Vorlage:Short description Vorlage:Use dmy dates
Sealioning (also spelled sea-lioning and sea lioning) is a type of trolling or harassment that consists of pursuing people with persistent requests for evidence or repeated questions, while maintaining a pretense of civility and sincerity.[1][2][3][4] It may take the form of "incessant, bad-faith invitations to engage in debate".[5] The term originated with a 2014 strip of the webcomic Wondermark by David Malki.[6]
Description
The troll feigns ignorance and politeness, so that if the target is provoked into making an angry response, the troll can then act as the aggrieved party.[7][8] Sealioning can be performed by a single troll or by multiple ones acting in concert.[9] The technique of sealioning has been compared to the Gish gallop and metaphorically described as a denial-of-service attack targeted at human beings.[10]
An essay in the collection Perspectives on Harmful Speech Online, published by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard, noted:
In December 2020, the Merriam-Webster online dictionary listed the term as "Words We're Watching", being "words we are increasingly seeing in use but that have not yet met our criteria for entry":[6]
Origins and history
The term originated with a 2014 strip of the webcomic Wondermark by David Malki,[11] where a character expresses a dislike of sea lions and a sea lion intrudes to repeatedly ask her to explain her statement and attempts (in an exaggeratedly civil manner) to interrogate her views, following the characters into the privacy of their own home.[12] "Sea lion" was quickly verbed. The term gained popularity as a way to describe online trolling, and it was used to describe some of the behavior of those participating in the Gamergate controversy.[13][14]
In a 2016 study published in First Monday focusing on users of the Gamergate subreddit /r/KotakuInAction, participants were surveyed about what they believed constituted "harassment". Participants were quoted stating that "expressions of sincere disagreement" were considered harassment by opponents of the forum and that the term was used to silence legitimate requests for proof.[15]
See also
- Argumentum ad nauseam—a more general term for an argument that has continued past the point of value
- Griefer
References
External links
- The Terrible Sea Lion, the Wondermark comic strip that inspired the term
- Wondermark Errata defending the cartoon against accusations of classism and speciesism.
- Sea-Lioning, at Know Your Meme
Vorlage:Internet slang Vorlage:Fallacies
- ↑ Bailey Poland: Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online. University of Nebraska Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-61234-766-0, S. 144–145 (google.com [abgerufen am 10. Januar 2018]).
- ↑ Anita Sarkeesian: Anita Sarkeesian's Guide to Internetting While Female ( des vom 2 August 2019 im Internet Archive) In: Marie Claire, 20 February 2015. Abgerufen im 2 August 2019 (amerikanisches Englisch).
- ↑ Daniel Chandler, Rod Munday: A Dictionary of Social Media. Oxford University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-19-251852-1 (englisch, oxfordreference.com [abgerufen am 18. September 2018]).
- ↑ Robert Bloomfield: The LAAPs that foster productive conversations and the crebit that undermines them. In: Accounting, Organizations and Society. 68–69. Jahrgang, 2018, S. 125–142, doi:10.1016/j.aos.2018.06.004: „Consider a website that seeks to provide a venue for productive conversations among those who own and love cats. Their conversations are likely to be undermined by those who want to foster a preference for dogs (haters), as well as those who simply enjoy undermining conversations for its own sake (trolls). They can expect these haters and trolls to raise faulty arguments about the evils of cats faster than they can be rebutted (the Gish Gallop); to pretend sincerity in asking repeatedly for evidence on the benefits of cats (sealioning)...“
- ↑ Emily Sullivan, Max Sondag, Ignaz Rutter, Wouter Meulemans, Scott Cunningham, Bettina Speckmann, Mark Alfano: Can Real Social Epistemic Networks Deliver the Wisdom of Crowds? (pdf) via The PhilPapers Foundation, S. 21, abgerufen am 28. Januar 2019.
- ↑ a b What is 'Sealioning?' In: Merriam-Webster Online. Dezember 2020, abgerufen am 1. Januar 2021.
- ↑ Jessica Lindsay: Sealioning is the new thing to worry about in relationships and online In: Metro, 5 July 2018. Abgerufen im 13 September 2018 (britisches Englisch).
- ↑ Chris Stokel-Walker: How to handle a troll ... and neuter a sea lion. In: The Guardian. 18. August 2018, abgerufen am 13. September 2018 (englisch).
- ↑ J. Marshall Shepherd: 'Sealioning' Is A Common Trolling Tactic On Social Media—What Is It? In: Forbes. 17. März 2019, abgerufen am 16. Juni 2019.
- ↑ Amy Johnson: The Multiple Harms of Sea Lions. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, 2017, S. 14, abgerufen am 16. September 2018.
- ↑ Wondermark #1062. 19. September 2014, abgerufen am 3. März 2019.
- ↑ Kerry Maxwell: Definition of Sea lion. In: Macmillan Dictionary. 6. Oktober 2015, abgerufen am 10. Januar 2018 (englisch).
- ↑ Shagun Jhaver, Sucheta Ghoshal, Amy Bruckman, Eric Gilbert: Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists. In: ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. 25. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, S. 12, doi:10.1145/3185593.
- ↑ Vorlage:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Shagun Jhaver, Larry Chan, Amy Bruckman: The view from the other side: The border between controversial speech and harassment on Kotaku in Action. In: First Monday. 23. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 5. Februar 2018, doi:10.5210/fm.v23i2.8232, arxiv:1712.05851 (firstmonday.org [abgerufen am 21. März 2019]).