Benutzer:Wandverbau/Liste von sexuell aktiver Päpste

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This is a list of sexually active popes, Catholic priests who were not celibate before they became popes, and popes who were legally married. Some candidates were sexually active before their election as pope, and others were accused of being sexually active during their papacies. Such relationships were often undertaken outside the bond of matrimony and each sexual act thus committed is considered a mortal sin by the Catholic Church. The Second Lateran Council (1139) made the promise to remain celibate a prerequisite to ordination, abolishing any sanctioned married priesthood.

There are various classifications for those who were sexually active at some time during their lives. Periods in parentheses refer to the years of their papacies.

Background

Vorlage:Main article

For many years of the Church's history, celibacy was considered optional. Based on the customs of the times, it is assumed by many that most of the Apostles, such as Peter, were married and had families. It is clear from the New Testament (Mk 1:29–31; Mt 8:14–15; Lk 4:38–39; 1 Tim 3:2, 12; Tit 1:6) that at least Peter had been married, and that bishops, presbyters and deacons of the Early Church were often married as well. It is also clear from epigraphy, the testimony of the Church Fathers, synodal legislation, papal decretals and other sourcesVorlage:Nonspecific that in the following centuries a married clergy, in greater or lesser numbers, was a normal feature of the life of the Church. Celibacy was not required for those ordained, but still was a discipline practised in the early Church, particularly by those in the monastic life.

Although various local Church councils had demanded celibacy of the clergy in a particular area,[1] it was not until the Second Lateran Council (1139) that whole of the Latin (Western) Rite of the Catholic Church decided to accept people for ordination only after they had taken a promise of celibacy.[2]

Popes who were married

Name Reigns Relationship Offspring Notes
Saint Peter (Simon Peter) Mother-in-law is mentioned in the Gospel verses Vorlage:Bibleverse, Vorlage:Bibleverse, Vorlage:Bibleverse and who was healed by Jesus at her home in Capernaum. Vorlage:Bibleref2 asks whether others have the right to be accompanied by Christian wives as does "Cephas" (Peter). Clement of Alexandria wrote: "When the blessed Peter saw his own wife led out to die, he rejoiced because of her summons and her return home, and called to her very encouragingly and comfortingly, addressing her by name, and saying, 'Remember the Lord.' Such was the marriage of the blessed, and their perfect disposition toward those dearest to them."[3] Yes[4] Later legends, dating from the 6th century onwards, suggested that Peter had a daughter – identified as Saint Petronilla. This, however, is likely to be a result of the similarity of their names.[5][6]
Pope Saint Felix III (483–492) Married and widowed before he was elected as pope. Yes Himself the son of a priest he fathered two children, one of which was the antecedent of Pope Gregory the Great.[7]
Pope Saint Hormisdas (514–523) Married and widowed before he took Holy Orders Yes Father of Pope Silverius.[8]
Pope Adrian II (867–872) Married to Stephania before he took Holy Orders,[9] she was still living when he was elected Pope and resided with him in the Lateran Palace Yes (a daughter) His wife and daughter both resided with him until they were murdered.[10]
Pope John XVII (1003) Married before his election as Pope Yes (three sons) All of his children became priests.[11]
Pope Clement IV (1265–1268) Married before taking holy orders Yes (two daughters) Both children entered a convent[12]
Pope Honorius IV (1285–1287) Married before he took Holy Orders, widowed before entered the clergy Yes (at least two sons)[13]

Fathered illegitimate children before Holy Orders

Name Reign Relationship Offspring Notes
Pope Pius II (1458–1464) Not married Yes (at least two) Two children, both born before he formally entered the clergy. A first child fathered while in Scotland, but which died in infancy. A second child fathered while in Strasbourg with a Breton woman named "Elizabeth". However, the baby died 14 months later. Delayed becoming a cleric because of the requirement of chastity.[14]
Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492) Not married Yes (two) Both born before he entered the clergy.[15] Nepotism described as "lavish as it was shameless."[16] Married elder son Franceschetto Cybo to the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his 13-year-old son Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X.[17] His daughter Teodorina Cybo married Gerardo Usodimare.
Pope Clement VII (1523–1534) Not married. Relationship with a slave girl – possibly Simonetta da Collevecchio Yes (one) Identified as Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence.[18]

Known to, or suspected of having fathered illegitimate children after receiving Holy Orders

Heterosexual relationships

Name Reign Relationship Offspring Notes
Pope Paul III (1534–1549) Not married. Silvia Ruffini as mistress Yes (three sons and one daughter) Held off ordination in order to continue a promiscuous lifestyle, fathering four illegitimate children (three sons and one daughter) by Silvia Ruffini after his appointment as Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosimo and Damiano. He broke his relations with her ca. 1513. He made his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese the first Duke of Parma.[19][20]
Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585) Not married. Affair with Maddalena Fulchini Yes Received the ecclesiastical tonsure in Bologna in June 1539, but subsequently had an affair which resulted in the birth of Giacomo Boncompagni in 1548. Giacomo remained illegitimate but Gregory later appointed him Gonfalonier of the Church, governor of the Castel Sant'Angelo, as well as governor of Fermo.[21][22]
Pope Leo XII (1823–1829) Not married Allegedly (three) As a young prelate was suspected of having had a liaison with the wife of a soldier of Swiss Guard and as nuncio in Germany allegedly fathered three illegitimate children.[23]

Bisexual relationships

Name Reign Relationship Offspring Notes
Pope Julius II (1503–1513) Not married Yes (three daughters) Three illegitimate daughters, one of whom was Felice della Rovere (born in 1483, twenty years before his election as pope, but twelve years after his enthronement as Bishop of Lausanne).[24] The schismatic Conciliabulum of Pisa, which sought to depose him in 1511, also accused him of being a "sodomite".[25]

Popes alleged to be sexually active during pontificate

Heterosexual relationships

Name Reign Relationship Offspring Notes
Pope Sergius III (904–911) Not married Yes (at least one) Accused by opponents of being the illegitimate father of Pope John XI by Marozia.[26] Such accusations found in Liutprand of Cremona's Antapodosis,[27] as well as the Liber Pontificalis.[28][29][30] The accusations are disputed by another early source, the annalist Flodoard (c. 894–966): John XI was brother of Alberic II, the latter being the offspring of Marozia and her husband Alberic I, so John too may have been the son of Marozia and Alberic I. Fauvarque emphasizes that contemporary sources are dubious, Liutprand being "prone to exaggeration" while other mentions of this fatherhood appear in satires written by supporters of Pope Formosus.[31]
Pope John X (914–928) Not married. Affairs with Theodora and Marozia. No Had romantic affairs with both Theodora and her daughter Marozia, according to Liutprand of Cremona in his Antapodosis.[32][33](See also Saeculum obscurum)
Pope John XII (955–963) Not married No Accused by adversaries of adultery and incest.[34][35] Benedict of Soracte noted that he had "a collection of women." According to Liutprand of Cremona,[27] "they testified about his adultery, which they did not see with their own eyes, but nonetheless knew with certainty: he had fornicated with the widow of Rainier, with Stephana his father's concubine, with the widow Anna, and with his own niece, and he made the sacred palace into a whorehouse." According to Chamberlin, John was "a Christian Caligula whose crimes were rendered particularly horrific by the office he held".[36] Some sources report that he died 8 days after being stricken by paralysis while in the act of adultery,[34] others that he was killed by the jealous husband while in the act of committing adultery.[37][38][39][40]
Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503) Not married. Relationships with Vanozza dei Catanei and Giulia Farnese. Yes (at least seven, possibly ten) Had a long affair with Vannozza dei Cattanei while still a priest, but before he became pope; and by her had his illegitimate children Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, Gioffre Borgia, and Lucrezia. A later mistress, Giulia Farnese, was the sister of Alessandro Farnese, and she gave birth to a daughter (Laura) while Alexander was in his 60s and reigning as pope.[41] Alexander fathered at least seven, and possibly as many as ten illegitimate children, and did much to promote his family's interests – using his offspring to build alliances with a number of important dynasties.[42] He appointed Giovanni Borgia as Captain General of the Church, and made Cesare a Cardinal of the Church – also creating independent duchies for each of them out of papal lands.

Homosexual relationships

Name Reign Relationship Offspring Notes
Pope Paul II (1464–1471) Not married. Alleged affair with a page No Thought to have died of indigestion arising from eating melon,[43][44] though detractors insisted that he died while engaging in sodomy with a page.[45][46][47]
Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484) Not married No According to Stefano Infessura, Sixtus was a "lover of boys and sodomites" – awarding benefices and bishoprics in return for sexual favours, and nominating a number of young men as cardinals, some of whom were celebrated for their good looks.[48][49][50] However, Infessura had partisan allegiances to the Colonna family and so is not considered to be always reliable or impartial.[51]
Pope Leo X (1513–1521) Not married No Accused, after his death, of homosexuality (by Francesco Guicciardini and Paolo Giovio). It has been suggested he may have had ulterior motives in offering preferment to Marcantonio Flaminio.[52]
Pope Julius III (1550–1555) Not married. Alleged affair with Innocenzo Ciocchi del Monte No Alleged to have had a long love affair with Innocenzo Ciocchi del Monte which was a cause of public scandal. The Venetian ambassador at that time reported that Innocenzo shared the pope's bed.[53]

Bisexual relationships

Name Reign Relationship Offspring Notes
Pope Benedict IX (1032– became pope in 1044, again in 1045 and finally 1047–1048). Not married No Accused by Bishop Benno of Piacenza of "many vile adulteries."[54][55] Pope Victor III referred in his third book of Dialogues to "his rapes... and other unspeakable acts."[56] His life prompted Peter Damian to write an extended treatise against illicit sex in general, and homosexuality in particular. In his Liber Gomorrhianus, Damian accused Benedict IX of routine sodomy and bestiality and sponsoring orgies.[57] In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned his office to get married.[58]

See also

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

References

  • The Bad Popes, Chamberlin, E.R., Sutton History Classics, 1969 / Dorset; New Ed edition 2003.
  • The Pope Encyclopedia: An A to Z of the Holy See, Matthew Bunson, Crown Trade Paperbacks, New York, 1995.
  • The Papacy, Bernhard Schimmelpfennig, Columbia University Press, New York, 1984.
  • Lives of the Popes, Richard P. McBrien, Harper Collins, San Francisco, 1997.
  • Papal Genealogy, George L. Williams, McFarland& Co., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1998.
  • Sex Lives of the Popes, Nigel Cawthorne, Prion, London, 1996.
  • Popes and Anti-Popes, John Wilcock, Xlibris Corporation, 2005.Vorlage:Self-published inline
  • La véritable histoire des papes, Jean Mathieu-Rosay, Grancher, Paris, 1991
  1. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  2. Priestly celibacy web.archive.org Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'. retrieved June 9, 2008
  3. Cited by Eusebius, Church History, III, 30. Full text at Clement of Alexandria, Stromata VII, 11.
  4. Clement of Alexandria wrote: "For Peter and Philip begat children" in Clements, Stromata (book VII) / Eusebius, Church History (Book III). Newadvent.org, abgerufen am 28. November 2012.
  5. Vorlage:Cite CE1913.
  6. St. Peter's – Altar of St Petronilla. Saintpetersbasilica.org, abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2011.
  7. R.A. Markus, Gregory the Great and his world (Cambridge: University Press, 1997), p.8
  8. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  9. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  10. by Eleutherius, brother of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, the Church's chief librarian.K. Dopierała: Księga Papieży. Pallotinum, Poznań 1996, S. 106.
  11. * Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  12. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  13. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Cardinal Giacomo Savelli. Fiu.edu, abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2011.Vorlage:Self-published source
  14. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  15. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  16. Vorlage:Cite EB1911
  17. Roberto Ridolfi: The Life of Girolamo Savonarola. 1959.
  18. George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes, page 74: "Clement now made Alessandro de Medici "his illegitimate son by a slave" into the first duke of Florence" , McFarland & Company, 1998, Vorlage:ISBN
  19. Jean de Pins, Letters and Letter Fragments, page 292, footnote 5 (Libraire Droze S.A., 2007) Vorlage:ISBN
  20. Katherine McIver, Women, Art, And Architecture in Northern Italy, 1520–1580: Negotiating Power, page 26 (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2006) Vorlage:ISBN
  21. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  22. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Ugo Boncompagni. Fiu.edu, 3. Dezember 2007, abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2011.
  23. Letters from Rome in: The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, Tom 11, pp. 468–471.
  24. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  25. Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization, page 278 (Harvard University Press, 2006) Vorlage:ISBN
  26. Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  27. a b Lindsay Brook: Popes and pornocrats: Rome in the Early Middle Ages. (fmg.ac (Memento des Originals vom 13. April 2008 im Internet Archive)).
  28. Liber Pontificalis (first ed., 500s; it has papal biographies up to Pius II, d. 1464)
  29. Reverend Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volumes 1–13 quote: "Was John XI the son of Pope Sergius by the abandoned Marozia? Liutprand says he was, and so does the author of the anonymous catalogue in the Liber Pontificalis in his one-line notice of John XI." (1928)
  30. Anura Gurugé, The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI, page 37: "John XI (#126) would also appear to have been born out of wedlock. His mother, Marozia, from the then powerful Theophylacet family, was around sixteen years old at the time. Liber Pontificalis, among others, claim that Sergius III (#120), during his tenure as pope, was the father." (WOWNH LLC, 2010). Vorlage:ISBN
  31. Fauvarque, Bertrand (2003). "De la tutelle de l'aristocratie italienne à celle des empereurs germaniques". In Y.-M. Hilaire (Ed.), Histoire de la papauté, 2000 ans de missions et de tribulations. Paris:Tallandier. Vorlage:ISBN, p. 163.
  32. Lindsay Brook, "Popes and pornocrats: Rome in the Early Middle Ages". Web.archive.org, 13. April 2008, archiviert vom Original am 13. April 2008; abgerufen am 28. November 2012.Vorlage:Self-published inlineVorlage:Better source
  33. Joseph McCabe, Crises in The history of The Papacy: A Study of Twenty Famous Popes whose Careers and whose Influence were important in the Development of The Church and in The History of The World, page 130 (New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916)
  34. a b Vorlage:Cite CE1913
  35. Malachi Martin: Decline and Fall of the Roman Church. Bantam Books, New York 1981, ISBN 0-553-22944-3. p. 105
  36. The Bad Popes by E. R. Chamberlin
  37. Peter de Rosa, Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy, Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1988/2000, pages 211–215.
  38. Hans Kung, The Catholic Church: A Short History (translated by John Bowden), Modern Library, New York. 2001/2003. page 79
  39. The Popes' Rights & Wrongs, published by Truber & Co., 1860
  40. Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, The Love Affairs of the Vatican, 1912
  41. Eamon Duffy, Saints and Sinners: A history of the popes, Yale University Press, 2006
  42. ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'': Rodrigo Borja. Fiu.edu, abgerufen am 18. Oktober 2011.
  43. Paolo II in Enciclopedia dei Papi", Enciclopedia Treccani, http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo-ii_%28Enciclopedia_dei_Papi%29/
  44. "Vita Pauli Secundi Pontificis Maximi", Michael Canensius, 1734 p. 175
  45. Leonie Frieda, The Deadly Sisterhood: A Story of Women, Power, and Intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427–1527, chapter 3 (HarperCollins, 2013) Vorlage:ISBN
  46. Karlheinz Deschner, Storia criminale del cristianesimo (tomo VIII), Ariele, Milano, 2007, pag. 216. Nigel Cawthorne, Das Sexleben der Päpste. Die Skandalchronik des Vatikans, Benedikt Taschen Verlag, Köln, 1999, pag. 171.
  47. Claudio Rendina, I Papi, Storia e Segreti, Newton Compton, Roma, 1983, p. 589
  48. Studies in the psychology of sex — Havelock Ellis — Google Boeken. Books.google.com, 30. Juli 2007 (google.com [abgerufen am 23. Juni 2013]).
  49. Nigel Cawthorne: Sex Lives of the Popes. Prion, 1996, S. 160;.
  50. Stefano Infessura, Diario della città di Roma (1303–1494), Ist. St. italiano, Tip. Forzani, Roma 1890, pp. 155–156
  51. Egmont Lee, Sixtus IV and Men of Letters, Rome, 1978
  52. C. Falconi, Leone X, Milan, 1987
  53. Burkle-Young, Francis A., and Michael Leopoldo Doerrer. The Life of Cardinal Innocenzo del Monte: A Scandal in Scarlet, Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1997
  54. “Post multa turpia adulteria et homicidia manibus suis perpetrata, postremo, etc.” Ernst Ludwig Dümmler: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite. I. Jahrgang. Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters, Hannover 1891, S. 584 (uan.it (Memento des Originals vom 13. Juli 2007 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 3. Januar 2008]).
  55. The Book of Saints, by Ramsgate Benedictine Monks of St. Augustine's Abbey, A.C. Black, 1989. Vorlage:ISBN
  56. "Cuius vita quam turpis, quam freda, quamque execranda extiterit,horresco referre." Pope Victor III: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite. Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters, Hannover 1934, S. 141 (uan.it (Memento des Originals vom 15. Juli 2007 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 3. Januar 2008]).
  57. Liber Gomorrhianus, Vorlage:ISBN
  58. Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, The Love Affairs of the Vatican, 1912, pp. 81–82.