Good Roads Movement

The Good Roads Movement occurred in the United States between the late 1870s and the 1920s. Advocates for improved roads led by bicyclists turned local agitation into a national political movement.

Good Roads Building at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition of 1909

Outside cities, roads were dirt or gravel; mud in the winter and dust in the summer. Early organizers cited Europe where road construction and maintenance was supported by national and local governments. In its early years, the main goal of the movement was education for road building in rural areas between cities and to help rural populations gain the social and economic benefits enjoyed by cities where citizens benefited from railroads, trolleys and paved streets. Even more than traditional vehicles, the newly invented bicycles could benefit from good country roads.

History

Good Roads magazine was an early advocate for road improvements

The Good Roads Movement was officially founded in May 1880, when bicycle enthusiasts, riding clubs and manufacturers met in Newport, Rhode Island to form the League of American Wheelmen to support the burgeoning use of bicycles and to protect their interests from legislative discrimination. The League quickly went national and in 1892 began publishing Good Roads Magazine. In three years circulation reached one million. Early movement advocates enlisted the help of journalists, farmers, politicians and engineers in the project of improving the nation's roadways, but the movement took off when it was adopted by bicyclists.

Groups across the country held road conventions and public demonstrations, published material on the benefits of good roads and endeavoured to influence legislators on local, state and national levels. Support for candidates often became crucial factors in elections. Not only advocating road improvements for bicyclists, the League pressed the idea to farmers and rural communities, publishing literature such as the famous pamphlet, The Gospel of Good Roads.

New Jersey became the first state to pass a law providing for a state to participate in road-building projects. In 1893, the U.S. Department of Agriculture initiated a systematic evaluation of existing highway systems. In that same year, Charles Duryea produced the first American gasoline-powered vehicle, and Rural Free Delivery began. By June 1894, "Many of the railway companies [had] made concessions in transporting road materials ranging from half rates to free carriage."

20th century

Advocacy efforts frequently targeted farmers

At the turn of the twentieth century, interest in the bicycle began to wane in the face of increasing interest in automobiles. Subsequently, other groups took the lead in the road lobby. As the automobile was developed and gained momentum, organizations developed such cross-county projects as the coast-to-coast east–west Lincoln Highway in 1913, headed by auto parts and auto racing magnate Carl G. Fisher, and later his north–south Dixie Highway in 1915, which extended from Canada to Miami, Florida.

1904 editorial cartoon by E. A. Bushnell, urging that funds be appropriated for the goals of the Good Roads Movement

The movement gained national prominence when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 on July 11, 1916. In that year, the Buffalo Steam Roller Company of Buffalo, New York, and the Kelly-Springfield Company of Springfield, Ohio, merged to form the Buffalo-Springfield Company, which became the leader in the American compaction industry. Buffalo-Springfield enabled America to embark on a truly national highway construction campaign that continued into the 1920s.

Horatio Earle is known as the "Father of Good Roads." Quoting from Earle's 1929 autobiography: "I often hear now-a-days, the automobile instigated good roads; that the automobile is the parent of good roads. Well, the truth is, the bicycle is the father of the good roads movement in this country." "The League fought for the privilege of building bicycle paths along the side of public highways." "The League fought for equal privileges with horse-drawn vehicles. All these battles were won and the bicyclist was accorded equal rights with other users of highways and streets."

State Good Roads associations

The 1920 Directory of American Agricultural Organizations lists the following state organizations as being affiliated with the Good Roads Movement:

• Alabama Good Roads Association
• Arizona Good Roads Association
• Central Florida Highway Association
• Good Roads Association of Wisconsin
• Illinois Association for Highway Improvement
• Kansas Good Roads Association
• Massachusetts Highway Association
• Michigan Pikes Association
• Michigan State Good Roads Association
• Montana Good Roads Congress
• Montana Highway Improvement Association
• Nebraska Good Roads Association
• Nevada Highway Association
• New Hampshire Good Roads Association
• New York Road Association
• North Carolina Good Roads Association
• Ohio Good Roads Federation
• Southeastern Idaho Good Roads Association
• Virginia Good Roads Association
• Washington State Good Roads Association
• Wilmington-Charlotte-Asheville Highway Association
• Wisconsin Highway Commissioners' Association
• Wyoming Good Roads Association

See also

• U.S. Highway association
• Keystone Markers
• Seedling miles and the later "ideal section" of the Lincoln Highway

References

• Vorlage:Cite thesis
• Christopher W. Wells: The Changing Nature of Country Roads: Farmers, Reformers, and the Shifting Uses of Rural Space, 1880-1905. In: Agricultural History. 80. Jahrgang, S. 143–166, doi:10.1525/ah.2006.80.2.143. 
• Earl Mayo: The Good Roads Train. In: The World's Work. II. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York Juli 1901, S. 956–960 (google.com [abgerufen am 29. April 2012]). 

Further reading

Advocacy in Good Roads Magazine c. 1890-1920

• Jan-Jun. I (old). Jahrgang, 1892 (google.com). 
• Jul-Dec. II (old). Jahrgang, 1892 (google.com). 
• Jan-Jun. III (old). Jahrgang, 1892 (google.com). 
• Jul-Dec. IV (old). Jahrgang, 1893 (google.com). 
• Jul-Dec. VI (old). Jahrgang, 1893 (google.com). 
• Jul-Dec. XXIV (old). Jahrgang, 1896 (google.com). 
• Jan-Jun. XXV (old). Jahrgang, 1897 (google.com). 
• Jul-Dec. XXVI (old). Jahrgang, 1897 (google.com). 
• Jan-Jun. XXVII (old). Jahrgang, 1898 (google.com). 
• Jan-Jul. XXIX (old). Jahrgang, 1899 (google.com). 
• Aug-Dec. XXX (old). Jahrgang, 1899 (google.com). 
• Jun-Dec. XXXI (old). Jahrgang, 1900 (google.com). 
• Jun-Dec. I (new). Jahrgang, 1901 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. II (new). Jahrgang, 1903 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. V (new). Jahrgang, 1904 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. VI (new). Jahrgang, 1905 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. VII (new). Jahrgang, 1906 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. VIII (new). Jahrgang, 1907 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. IX (new). Jahrgang, 1908 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. X (new). Jahrgang, 1909 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. XII (new). Jahrgang, 1916 (google.com). 
• Jan-Dec. XIV (new). Jahrgang, 1917 (google.com). 
• Jan-Jun. XV (new). Jahrgang, 1918 (google.com). 
• Jul-Dec. XVI (new). Jahrgang, 1918 (google.com). 
• Jul-Dec. LXI (new). Jahrgang, 1921 (google.com). 

Advocacy in popular national periodicals c. 1880-1920 (examples)

• Good Common Roads and How to Make Them. In: Outing. V. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. The Wheelman Company, Boston MA Dezember 1884, S. 194–200 (google.com). 
• A. Cressy Morrison: The League of American Wheelmen. In: Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. XLV. Jahrgang, Nr. 4. Frank Leslie's Publishing House, New York NY April 1898, S. 363–372 (google.com). 
• Julia D. Cowles: The Good Roads Convention at St. Louis. In: The World To-Day. IV. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Current Encyclopedia Company, Chicago IL Juni 1903, S. 761–771 (google.com). 
• Franklin Matthews: Getting Good Roads in America. In: Outing. XLIV. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. The Outing Publishing Company, New York NY Juni 1904, S. 337–348 (google.com). 
• H.P. Burchell: The Automobile as a means of Country Travel. In: Outing. XLVI. Jahrgang, Nr. 5. The Outing Publishing Company, New York NY August 1905, S. 536–541 (google.com). 
• Thomas F. Walsh: Public highways and Prosperity. In: The National Magazine. XXVII. Jahrgang, Nr. 4. The Chapple Publishing Company, Boston MA Januar 1908 (google.com). 
• Logan Waller Page: Good Roads the Way to Progress. In: The World's Work. XVIII. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Doubleday, Page & Company, New York, NY Juli 1909, S. 11807–11819 (google.com). 
• Thomas F. Logan: Hastening the Millennium: How the Builders of Good Roads Hope to Turn American into Arcady. In: The Saturday Evening Post. 183. Jahrgang, Nr. 36, 4. März 1911, S. 26–29 (google.com). 
• Logan Waller Page: The Profit of Good Roads. In: The World's Work. XXIV. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Doubleday, Page & Company, Chicago, IL Oktober 1912, S. 695-679 (google.com). 
• J. E. Pennybacker Jr.: The Best Roads at Least Cost. In: The World's Work. XXIV. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Doubleday, Page & Company, Chicago, IL Oktober 1912, S. 679–687 (google.com). 
• L. I. Hewes: Roads Worth $35,000,000 A Year. In: The World's Work. XXIV. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Doubleday, Page & Company, Chicago, IL Oktober 1912, S. 688–698 (google.com). 
• Henry B. Joy: Transcontinental Trails: Their Development and What They Mean to this Country. In: Scribner's Magazine. LV. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York NY Februar 1914, S. 160–172 (google.com). 
• The Economic and Social Value of Good Highways. In: Dun's Review. XXVIII. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. R. G. Dun & Company, New York NY August 1917, S. 42–45 (google.com). 
• John M. Goodell: An Apostle of Good Roads, Logan Waller Page. In: The American Review of Reviews. LVIX. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. The Review of Reviews Company, New York NY Februar 1919, S. 302–304 (google.com). 

Advocacy in books and pamphlets c. 1880-1920 (examples)

• Roy Stone: New Roads and Road Laws in the United States. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York NY 1904, 166 (archive.org). 
• Charles Henry Davis, Stanley Edwards Bates: National Highways to Bring About Good Roads Everywhere. National Highways Association, Washington DC 1913, S. 46 (archive.org). 

Modern books about the Good Roads movement

• Carlton Reid: Roads Were Not Built for Cars. Island Press, London 2015, ISBN 978-1-61091-689-9 (roadswerenotbuiltforcars.com [abgerufen am 25. Mai 2015]). 

External links

• The Great Bicycle Protest of 1896
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Good Roads Association
• Richard F. Weingroff: A Maximum of Good Results: Martin Dodge and the Good Roads Train. In: Highway History. Federal Highway Administration, 7. April 2011; abgerufen im 1. Januar 1.