Celtic Nations refers to areas of Europe that are supposed to have been inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. Since the mid-Twentieth Century, people of many nations and regions have used modern 'Celticity' to express their identity. Over time, these nations have come to be more or less widely labeled as Celtic. These Celtic places in Europe are sometimes also referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic Fringe" due to their location in the generally north-western part of the regions that they inhabit (i.e. Brittany is in the northwest of France, the Gaelic-speaking parts of Scotland and Ireland are in the northwest and west, respectively). However, these terms are sometimes interpreted as derogatory, so residents of these lands tend to prefer the term "Celtic nations".
The term Celtic Europe refers to the grouping of nations made under the European superculture hypothesis, which suggests that all of Europe can be divided into ethno-linguistic nation-transcending groupings.
The 'Six Nations'
Nations that are usually included in this identifier include:
It is these 'Six Nations' that (alone) are considered Celtic by the Celtic League, Celtic Congress, and various other pan-Celtic groups. Each of the six can boast a Celtic language of its own – the key criterion of Celticity for the organizations named.
Conversely, the revived regional identity of the Shetland and Orkney Islands could be said to draw more on Scandinavian than Celtic cultural and genealogical roots. Meanwhile, both the Gallo and Lowland Scots language movements promote non-Celtic languages or dialects indigenous to these countries, namely Brittany, Scotland, and Ulster in Ireland.
Four of the 'Six Nations' (Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales) contain areas where a Celtic language is still used in a community (see Gaeltacht, Gàidhealtachd, and compare also Breizh-Izel and areas by Welsh language). Generally these communities are in the west of the countries, in upland or island areas, and sometimes claim to be more Celtic than the anglicised/gallicised areas of the east, and big cities.
Other claims
In general most countries of Western and Central Europe can be considered to have been influenced by the Celts. In a number of them, there are also 'Celtic' movements, wanting recognition as a Celtic Nation. These claims are discussed below.
The Iberian Peninsula
Green: Countries/Regions with a Celtic culture and/or Celtic language
Galicia (extended to northern Portugal) and Asturias are the two highlighted under the 'Celtic Europe' hypothesis.
In neither Galicia nor Asturias has a Celtic language survived, which means that the most common litmus test for Celticity does not apply. The basis for these regions' claim to Celticity is, rather, Celtic consciousness itself, which is justified in turn through similarities in music, dance, and folklore to Brittany and the other widely recognized Celtic countries.
Cantabria is occasionally suggested as another Celtic region.
Formerly Gaulish regions
Many of the French people themselves identify actively with the Gauls.
The French-speaking Aosta Valley region in Italy also presents a casual claim of Celtic heritage and the Northern League autonomist party often exalts Celtic roots of Padania. Reportedly, Friuli also has an ephemeral claim to Celticity.
Walloons are sometimes characterized as "Celts", mainly opposed to "Teutonic" Flemish and "Latin" French identities; the word "Walloon" derives from a Germanic word meaning "foreign", cognate with "Welsh".
England
Celtic traditions and customs have continued in England, particulalry in extermities such as Devon, Northumbria and Cumbria. As a whole, England is not seen to be a Celtic country; during the 'Celtic' era, Great Britain was inhabited by a number of regional Celtic tribes, none of whom directly ended up forming the English nation. In the 'Celtic languages', it is usually referred to as "Saxon-land" (Sasann, Pow Saws etc), and in Welsh as Lloegr.
Unlike many of the above examples, there is little political motivation behind this search for a more complex identity, but a recognition that local lingusitic and cultural peculiarities can be traced back to Celtic origins. Cumbria, for example, retains some Celtic influences from local sports (Cumberland wrestling) to superstitions, and traces of Cumbric are still spoken, famously by shepherds to count their sheep. There are now moves to bring back Cumbrian as a language, and there are currently around 50 fluent Cumbrian speakers.Vorlage:Citation needed The county is also home to the Rheged discovery centre profiling the Celtic history of Cumbria. Its name is cognate with Cymru, the Welsh name for Wales meaning Land of Comrades.
English Celtic revivalism has not always been popular with its neighbours, many of whose own revivals have sought to counteract the majority culture of England within the United Kingdom. It also tends to be apolitical, in strict contrast to that of the "Six", Galicia or even Padania. Early revivalism concentrated on King Arthur, fairy and folklore and also Boudicca, whose statue stands outside the Palace of Westminster. Curiously, Boudicca, who fought Roman imperialism, was actually looked up to by one or two Victorian English imperialists, who claimed "her new empire" was bigger than the Roman. Modern revivalism has focussed more on music, mythology, rituals such as the Druids and a better understanding of Celtic festivals that have been observed in England since the Celtic period, and dialect or language.
The Americas and beyond
In other regions, people with a heritage from one of the 'Celtic Nations' also associate with the Celtic identity. In these areas, Celtic traditions and languages are significant components of local culture. These include the Chubut valley of Patagonia with Welsh speaking Argentinians (known as "Y Wladfa"), Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, with Gaelic-speaking Canadians and southeast Newfoundland with Irish-speaking Canadians.
In addition to these, a number of people from the USA, Australia and other parts of the former British Empire may consider themselves to have 'Celtic nationality'.