropical Cyclone Report
  46. ↑ Peter Tropical Cyclone Report
  47. ↑ ACE Data Per Storm
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