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Vorlage:Subspeciesbox

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), also known as Iranian cheetah, is a Critically Endangered cheetah subspecies surviving today only in Iran.[1] It once occurred from the Arabian Peninsula to the Kyzylkum Desert, Caspian region, Pakistan and India, but has been extirpated there during the 20th century.[2]

In Iran, it survives in protected areas in the eastern-central arid region, where the human population density is very low.[3] Between December 2011 and November 2013, 84 individuals were sighted in 14 different protected areas, and 82 individuals were identified from camera-trap photographs.[4][5]

The Asiatic cheetah was proposed as a subspecies by Griffith in 1821.[2] It separated from African cheetah subspecies between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.[6] In order to raise international awareness for the conservation of the Asiatic cheetah, an illustration was used on the jerseys of the Iran national football team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[7] During the British colonial times in India it was called hunting leopard, a name derived from the ones that were kept in captivity in large numbers by Indian royalty to use in hunting wild antelopes.[8]

Characteristics

 
Asiatic cheetah with two imperial attendants, during the reign of Shah Alam II (AD. 1764).

The Asiatic cheetah has a buff- to light fawn-coloured fur that is paler on the sides, on the front of the muzzle, below the eyes and inner legs. Small black spots are arranged in lines on the head and nape, but irregularly scattered on body, legs, paws and tail. The tail tip has black stripes. The coat and mane are shorter than of African cheetah subspecies.[9] The head and body of an adult Asiatic cheetah measure about Vorlage:Convert with a Vorlage:Convert long tail. It weighs about Vorlage:Convert. Males are slightly larger than the females.Vorlage:Citation needed

The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world.[10] It was previously thought that the body temperature of a cheetah increases during a hunt due to high metabolic activity.[11] In a short period of time during a chase, a cheetah may produce 60 times more heat than at rest, with much of the heat, produced from glycolysis, stored to possibly raise the body temperature. The claim was supported by data from experiments in which two cheetahs ran on a treadmill for minutes on end but contradicted by studies in natural settings, which indicate that body temperature stays relatively the same during a hunt. A 2013 study suggested stress hyperthermia and a slight increase in body temperature after a hunt.[12] The cheetah's nervousness after a hunt may induce stress hyperthermia, which involves high sympathetic nervous activity and raises the body temperature. After a hunt, the risk of another predator taking its kill is great, and the cheetah is on high alert and stressed.[13] The increased sympathetic activity prepares the cheetah's body to run when another predator approaches. In the 2013 study, even the cheetah that did not chase the prey experienced an increase in body temperature once the prey was caught, showing increased sympathetic activity.[12]

Distribution and habitat

 
An Asiatic cheetah in Iran

The cheetah thrives in open lands, small plains, semi-desert areas, and other open habitats where prey is available. The Asiatic cheetah mainly inhabits the desert areas around Dasht-e Kavir in the eastern half of Iran, including parts of the Kerman, Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Tehran, and Markazi provinces. Most live in five protected areas, viz Kavir National Park, Touran National Park, Bafq Protected Area, Dar-e Anjir Wildlife Refuge, and Naybandan Wildlife Reserve.[3]

During the 1970s, the Asiatic cheetah population in Iran was estimated to number about 200 individuals in 11 protected areas. By the end of the 1990s, the population was estimated at 50 to 100 individuals.[14][15] During camera-trapping surveys conducted across 18 protected areas between 2001 and 2012, a total of 82 individuals in 15–17 families were recorded and identified. Of these, only six individuals were recorded for more than three years. In this period, 42 cheetahs died due to poaching, in road accidents and due to natural causes. Populations are fragmented and known to survive in the Semnan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Yazd, Esfahan, and Kerman Provinces.[5]

In Afghanistan, the cheetah population decreased to the extent that it has been considered extinct since the 1950s.[16] Two skins have been reported in markets in the country, one in 1971, and one in 2006.[17] In the 2015 update of the IUCN Red List, the Asiatic cheetah was considered regionally extinct in Afghanistan, India, Iraq and Pakistan.[18]

Former range

 
Akbar the Great, Mughal emperor of India hunting with locally trapped Asiatic cheetahs, ca. 1602
 
Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo shot some of the last three cheetahs in India in 1948, in Surguja State, Madhya Pradesh. His private secretary submitted this photo to the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.[19]

The Asiatic cheetah once ranged from the Arabian Peninsula to India, through Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In Central Asia, uncontrolled hunting of Asiatic cheetahs and their prey, severe winters and conversion of grassland to areas used for agriculture contributed to the population's decline. The last reported sighting in Uzbekistan dates to the end of 1983. The last reported killed in Turkmenistan dates to November 1984.[20] The population in Turkey was extinct already in the 19th century.[21]

In India, the Asiatic cheetah occurred in Rajputana, Punjab, Sind, and south of the Ganges from Bengal to the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. It was also present in the Kaimur District (present-day Bihar, on eastern Uttar Pradesh border), Darrah and other desert regions of Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat and Central India.[9]

Akbar the Great was introduced to cheetahs around the mid-16th century and used them for coursing blackbucks, chinkaras and antelopes. He allegedly possessed 1,000 cheetahs during his reign but this figure is exaggerated since there is neither evidence of housing facilities for so many animals, nor of facilities to provide them with sufficient meat every day.[22] Trapping of adult cheetahs, who had already learned hunting skills from wild mothers, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be another major cause of the species' rapid decline in India as there is only one record of a litter ever born to captive animals. By the beginning of the 20th century, wild Asiatic cheetahs were so rare in India, that between 1918 and 1945 Indian princes imported cheetahs from Africa for coursing. The last three cheetahs in India to be killed there were shot by the Maharajah of Surguja in 1948. A female was sighted in the Koriya district in 1951.[19]

Ecology and behaviour

 
Asiatic cheetah with cape hare

Most sightings of cheetahs in the Miandasht Wildlife Refuge between January 2003 and March 2006 occurred during the day and near watercourses. These observations suggest that they are most active when their prey is.[23] The Asiatic cheetah preys on medium-sized herbivores including chinkara, goitered gazelle, wild sheep, wild goat and cape hare.[24]

Camera-trapping data obtained between 2009 and 2011 indicate that some cheetahs travel long distances. A female was recorded in two protected areas that are about Vorlage:Convert apart and intersected by railway and two highways. Her three male siblings and a different adult male were recorded in three reserves, indicating that they have large home ranges.[25]

In India, prey was formerly abundant. Before its extinction in the country, the cheetah fed on the blackbuck, the chinkara, and sometimes the chital and the nilgai.

Vorlage:Quote

Reproduction

 
Asiatic cheetah cubs in India, 1897

Evidence of females successfully raising cubs is very rare. A few observations in Iran indicate that they give birth throughout the year to one to four cubs. In April 2003, four cubs were found in a den that had their eyes still closed. In November 2004, a cub was recorded by a camera-trap that was about 6–8 months old. Breeding success depends on availability of prey.[23] In January 2008, a male cub aged about 7–8 months was recovered from a sheep herder and brought into captivity.[26] In October 2013, conservationists from the Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation filmed a mother with four cubs in Touran.[27] In December 2014, four cheetahs were sighted and photographed by camera traps in the Touran National Park.[28] Eleven cheetahs were also sighted at the time and another four a month later.[29] On 7 January 2015, Director General of Environmental Protection Department in North Khorasan, Iran announced a sighting of a female Asiatic cheetah and her cub at Miandasht Wildlife Refuge. Motahari also maintained that two days prior to this sighting, three other adult cheetahs were sighted by the locals some kilometers to the eastern border of Miandasht, and immediately reported to Jajrom Department of Environment.[30] In July 2015, eight new cheetahs (five adults and three cubs) were spotted at Khar Touran.[31]

The Asiatic cheetah population is considered to be on the rise.[32] In December 2015, it is reported that 18 new Asiatic cheetah cubs had recently been born and it was hoped for two captive Asian cheetahs at Pardisan Park would produce cubs.[33]

Evolutionary history

Datei:MSU V2P2 - Acinonyx jubatus Anthologies of Svyatoslav.png
Illustration of tame Asiatic cheetahs from the Anthologies of Svyatoslav, 1073
 
Nawabs with Asiatic cheetahs
 
Hunting of blackbuck with Asiatic cheetah; drawn by James Forbes in South Gujarat, India. Oriental Memoirs, 1812.

Results of a five-year phylogeographic study on cheetah subspecies indicate that Asiatic and African cheetah populations separated between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago and are genetically distinct. Samples of 94 cheetahs for extracting mitochondrial DNA were collected in nine countries from wild, seized and captive individuals and from museum specimen. The population in Iran is considered autochthonousVorlage:Dn monophyletic and the last remaining representative of the Asiatic subspecies.[6]

In September 2009, Stephen J. O'Brien from the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity of the National Cancer Institute argued that it is genetically identical to the African cheetah and that the populations had separated about 5,000 years ago, which is not enough time for a subspecific level differentiation.[34][35]

Threats

The Asiatic cheetah has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996.[1] Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, wildlife conservation was interrupted for several years. Manoeuvres with armed vehicles were carried in steppes, and local people hunted cheetahs and prey species unchecked. The gazelle population declined in many areas, and cheetahs retreated to remote mountainous habitats.[3][23] Reduced gazelle numbers, persecution, land-use change, habitat degradation and fragmentation, and desertification contributed to the decline of the cheetah population.[14][36] The cheetah is affected by loss of prey as a result of antelope hunting and overgrazing from introduced livestock. Its prey was pushed out as herders entered game reserves with their herds.[24] A herder pursued a female cheetah with two cubs on his motorbike, until one of the cubs was so exhausted that it collapsed. He caught and kept it chained in his home for two weeks, until it was rescued by officers of the Iranian Department of Environment.[26]

Mining development and road construction near reserves also threaten the population.[14] Coal, copper, and iron have been mined in cheetah habitat in three different regions in central and eastern Iran. It is estimated that the two regions for coal (Nayband) and iron (Bafq) have the largest cheetah population outside protected areas. Mining itself is not a direct threat to the population; road construction and the resulting traffic have made the cheetah accessible to humans, including poachers. The Iranian border regions to Afghanistan and Pakistan, viz the Baluchistan Province, are major passages for armed outlaws and opium smugglers who are active in the central and western regions of Iran, and pass through cheetah habitat. Uncontrolled hunting throughout the desert cannot be effectively controlled by the governments of the three countries.[14]

Conflict between livestock herders and cheetahs is also threatening the population outside protected areas. Several herders killed cheetahs to prevent livestock loss, or for trophies, trade and fun.[36] Some herders are accompanied by large mastiff-type dogs into protected areas. These dogs killed five cheetahs between 2013 and 2016.[37]

Between 2007 and 2011, six cheetahs, 13 predators and 12 Persian gazelles died in Yazd Province following collisions with vehicles on a transit road.[38] At least 11 Asiatic cheetahs were killed in road accidents between 2001 and 2014.[4] The road network in Iran constitutes a very high risk for the small population as it impedes connectivity between population units.[39] Efforts to stop the construction of a road through the core of the Bafq Protected Area were unsuccessful.[40]

Conservation efforts

 
An Asiatic cheetah

In September 2001, the project "Conservation of the Asiatic Cheetah and its Associated Biota" was launched by the Iranian Department of Environment (DoE) in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme's Global Environment Facility, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), the IUCN Cat Specialist Group, the Cheetah Conservation Fund and the Iranian Cheetah Society.[3]

Personnel of WCS and DoE started radio-collaring Asiatic cheetahs in February 2007. The cats' movements are monitored using GPS collars.[41][42] International sanctions have made some projects, such as obtaining camera traps, difficult.[27]

A few orphaned cubs have been raised in captivity, such as Marita who died at the age of nine years in 2003. Beginning in 2006, the day of his death,[43] 30 August, became the Cheetah Conservation Day, used to inform the public about conservation programs.[42][44] A cheetah appeared on the jerseys of the Iran national football team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after receiving approval from FIFA.[7][45] In May 2015, the Department of the Environment announced plans to quintuple the penalty for poaching a cheetah to 100 million tomans (about $30,000).[46]

Iranian officials have discussed constructing wildlife crossings to reduce the number of deaths in traffic accidents.[43]

Projects

Training course for herders: It was estimated that ten cheetahs live in the Bafq Protected Area. According to the Iranian Cheetah Society (ICS), herders are considered as a significant target group which generally confuses the cheetah with other similar-sized carnivores, including wolf, leopard, striped hyena, and even caracal and wild cat. On the basis of the results of conflict assessment, a specific Herders Training Course was developed in 2007, in which they learned how to identify the cheetah as well as other carnivores, since these were the main causes for livestock kills. These courses were a result of cooperation between UNDP/GEF, Iran’s Department of Environment, ICS, and the councils of five main villages in this region.

Cheetah Friends: Another incentive in the region is the formation of young core groups of Cheetah Friends, who after a short instructive course, are able to educate people and organize cheetah events and become an informational instance in cheetah matters for a number of villages. Young people have expressed growing interest in the issue of cheetah and other wildlife conservation.

Ex-situ conservation: India, where the Asiatic cheetah is now extinct, is interested in cloning the cheetah to reintroduce it to the country.[47] It was claimed that Iran – the donor country – was willing to participate in the project.[48] Later, however, Iran refused to send a male and female cheetah or to allow experts to collect tissue samples from a cheetah kept in a zoo there.[49] In 2009, the Indian government considered reintroducing cheetahs through importing from Africa through captive breeding.[50]

In 2014, an Asiatic cheetah was cloned for the first time by scientists from the University of Buenos Aires.[51] The embryo was not born.[52]

Semi-captive breeding

In February 2010, Mehr News Agency, Payvand Iran News released the photos of an Asiatic/Iranian cheetah in a seemingly large compound within natural habitat enclosed by chain link fence, this location was reported in this news article to be the "Semi-Captive Breeding and Research Center of Iranian Cheetah" in Iran's Semnan province. The Asiatic cheetah pictured had a winter coat with longer fur.[53] Another news report stated that the centre is home to about ten Asiatic cheetahs in a semi-wild environment protected by wire fencing all around.[54]

Wildlife officials in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge and the Turan National Park have raised a few orphaned cubs.[42][55] In May 2014, officials said they would bring together a pair of grown individuals in the hope they would produce cubs, while acknowledging that cheetahs are difficult to breed.[55]

In March 2015, a pair of adult male and female Asiatic cheetahs are part of a captive breeding project somewhere close to the Milad tower in Tehran for the first time.[56]

Re-introduction proposals

India

 
Coat of arms of former Kolhapur State with two Asiatic cheetahs proper as supporters.

Vorlage:Main article Cheetahs have been known to exist in India for a very long time, but hunting led to their extinction in the country in the late 1940s.[19] The Indian government planned to reintroduce cheetahs to India. The IUCN's Species Survival Commission has approved a feasibility study, stressing to follow the IUCN guidelines on reintroduction and introducing the same subspecies, if and when the reasons for extinction have been removed.[57] Then Minister of Environment and Forests, Jairam Ramesh, told the Rajya Sabha on 7 July 2009 that "The cheetah is the only animal that has been described extinct in India in the last 100 years. We have to get them from abroad to repopulate the species." He was responding to a notice from the Bharatiya Janata Party. "The plan to bring back the cheetah which fell to indiscriminate hunting and complex factors like a fragile breeding pattern is audacious given the problems besetting tiger conservation." Two naturalists suggested the idea of importing the South African cheetahs from Namibia, breeding them in captivity in India and release their offspring into the wild.

In September 2009, at a cheetah reintroduction workshop organized in India, Stephen J. O'Brien asserted that the African and Asiatic cheetahs were genetically identical and had separated only 5,000 years ago. Cheetah expert Laurie Marker of the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) and other wildlife experts advised the Indian Government that for reintroduction purposes, India should source the cheetah from Africa where they were much more numerous instead of trying to have some removed from the critically endangered low population in Iran. Participants included India's Union Minister of State for Environment and Forests, Jairam Ramesh, chief wildlife wardens of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, officials of the environment ministry, cheetah experts from across the globe, representatives from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) including Yadvendradev Jhala, and IUCN, an international conservation NGO. The conference was organized by the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI).[34][35] In May 2012, India's Supreme Court suspended attempts to introduce African cheetahs following the publication of newer genetic evidence, which suggests that the Asian and African cheetahs separated between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.[58]

Vorlage:Football kit box

 
Meraj Airlines Airbus A300-600 New livery of Iranian Cheetah 2016

In 2014, the Iranian national football team announced that their 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup kits are imprinted with pictures of the Asiatic cheetah in order to bring attention to conservation efforts.[59] In February 2015, Iran launched a search engine, Yooz, that features a cheetah logo.[60]

In September 2015 Meraj Airlines introduced the new livery of Iranian Cheetah to support its conservation efforts.[61]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Wikispecies: Acinonyx jubatus venaticus – Artenverzeichnis

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Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Panthers in India Vorlage:Taxonbar

  1. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen iucn.
  2. ↑ a b Nowell, K. and Jackson, P.: Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, 1996, Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Schreber, 1776 (uio.no).
  3. ↑ a b c d M.S. Farhadinia: The last stronghold: cheetah in Iran. In: Cat News. 40. Jahrgang, 2004, S. 11–14 (wildlife.ir [PDF]).
  4. ↑ a b Farhadinia, M.S., Eslami, M., Hobeali, K., Hosseini-Zavarei, F., Gholikhani, N. & Tak Tehrani, A. (2014). Status of Asiatic cheetah in Iran: A country-scale assessment. Report to People’s Trust for Endangered Species. Tehran: Iranian Cheetah Society.
  5. ↑ a b The critically endangered Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus in Iran: a review of recent distribution, and conservation status. In: Biodiversity and Conservation. 2017, S. 1–20, doi:10.1007/s10531-017-1298-8 (springer.com).
  6. ↑ a b Charruau, P., Fernandes, C., Orozco-Terwengel, P., Peters, J., Hunter, L., Ziaie, H., Jourabchian, A., Jowkar, H., Schaller, G.: Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates. In: Molecular Ecology. 20. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2011, S. 706–724, doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04986.x, PMID 21214655, PMC 3531615 (freier Volltext).
  7. ↑ a b FIFA confirms depiction of Asiatic Cheetah on Iran jersey, Persian Football, 1 February 2014 
  8. ↑ R. A. Lydekker: The Royal Natural History. Band 1. Frederick Warne & Company, London, New York 1894.
  9. ↑ a b Pocock, R. I.: The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London 1939, Acinonyx jubatus, S. 324–330 (archive.org).
  10. ↑ M. Hildebrand: Motions of the running cheetah and horse. In: Journal of Mammalogy 40 (4). 1959, S. 481–495.
  11. ↑ C. R. Taylor, V. J. Rowtree: Temperature regulation and heat balance in running cheetahs: a strategy for sprinters? In: American Journal of Physiology 224. 1973, S. 848–852.
  12. ↑ a b R. Hetem, D. Mitchell, B. A. de Witt, L. G. Fick, L. C. R. Meyer, S. K. Maloney, A. Fuller: Cheetah do not abandon hunts because they overheat. In: Biology Letters. Nr. 9, 2013, S. 1–5.
  13. ↑ J. A. Phillips: Bone consumption by cheetahs at undisturbed kills: evidence for a lack of focal-palatine erosion. In: Journal of Mammalogy 74. 1993, S. 487–492.
  14. ↑ a b c d H. Asadi: The environmental limitations and future of the Asiatic cheetah in Iran. Unpublished project progress report. 1997 (catsg.org [PDF]).
  15. ↑ Jourabchian, A.R., Farhadinia, M.S. (2008). Final report on Conservation of the Asiatic cheetah, its natural habitats and associated biota in Iran. Project Number IRA/00/G35 (GEF/UNDP/DoE), Tehran, Iran.
  16. ↑ K. Habibi: Mammals of Afghanistan. Zoo Outreach Organisation, USFWS, Coimbatore, India 2003.
  17. ↑ Manati, A.R. and Nogge, G.: Cheetahs in Afghanistan. In: Cat News. Nr. 49, 2008, S. 18.
  18. ↑ {{{ID}}} in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.Vorlage:IUCN/Wartung/Pflichtparameter ID fehlt[ID fehlt]Vorlage:IUCN/Wartung/Pflichtparameter ScientificName fehlt[ScientificName fehlt]
  19. ↑ a b c Divyabhanusinh: The End of a Trail: the Cheetah in India. Banyan Books, New Delhi, 1999.
  20. ↑ D. P. Mallon: Cheetahs in Central Asia: A historical summary. In: Cat News. Nr. 46, 2007, S. 4–7 (catsg.org [PDF]).
  21. ↑ Kryštufek, B. and V. Vohralík. (2001). Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus: Introduction, Checklist, Insectivora. Knjižnica Annales Majora, Koper, Republic of Slovenia.
  22. ↑ V. Thapar, R. Thapar, Y. Ansari: Exotic Aliens: The Lion and the Cheetah in India. Aleph Book Company, New Delhi 2013.
  23. ↑ a b c Farhadinia, M.S.: Ecology and conservation of the Asiatic cheetah in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge, Iran. Iranian Cheetah Society, Tehran 2007.
  24. ↑ a b M.S. Farhadinia, F. Hosseini-Zavarei, B. Nezami, H. Harati, H. Absalan, E. Fabiano, L. Marker: Feeding ecology of the Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus in low prey habitats in northeastern Iran: Implications for effective conservation. In: Journal of Arid Environments. 87. Jahrgang, 2012, S. 206–211, doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.05.002.
  25. ↑ Farhadinia, M.S., Akbari, H., Mousavi, S.J., Eslami, M., Azizi, M., Shokouhi, J., Gholikhani, N. and Hosseini-Zavarei, F.: Exceptionally long movements of the Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus across multiple arid reserves in central Iran. In: Oryx. 47. Jahrgang, Nr. 03, 2013, S. 427–430, doi:10.1017/S0030605313000641.
  26. ↑ a b Jowkar, H., Ostrowski, S., Hunter, L. (2008). Asiatic Cheetah cub recovered from a poacher in Iran. Cat News 48: 13.
  27. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen guard131023.
  28. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen MNA141228.
  29. ↑ Female Asiatic cheetah, 3 cubs sighted in Turan National Park, mehrnews.com, 21 January 2015. Abgerufen im 6 July 2015 
  30. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen MNA150107.
  31. ↑ 8 Asiatic cheetahs spotted in Shahroud, mehrnews.com, 3 July 2015 
  32. ↑ UNDP Iran releases Asiatic Cheetah PSA, ir.undp.org. Abgerufen im 20 June 2015 
  33. ↑ Asiatic cheetah extinction trend reversed, Payvand Iran News, 7 December 2015. Abgerufen im 8 December 2015 
  34. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen ians090910.
  35. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen pti090909.
  36. ↑ a b Rastegar, H.: Biodiversity of last Asiatic Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) in Bafgh and Ariz Protected Area, Iran. In: Journal of Environmental Research And Development. 3. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 2009, S. 639–644.
  37. ↑ V. Croke: Saving the desert Cheetahs of Iran In: WBUR, 2016 
  38. ↑ Mohammadi, A. and Kaboli, M. (2016). Evaluating wildlife-vehicle collision hotspots using kernel-based estimation: a focus on the endangered Asiatic cheetah in central Iran. Human-Wildlife Interactions 10 (1): 103–109.
  39. ↑ Moqanaki, E.M. and Cushman, S.A.: All roads lead to Iran: predicting landscape connectivity of the last stronghold for the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah. In: Animal Conservation. 20. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2017, S. 29–41, doi:10.1111/acv.12281.
  40. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen trend131108.
  41. ↑ Hunter, L., Jowkar, H., Ziaie, H., Schaller, G., Balme, G., Walzer, C., Ostrowski, S., Zahler, P., Robert-Charrue, N., Kashiri, K. and Christie, S. (2007). Conserving the Asiatic cheetah in Iran: launching the first radio-telemetry study. Cat News 46: 8–11.
  42. ↑ a b c Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen AP140626.
  43. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen LAT160929.
  44. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen payvand130903.
  45. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen tt131109.
  46. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen TT150525.
  47. ↑ Pros and Cons of inbreeding – See footnotes on page
  48. ↑ Singh, L. (2003). Project to Clone Extinct Cheetah Gets a Boost. www.cabi.org
  49. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen iranian8133.
  50. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen toi090708.
  51. ↑ Moro, L. N., Veraguas, D., Rodriguez-Alvarez, L., Hiriart, M. I., Buemo, C., Sestelo, A., & Salamone, D. (2015). 212 Interspecific Clonong and Embryo Aggregation influence the Expression of oct4, nanog, sox2, andcdx2 in Cheetah and Domestic Cat Blastocysts. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27(1): 196–196.
  52. ↑ Xiang, B. (2015). Argentine scientists clone endangered Asiatic Cheetahs for first time. Xinhua, english.news.cn
  53. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen payvand100225.
  54. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen hams100227.
  55. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen OBFR140514.
  56. ↑ Two endangered cheetahs in Tehran for conservation project, PressTV.ir, 19 March 2015. Abgerufen im 13 May 2015 
  57. ↑ Jackson, P.F.R. (1985). Cheetah reintroduction—more to add. Oryx 19 (03): 167.
  58. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen bbc120509.
  59. ↑ Iran’s World Cup kits unveiled Photos. Persian Football, 1. Februar 2014;.
  60. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen IBT150216.
  61. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen EN150918.
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Wüstenspringmaus/Asiatic_cheetah&oldid=240936954“