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Arihant-Klasse

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The Arihant class submarines (Vorlage:Lang-sa, meaning "Slayer of Enemies") are nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines[1] being developed for the Indian Navy. The INS Arihant was introduced to the public on July 26, 2009 at a symbolic launch ceremony, which consisted of floating it by flooding the dry dock.[2] The Arihant class is India's first indigenously designed and built submarine. The class is expected to consist of three vessels to be in commission with the Indian Navy by 2015.[3] The Arihant class vessels were designed as a part of India's US$2.9 billion project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

History

The Arihant class submarines were designed and constructed as a part of the Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Project. The first confirmation on the project came in 1998 from then defense minister of India, George Fernandes.[10] The ATV project started with the intent to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though over time the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine[11] in order to complete India's nuclear triad.[12] The project faced many challenges including design and miniaturization of the nuclear reactor.[13]

Development

The vessels are to be powered by an 85 MW pressurized water reactor (PWR) with enriched uranium fuel.[1] The initial design of the miniaturized naval-version of the reactor developed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) had technical challenges, after which Russian help was sought to resolve the design glitches. The final production version of the reactor was built by the BARC at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) at Kalpakkam.[14] A land-based prototype of the marine PWR was first built at Kalpakkam and made operational in September 2006. The prototype included a 42-meter section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[15] Successful operation of the prototype for three years yielded the data that enabled the production version for Arihant.[16][17] The reactors are fueled by high fissile fuel requiring lesser refuels for the submarine.[18]

The hulls for this class are built by L&T's Hazira shipbuilding facility. Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine. The systems for the steam turbine integrated with the PWR are supplied by Walchandnagar Industries.[19]

The program has been shrouded in mystery and reports on the current status of the vessel have differed. It has been reported first by Defro.com that the nuclear reactor and other key systems including its surveillance equipment, sensors, weapons, and ordinance were still in the process of being installed.[2][20][21][22][23] Other reports have stated that the reactor is on board the submarine.[24][25] India Today provided details of the nuclear reactor on-board. After the initial harbour trials are over, the steam turbines will be tested using a secondary power option. After successfully completing the turbine test, the nuclear reactor on-board the submarine will be activated. This is done by slowly raising the Zirconium rods which will make the nuclear reactor critical. Once the reactor is critical, the sea trial of the submarine is carried out.[26] In 2010, the lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant was reported to have begun sea trials and the submarine is expected to formally join the Indian Navy by 2011.[27][28] systems were not included in the submarine's launch and that it was only a ceremonious float-out.[2] Although it has been reported that the new submarine already conducting sea trials,[29] Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Verma said in December 2009, "Work is in progress to make INS Arihant operational for sea-trials...it should be inducted in two years or so."[30]

In these two years the submarine will under go harbour acceptance trials(HATs) where the submarine's nuclear reactor will be 'fired' and all the on board systems will be tested on the power generated by the submarine, which will be followed by sea acceptance trials (SATs) where the submarine will be operated at different speeds and different depths, the final phase will be the weapon trials where the submarine will fire its SLBMs (Submarine launched ballistic missiles) and torpedoes.[31][32] Before working together all the systems installed in the submarine have to be tested one after the another (this process is called setting-to-work), the HATs and SATs are reported to last for one and a half year.[33]

Full integration of key systems and Sea trials are expected to be extensive. The submarine is not expected to formally join the Indian Navy earlier than 2011.[34] The INS Arihant will be more of "a technology demonstrator", rather than a fully-operational SSBN according to Admiral Verma.[30] Two more submarines in the class are under construction and the hull sections of these has been completed at L&T facility in Hazira and is expected to be transported to Vishakapatanam for assembling.[35]

Details

The submarine is reported to be similar to the Russian Charlie-II class submarine, which India leased from the Soviet Union between 1988 and 1991.[36] Personnel will have the opportunity to train on a Akula-II class nuclear attack submarine it will lease from Russia sometime in the second quarter of 2010.[36] It is conjectured that India may have struck deal for the supply of two of these submarines with an option to purchase them in the future.[34]

The Arihant class may possibly be armed with the existing 750 km K-15 Sagarika SLBM or the under-development K-4 [37] , an SLBM version of Agni-III.

Although it was widely speculated, the submarine does not sport either a "bulb" like towed array sonar, or a low blended sail.[38] The glimpses of the submarine provided to the media seems to indicate a design with a blended hump behind the sail for the vertical launchers.[39][40]

The Arihant class hull features twin flank-array sonars and Rafael broadband expendable anti-torpedo countermeasures. The UPA government's report card carried an image of INS Arihant, which provided the first glimpse of the complete sub.[41]

Project Varsha

The Indian Navy is developing a new top-secret naval base for its nuclear submarines, code-named Project Varsha, located within a radius of approximately 200 kilometers (124.27 statute miles) from Visakhapatnam.[42] Previous news reports suggested that Gangavaram had been the initial site for the new base.[43] The new base is designed to support all 8-12 Arihant -class submarines to be built for the Indian Navy, and it will include state-of-the-art nuclear engineering support facilities and extensive crew accommodations.[42] The Indian Navy is seeking foreign technical assistance pertaining to nuclear safety features for the base.[42] While designed principally as a nuclear submarine support facility, the new base can accommodate other naval vessels because of the Indian Navy's expansion.[42]

In addition to Project Varsha, in late 2009, the Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), located at Visakhapatnam, was transferred from the Ministry of Shipping to the Ministry of Defence in order to support the Arihant -class nuclear submarine construction program.[42][44]

Ships in class

 Name   Pennant   Builder   Launch   Commissioning   Status 
Arihant S73 Shipbuilding Centre Vishakapatnam 26 July 2009 2011[45] Sea trial[46]
Unknown Shipbuilding Centre Vishakapatnam ~ 2010 Under Construction
Unknown Shipbuilding Centre Vishakapatnam ~ 2010 Under Construction
Unknown Shipbuilding Centre Vishakapatnam ~ 2011 Under Construction
  •  
    Conceptual drawing of the INS Arihant
  •  
    Concept drawing of the INS Arihant
  •  
    Concept drawing of the INS Arihant
  •  
    Concept drawing of the INS Arihant
  •  
    Concept drawing of the INS Arihant

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Video

Vorlage:Ship classes of the Indian Navy Vorlage:SSBN classes in service

  1. ↑ a b http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS-India-India-set-to-launch-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/4787167.cms
  2. ↑ a b c [1]
  3. ↑ Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday
  4. ↑ http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html
  5. ↑ India nuclear sub project near completion
  6. ↑ PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end, MSN, July 16, 2009. Abgerufen im July 19, 2009 
  7. ↑ Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial, The Hindu. Abgerufen im July 19, 2009 
  8. ↑ [2]
  9. ↑ India's nuclear submarine dream, still miles to go In: Reuters, 31. Juli 2009 
  10. ↑ George defends position on China
  11. ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm
  12. ↑ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218
  13. ↑ India's nuclear sub still a distant dream
  14. ↑ Report: Official confirms India building a nuclear powered submarine
  15. ↑ Unveiled: Arihant’s elder brother
  16. ↑ T.S. Subramanian PWR building shows indigenous capability, says Kakodkar, The Hindu, 2. August 2009  Fehler beim Aufruf der Vorlage:Cite news: Der Parameter Vorname wurde angegeben, aber Nachname fehlt.
  17. ↑ MR Venkatesh Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled, Hindustan Times, 2. August 2009  Fehler beim Aufruf der Vorlage:Cite news: Der Parameter Vorname wurde angegeben, aber Nachname fehlt.
  18. ↑ High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long
  19. ↑ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435
  20. ↑ [3]
  21. ↑ [4]
  22. ↑ [5]
  23. ↑ India's Nuclear Sub Doesn't Have Working Reactor Yet. In: Daiji World. 13. August 2009, abgerufen am 10. September 2009.
  24. ↑ Nuclear submarine all set to enter waters
  25. ↑ [6]
  26. ↑ Sandeep Unnithan: Deep impact. India Today, 23. Juli 2009, abgerufen am 31. August 2010.
  27. ↑ Rahul Singh: Naval forces get ready to operate N-submarine. Hindustan Times;
  28. ↑ First nuke-sub undergoes trial. Deccan Herald;
  29. ↑ India, Russia close to final testing of air-launched BrahMos In: Deccan Herald, 7. November 2009 
  30. ↑ a b Rajat Pandit: Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years In: The Times of India, 3. Dezember 2009. Abgerufen am 4. Dezember 2009 
  31. ↑ [7]
  32. ↑ [8]
  33. ↑ [9]
  34. ↑ a b Indian Navy to procure five midget submarines. In: domain-b.com. The Information Company, 2. November 2009, abgerufen am 7. November 2009.
  35. ↑ PM's wife to launch INS Arihant, India's first nuclear submarine
  36. ↑ a b Nicolas Von Kospoth: India's INS Arihant Makes First Contact with Water. In: Defense Professionals Daily. 28. Juli 2009, abgerufen am 10. September 2009.
  37. ↑ http://livefist.blogspot.com/2010/11/mag-report-indias-secret-k-missile.html
  38. ↑ http://mjoshi.blogspot.com/2009/07/indias-boomer-launch-of-arihant.html
  39. ↑ http://forums.bharat-rakshak.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=5026&st=0&sk=t&sd=a&start=280
  40. ↑ http://www.indiadefenceupdate.com/news54.html
  41. ↑ INS Arihant image
  42. ↑ a b c d e Suman Sharma: Navy creating a new base for nuke submarines. In: India. (Daily News & Analysis, 12. Juni 2010, abgerufen am 11. Juni 2010.
  43. ↑ Sudha Ramachandran: India navy drops another anchor. Asia Times]], 17. Oktober 2006, abgerufen am 20. April 2009.
  44. ↑ On national security interests, Govt moves Hindustan Shipyard to Defence ministry. The Times of India, 24. Dezember 2009, abgerufen am 11. Juni 2010.
  45. ↑ SSBN Arihant to be commissioned in 2 years: Navy chief
  46. ↑ First nuke-sub undergoes trial
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