Wikipedia

Margaret Nevinson

englische Sozialarbeiterin und Frauenrechtlerin | geboren: 1857 | Geburtsort: Leicester | gestorben: 6. August 1932 | Sterbeort: London
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Margaret Wynne Nevinson (née Jones; 11 January 1858 – 8 June 1932) was a British suffrage campaigner and author. She was one of the radical activists who in 1907–8 split from established suffragist groups to form the Women's Freedom League. She was a prominent early female Justice of the Peace in London, as well as serving as a Poor Law Guardian.

Early life and background

She was the daughter of the Rev. Timothy Jones and his wife Mary Louisa Bowmar of Canning Place, Leicester, second daughter of Thomas Bowmar, married in 1854; her father, a graduate of Magdalen College, Oxford, died in 1875.[1][2][3][4] At the time of his death he was vicar of Buckden, Huntingdonshire, having left St Margaret's Church, Leicester some weeks earlier.[5][6] He was Welsh, from Silian, Cardiganshire.[2] The marriage was his second, his first wife having died and being commemorated in a window of the church. Also commemorated was his son Llewellyn.[7]

Jones was appointed to the church in 1852.[8] The parish comprised more than half of Leicester's population in 1863.[7] It had been prominent, in 1840 when Henry Phillpotts in the House of Lords mentioned a letter from Andrew Irvine, the vicar, saying that his parish had a population of 30,000 and was being targetted by Socialists.[9] In 1850, William Henry Anderdon, then the vicar, who had shown "Tractarian piety and poverty", converted to Catholicism.[10] John Hungerford Pollen in 1851 wrote an account of Anderdon's parish work, including founding a College at the vicarage that was shut down by his successor. He also commented that Anderdon knew when he took on the parish that "more than ten people had refused it". "The income was small"; and the patron was "much alarmed" by Anderdon's approach.[11] The patron was the Rev. Sir John Hobart Culme-Seymour, 2nd Baronet, and the annual income in 1863 was given as £380.[7]

Anderdon's successor, appointed in 1851, was the Rev. Michael Seymour Edgell, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford, who moved on to a curacy in Camberwell in 1853.[12][13][14][15] Jones had himself come under Tractarian influences while at Oxford, and followed also ritualist and Christian Socialist trends.[16][17]

Education and marriage

In a family with at least four boys, Margaret learned Latin and ancient Greek as they did, taught by their father.[1] Their upbringing was High Church.[18] Her mother fearing that knowledge of Greek might make Margaret unmarriageable, it was replaced by French and drawing.[19]

Timothy Lloyd (1855/6–1920), an older brother, was educated at Derby School, graduated at Lincoln College, Oxford in 1879, and followed his father into the Church of England.[20][21][22][23] Two more of the sons, Trevor Bowmar (third), and Mervyn Alban (fourth) went to Malvern College; Mervyn left in 1875 and was educated at Eton College, becoming a sailor and surveyor in Queensland.[24][25][26][27] Margaret attended St Anne's Rewley, a convent school in Oxford she disliked, and a finishing school in a château near Paris up to her father's death. Later she took an external degree at the University of St Andrews.[1][18][28][29]

Margaret had a teaching career, as a governess in a family, a pupil teacher in Cologne, and as a classics mistress at South Hampstead High School.[1] In 1882–3 she took a course of lectures in English given by Henry Morley at University College London.[30] She married in 1884 Henry Nevinson; although the marriage lasted, it appears that both parties regretted it, and in their autobiographies they gave it minimal attention.[18]

East End of London

Returning to England after a year spent in Germany, Henry and Margaret Nevinson became involved in the settlement movement work at Toynbee Hall, in London's East End, while living for two years at a flat in model dwellings, the Brunswick Buildings, Goulston, Whitechapel. She taught French at the Hall, and supported a girls' club at St Jude, Whitechapel.[1][31][32] Of this involvement in settlement work, she later wrote "I never recall a dull moment" of the two years.[33]

Nevinson also worked as a rent-collector for landlords that were charitable organisations.[28] The prevalent model for this role came from the Katharine Buildings in Aldgate, where the collector of rents also acted as a consultant in managing household budgets. Nevinson was one of the group, with Beatrice Potter, Ella Pycroft and Maurice Paul, who tried at this period to make the approach into a practical plan of management.[34] She was a collector both at the Katharine Buildings, for Olivia Hill, and at the Lolesworth Buildings in Spitalfields.[35]

Ross tentatively attributes to Margaret Nevinson an essay "A Lady Resident" appearing in 1889 in East London by Charles Booth.[31] Henry Nevinson published in 1895 Neighbours of Ours: Slum Stories of London, a collection of 1880s stories based on the couple's East End times. Margaret was not credited, and was aggrieved, having supplied background material.[36][37]

Hampstead

In 1887 the Nevinsons and their young daughter moved to Keats Grove, Hampstead, into an old house, with Henry Asquith briefly their neighbour at No. 12. Around 1896 they went to a new-built house on Parliament Hill, then in 1901 bought a house at 4 Downside Crescent, Haverstock Hill, where they settled.[1][29][38] Close by on Haverstock Hill lived another radical and suffragist couple, their associates Jane Brailsford and her husband Noel.[39]

Role in the suffrage movement

Nevinson was a constant public speaker for the suffrage cause during the later Edwardian period. From 1907 she spoke often up to four or five times a week, and until votes for women were first granted only on that topic.[29][40] She played on her Welsh heritage, in a speech at London's Steinway Hall saying "the Welsh ought to make good suffragists".[41]

Militancy

Nevinson had multiple and overlapping memberships in women's activist groups. She joined the Hampstead branch of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), which believed in a constitutional route to votes for women. She then for a short period was with the Pankhurst family militants of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).[42] In 1907 she was with Charlotte Despard a founder member of the Women's Freedom League (WFL), as some 70 women broke away from the WSPU. They rejected some of the Pankhurst tactics, such as arson, and adopted tax resistance.[1] Nevinson later refused to pay taxes, which she should have done on behalf of her husband, then working abroad.[43][40]

In summer 1908 Muriel Matters set out to take a WFL campaigning van into counties south of London. Nevinson joined it in Kent in mid-September. They braved noisy hostility and some man-handling of the van on visits to Canterbury and Herne Bay.[44]

At a contentious meeting of the London Society for Women's Suffrage (LSWS) in November 1908, Nevinson was in a minority group of four who pressed for resolutions requiring the NUWSS to adopt an electoral stance opposed to the Asquith administration, and also requiring that the NUWSS executive committee should shun party political positions. Millicent Fawcett took a forceful line against the proposals: with her three colleagues Flora Murray, Mrs. Hylton Dale and Louisa Garrett Anderson, Nevinson was associated with the WSPU, and suspicion that the WSPU was looking to control the NUWSS led to defeat. Fawcett made it clear that the dissident group should leave the LSWS.[45]

1911 census resistance

In the aftermath of the December 1910 United Kingdom general election, which promised no rapid constitutional change, support coalesced in the WFL for a mass protest on the suffrage issue aimed at the 1911 census. Nevinson early committed the participation of the Women Writers' Suffrage League.[46] It was agreed that if the King's Speech in February yielded nothing, the protest would proceed. It was argued that John Burns and the Local Government Board would use the information solicited on women and work to help formulate legislation to restrict female paid labour.[47]

On the census night 2 April 1911, Henry Nevinson was absent from home. Margaret Nevinson, on the other hand, was at home in Downside Crescent, harbouring an undetermined number of women who did not wish to be included in the census. An official copy of the census schedule survives, with a note on the refusals and their reason.[48] Henry went skating, dining with Evelyn Sharp and other census resisters.[49]

Other interests

Nevinson resigned as a Poor Law guardian in Hampstead in 1922, a post she had held from 1904, over issues with the running of the Hampstead Poor Law Hospital, and the withholding of outdoor relief from the unemployed.[1][50]

The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 meant that women could serve as magistrates, and the Women's Freedom League put Nevinson's name forward. She was appointed in 1920.[29] She was one of the first female magistrates in England,[51] and the first woman to sit on the criminal bench in the county of London, adjudicating at the criminal petty sessions.[52][53] She went on to be one of three women first appointed to the body choosing London magistrates, with Beatrix Lyall and Marion Phillips.[54][55]

Works

In the Westminster Gazette, Nevinson wrote stories that drew on her service as a Poor Law guardian, with a strong emphasis on the social vulnerability of women.[56] A volume of those, with two from the Daily News and one from the Herald, was published in 1918 as Workhouse Characters, and other sketches of the life of the poor. The Preface stated that they dated back over 13 years.[57]

Nevinson wrote many articles for the WFL journal, The Vote, and also wrote suffrage pamphlets. Those published through the Women's Freedom League included A History of the Suffrage Movement: 1908-1912, and Ancient Suffragettes (1911). There was also The Spoilt Child and the Law.[58]

In the Workhouse (1911)

Performed in 1911 in the Kingsway Theatre, In the Workhouse was one of the most controversial plays produced by Edith Craig's Pioneer Players as part of a triple bill with Chris St. John's The First Actress and Cicely Hamilton's Jack and Jill and A Friend (King's Hall, 1911). It is an exposé of the iniquities of the Coverture Act, which decreed that a married woman had no separate legal existence from her husband and therefore meant that if her husband entered - or left - the workhouse, she and her children were obliged to go with him.

Set in a workhouse ward, where a group of mothers, married and unmarried, look after their children, it exposes the contradictions of a system where Penelope, a respectable, secure, mother of five and unmarried is freer than respectable Mrs Cleaver who returns from her appeal to the Board of Guardians to announce that legally she has no right to leave the workhouse, even though she has work to go to and a home available for herself and her children.

The play, with its refusal to condemn vice and the unmarried mother, was either condemned for offensiveness or acclaimed for its importance. The Pall Mall Gazette compared it to the work of Eugène Brieux "which plead for reform by painting a terrible, and perhaps overcharged, picture of things as they are... Such is the power of the dramatic pamphlet, sincerely written and sincerely acted. There is nothing to approach it in directness and force. It sweeps all mere prettiness into oblivion."

Two years after the play was produced, the law was changed in large measure due to Nevinson's and other suffragists' campaigns.

The play was revived in 1979 by Mrs Worthington's Daughters, a feminist theatre company, directed by Julie Holledge in a double-bill with Susannah Cibber's The Oracle (1752).[58]

Family

Henry Nevinson's husband was also active in the suffrage movement, becoming a founder of the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement for which he wrote at least one dramatic sketch.[58] After Margaret's death he remarried, to her close friend and prominent suffragist, Evelyn Sharp.[58]

The couple had two children, Mary Philippa (born in Germany) who in 1911 married the architect Sidney Caulfield, and Richard Nevinson the artist, born 1889.[1][59]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Vorlage:Cite ODNB
  2. ↑ a b Vorlage:Alox2
  3. ↑ Marriages In: Nottinghamshire Guardian, 29 June 1854, S. 8 
  4. ↑ Marriages In: Church & State Gazette (London), 30 June 1854, S. 14 
  5. ↑ Presentation to Rev. T. Jones In: Leicester Guardian, 14 July 1875, S. 6 
  6. ↑ Local News In: Leicester Guardian, 11 August 1875, S. 5 
  7. ↑ a b c William White: History, gazetteer and directory of the counties of Leicester and Rutland. W. White, Sheffield 1863, S. 163–165 (archive.org).
  8. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine. F. Jefferies, 1852, S. 86 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  9. ↑ Socialism Volume 52: debated on Monday 17 February 1840. In: hansard.parliament.uk.
  10. ↑ Vorlage:Cite ODNB
  11. ↑ John Hungerford Pollen: Narrative of Five Years at St. Saviour's, Leeds. J. Vincent, 1851, S. 60–61 note (englisch, google.co.uk).
  12. ↑ Vorlage:Alox2
  13. ↑ Clerical In: Daily News (London), 21 January 1851, S. 3 
  14. ↑ The Ecclesiastical gazette, or, Monthly register of the affairs of the Church of England. 1853, S. 166 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  15. ↑ Chard In: Dorset County Chronicle, 12 May 1859, S. 6 
  16. ↑ Angela V. John: War, Journalism and the Shaping of the Twentieth Century: The Life and Times of Henry W. Nevinson. Bloomsbury Academic, 2023, ISBN 978-1-350-38206-0, S. 13 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  17. ↑ Nick Miller: Church History in Leicestershire. Book Guild Publishing, 2024, ISBN 978-1-83574-008-8, S. 496 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  18. ↑ a b c Michael J. K. Walsh: A Dilemma of English Modernism: Visual and Verbal Politics in the Life and Work of C.R.W. Nevinson (1889-1946). University of Delaware Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87413-942-6, S. 26 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  19. ↑ Linda W. Rosenzweig: Anchor of My Life: Middle Class American Mothers and Daughters, 1880-1920. NYU Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8147-7455-7, S. 143 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  20. ↑ Benjamin Tacchella: The Derby School register, 1570-1901. London, Bemrose & Sons, Limited, 1902, S. 85 (archive.org).
  21. ↑ Vorlage:Alox2
  22. ↑ Henry Nevinson: Fire of Life. James Nisbet And Co Ltd, London, S. 10 (archive.org).
  23. ↑ Death of Canon L. T. Jones In: Northampton Mercury, 9 January 1920, S. 13 
  24. ↑ Malvern College: The Malvern register, 1865-1904. Office of the Malvern Advertiser, Malvern 1905, S. 70 (archive.org).
  25. ↑ Marriages In: Northern Whig, 14 February 1888, S. 1 
  26. ↑ Richard Lansdown: Strangers in the South Seas: The Idea of the Pacific in Western Thought : an Anthology. University of Hawaii Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8248-2902-5, S. 332 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  27. ↑ O. E. J. Bartlett: AN ECHO FROM OLD OXLEY.—I. In: Brisbane Courier, 12 August 1930 
  28. ↑ a b Elizabeth Crawford: The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928. Psychology Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-415-23926-4, S. 445 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  29. ↑ a b c d Margaret Wynne Nevinson, J.P., L.L.A.: Wise Colleague and Valiant Comrade In: The Vote, 17 June 1932, S. 1-2 
  30. ↑ Charlotte Mitchell: Women students at UCL in the early 1880s. In: Women students at UCL in the early 1880s.
  31. ↑ a b Ellen Ross: Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860-1920. University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-24905-9, S. 40 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  32. ↑ Angela V. John: Rocking the Boat: Welsh Women who Championed Equality 1840-1990. Parthian Books, 2019, ISBN 978-1-912109-22-7, S. 88 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  33. ↑ Catriona M. Parratt: Making Leisure Work: Women's Rational Recreation in Late Victorian and Edwardian England. In: Journal of Sport History. 26. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1999, ISSN 0094-1700, S. 481 (jstor.org).
  34. ↑ Herman Roodenburg: Social Control in Europe: 1800-2000. Ohio State University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8142-0969-1, S. 159 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  35. ↑ Ellen Ross: Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860-1920. Univ of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-24906-6, S. 173 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  36. ↑ Henry Woodd Nevinson: Neighbors of Ours: Slum Stories of London. Holt, 1895 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  37. ↑ Michael J. K. Walsh: A Dilemma of English Modernism: Visual and Verbal Politics in the Life and Work of C.R.W. Nevinson (1889-1946). University of Delaware Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87413-942-6, S. 27 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  38. ↑ Hampstead: Hampstead Town, British History Online. In: www.british-history.ac.uk.
  39. ↑ Jill Liddington: Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, citizenship and the battle for the census. Manchester University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-84779-888-6, S. 134 (englisch).
  40. ↑ a b Elizabeth Crawford: The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge, 2003, ISBN 978-1-135-43401-4, S. 446 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  41. ↑ Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (London): The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorian. The Society., 1995, S. 90 (englisch).
  42. ↑ Michael J. K. Walsh: A Dilemma of English Modernism: Visual and Verbal Politics in the Life and Work of C.R.W. Nevinson (1889-1946). University of Delaware Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87413-942-6, S. 29 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  43. ↑ Other Societies - Women's Tax Resistance League., 22 May 1914, S. 81 
  44. ↑ Jill Liddington: Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, citizenship and the battle for the census. Manchester University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-84779-888-6, S. 30–31 (englisch).
  45. ↑ Leslie Hume: The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 1897-1914 (Routledge Revivals). Routledge, 2016, ISBN 978-1-317-21326-0, S. 61 and note (englisch, google.co.uk).
  46. ↑ Jill Liddington: Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, citizenship and the battle for the census. Manchester University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-84779-888-6, S. 95 (englisch).
  47. ↑ Jill Liddington: Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, citizenship and the battle for the census. Manchester University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-84779-888-6, S. 104–105 (englisch).
  48. ↑ Jill Liddington: Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, citizenship and the battle for the census. Manchester University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-84779-888-6, S. 138 (englisch).
  49. ↑ Angela V. John: Rocking the Boat: Welsh Women who Championed Equality 1840-1990. Parthian Books, 2019, ISBN 978-1-912109-22-7, S. 94 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  50. ↑ Resignation of a Guardian In: Hampstead News, 26 January 1922, S. 3 
  51. ↑ Paula Bartley: Women’s Activism in Twentieth-Century Britain: Making a Difference Across the Political Spectrum. Springer Nature, 2022, ISBN 978-3-03092721-9, S. 77 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  52. ↑ A Woman's Usefulness In: Daily News (London), 21 May 1928, S. 10 
  53. ↑ Jad Adams: Decadent Women: Yellow Book Lives. Reaktion Books, 2023, ISBN 978-1-78914-804-6, S. 441 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  54. ↑ R. R. Davies, Geraint H. Jenkins: From Medieval to Modern Wales: Historical Essays in Honour of Kenneth O. Morgan and Ralph A. Griffiths. University of Wales Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7083-1881-2, S. 231 (englisch).
  55. ↑ London County Justices' Advisory Committee Volume 207: debated on Thursday 16 June 1927. In: hansard.parliament.uk.
  56. ↑ Claire Eustance, Joan Ryan, Laura Ugolini: Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History. A&C Black, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7185-0178-5, S. 153 (englisch, google.co.uk).
  57. ↑ Margaret Wynne (Jones) Nevinson: Workhouse Characters, and other sketches of the life of the poor. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd, London 1918, S. 8–9 (archive.org).
  58. ↑ a b c d Croft, Susan."In the Workhouse." Votes for Women and Other Plays, Twickenham, Aurora Metro Publications, 2009, pp. 193-209.
  59. ↑ Marriage of Miss Nevinson In: Vote, 5 August 1911, S. 14 
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