Kollektivistischer Anarchismus (auch als Anarchokollektivismus bekannt) ist eine von Mikhail Bakunin geprägte politische Ideologie, die die Abschaffung des Staates und Privateigentums an Produktionsmitteln zum Inhalt hat. Stattdessen sollen die Arbeitsmittel in Kollektivbesitz sein und von den Produzenten selbst kontrolliert und verwaltet warden. Arbeiter sollen nach diesem Modell von demokratischen Institutionen nach der Zeit ihrer Arbeit vergütet werden. Diese Einkünfte sollten verwendet warden, um Artikel in einem kommunalen Markt zu erwerben.[1] Dies ist dem Anarchokommunismus entgegengesetzte, be dem Gehälter abgeschafft sein und Individuen sich frei aus einem Warenhaus „nach ihren Bedürfnissen“ bedienen sollen. Daher wird Bakunins “kollekrivistischer Anarchismus” als Mischform aus Individualismus und Kollektivismus gesehen.[2] Hierbei bezieht sich der Terminus “Individualismus” auf Einzelpersonen, die nach der Herstellung ihrer Arbeitsprodukte entlohnt werden, in dem Sinne, dass sie ihre eigenen Arbeitswerkzeuge besitzen und in irgendeiner Form vergütet warden. “Kollektivismus” beschreibt hier gemeinschaftlichen Besitz von Land und Produktionsmitteln. [3] Kollektivistischer Anarchismus tritt zumeist in Verbindung mit Mikhail Bakunin, dem antiautoritären Flügel der Ersten Internationale und dem frühen Anarchismus in Spanien auf. Die Anarchist FAQ fasst kollektivistischen Anarchismus wie folgt zusammen:
„Der Hauptunterschied zwischen Kollektivisten und Kommunisten besteht in der Frage des Gelds nach der Revolution. Anarchokommunisten sehen die Abschaffung des Gelds als entscheidend an, während Anarchokollektivisten das Ende des Privatbesitzes an Produktionsmitteln als Schlüssel betrachten. Wie Kropotkin sagte „[Kollektivistischer Anarchismus] bezeichnet einen Zustand, in dem alle Notwendigkeiten für die Produktion gemeinschaftlich von Arbeitsgruppen und freien Gemeinden besessen werden, während der Weg der Verteilung der Arbeit, kommunistisch oder anders, von jeder Gruppe selbst erledigt wird.“ [4] Während Kommunisten und Kollektivisten zugleich die Produktion durch freie Arbeiterassoziationen durchführen lassen wollen, unterscheiden sie sich in der Art, wie die hergestellten Güter verteilt werden sollten. Kommunismus beruht auf freiem Verbrauch aller, während Kollektivismus eher auf die Verteilung der Güter nach geleisteter Arbeit beruht. Nichtsdestotrotz sind die meisten Anarchokollektivisten der Ansicht, dass nach einer Zeit des Anstiegs der Produktivität und Anwachsens des Gemeinschaftssinns nach einiger Zeit das GEld verschwinden werde. [5]“
But many modern-day collectivist anarchists hold their form of anarchism as a permanent society rather than a carryover to anarcho-communism. Some collecitivist anarchists such as Participatory Economics adherents believe in remuneration and a form of credit but do not believe in money or markets.
Other prominent proponents of collectivist anarchism included the German anarchist Johann Most before he became an anarchist communist. Today many anarcho-syndicalists prefer collectivist anarchism as the syndicalist anarchist economic system of choice.
The collectivist anarchists at first used the term "collectivism" to distinguish themselves from the mutualism of the followers of Proudhon and the State socialists associated with Karl Marx. In the name of liberty, Bakunin wrote, "we shall always protest against anything that may in any way resemble communism or state socialism," which Bakunin regarded as fundamentally authoritarian ("Federalism, Socialism, and Anti-Theologism," 1867).[2]
The First International
The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International proclaimed at the St. Imier Congress (1872) that "the aspirations of the proletariat can have no purpose other than the establishment of an absolutely free economic organization and federation, founded upon the labour and equality of all and absolutely independent of all political government," in which each worker will have the "right to the enjoyment of the gross product of his labours and thereby the means of developing his full intellectual, material and moral powers in a collective setting." This revolutionary transformation could "only be the outcome of the spontaneous action of the proletariat itself, its trades bodies and the autonomous communes."[3] A similar position was adopted by the Workers' Federation of the Spanish Region in 1882, as articulated by an anarchist veteran of the First International, Jose Llunas Pujols, in his essay, "Collectivism."[4]
By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the "collectivist" label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism. The anarchist communist, Peter Kropotkin, attacked this position in his essay, "The Collectivist Wages System", which was reprinted in his book The Conquest of Bread in 1892.
Theory
The difference between Collectivist Anarchism and anarcho-communism is that under anarchist collectivism, the means of production were to be socialized, but a wage system was retained based on the amount of labor performed. Anarchist communism also called for the socialization of production but also of the distribution of goods. Instead of 'to each according to his labor', in anarcho-communism the community would supply the subsistence requirements to each member free of charge according to the maxim 'to each according to his needs'.[6]
The difference between Collectivist Anarchism and Anarcho-Communism is that collectivist anarchism stresses collective ownership of productive, subsistence and distributory property, while communist anarchism negates the concept of ownership in favor of usage or possession with productive means being a possession not owned by any individual or particular group. [7] [8] Communist Anarchists believe that subsistence, productive and distributive property should be common or social possessions while personal property should be private possessions. [9] Collectivist anarchists agree with this but such as Mikhail Bakunin believe in remuneration of labor which communist-anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin believed that such remuneration would lead to the recreation of currency and that such would need a State. [10] Thus, it could be said that collectivist anarchists believe in freedom through collective ownership of production and a communal market of sorts to distribute goods and services and compensate workers in the form of renumeration. Thus, collectivist anarchism could be seen as a combination of communism and mutualism.
Collectivist Anarchists are not neccessarily opposed to the use of currency, but some while opposing currency propose a different type of payment (such as Participatory Economists). Originally many collectivist anarchists saw their philosophy as a carryover to communist anarchism, but many today see their system and the use of currency as permanent rather than a transition. Collectivist anarchist James Guillaume argued that such a society would "guarantee the mutual use of the tools of production which are the property of each of these groups and which will by a reciprocal contract become the collective property of the whole . . . federation. In this way, the federation of groups will be able to . . . regulate the rate of production to meet the fluctuating needs of society." [11] They argue for workplace autonomy and self-management "the workers in the various factories have not the slightest intention of handing over their hard-won control of the tools of production to a superior power calling itself the 'corporation.'" [12].
Performance
In real life application the collectivist projects were quite successful, sources during the Spanish Revolution noted that in the Catalon region,
References
- ↑ Bakunin Mikail. Bakunin on Anarchism. Black Rose Books. 1980. p. 369
- ↑ Morriss, Brian. Bakukunin: The Philosophy of Freedom. Black Rose Books Ltd., 1993. p. 115
- ↑ Bakunin, Mikhail, 1866: Revolutionary Catechism, Social Organization, L. [1]
- ↑ [Anarchism, p. 295]
- ↑ http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secA3.html#seca32
- ↑ This paragraph sourced by Shatz, Marshall; Guess, Raymond; Skinner, Quentin. The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. xvi
- ↑ Proudhon. What is Property, pp. 395-6
- ↑ Berkman, Alexander. The ABC of Anarchism, p. 68
- ↑ What is Anarchism?, p. 217
- ↑ Kropotkin. Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets, p. 162
- ↑ James Guillaume, Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 376
- ↑ Guillaume, Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 364
People
Weblinks
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