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Liste von Freedmen’s towns

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Vorlage:Orphan

A historically African-American municipality, known in various areas as "Freedmen's town", "Freedom Towns", or "All-Black towns", are municipalities which were established by or for a predominantly African-American populace.[1] Many of these municipalities were established or populated by freed slaves[2] either during or after the period of legal slavery in the United States in the 19th century[3].

A part of the larger freedom colony phenomenon of people targeted by Western colonialism’s racialized genocide, enslavement and other human rights abuses[4], resisting and creating the original “safe spaces[5]” to protect themselves from such terrorism[6], these practices have existed since the very beginnings of Western Colonialism and its Atlantic Slave Trade[7], as represented by communities like San Basilio de Palenque in Colombia, and the Maroons throughout the Carribean, Latin America, the Great Dismal Swamp region of North America and South Asia.

The palenques in Colombia, the quilombos and mocambos in Brazil, Maroons in Jamaica, “freedom countries” like Haiti, Liberia, Eritrea and Ethiopia, and the numerous “freedmen settlements[8]” across the North American continent[9], as well as such communities throughout Africa, Australia and its nearby islands, and Asia, exist as testament to the resistance[10] people targeted by Western White Supremacy’s racism[11] immediately practiced[12].

Over 550[13] of such communities have been identified in Texas[14] through the Texas Freedom Colonies Project[15] alone[16]. Headed by Texas A&M University professor[17] Andrea Roberts'[18] groundbreaking work[19] researching such communities[20], this practice was far more common than had been reported,[21] even raising issues of historical accuracy, diversity and neglect in the larger discipline[22] of urban planning[23] and historic preservation[24], as many of these communities continue to struggle[25] with such issues to this day[26].

In pre-segregation Oklahoma, there existed at least 50 of these communities, as many African-American migrants from the Southeast found a space whereby they could establish municipalities on their own terms[27]. Chief among them was Edward P. McCabe, who envisioned so large a number of African-Americans settling in the territory that it would become a Black-governed state.

List

Places marked in italics are no longer populated. Places marked with * are absorbed into larger cities.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Oklahoma

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Virginia

Further reading

References

Vorlage:Reflist

  1. ↑ [1]
  2. ↑ Andrea Roberts: "A Conversation" and "Portals to Freedom or Researching in Limbo Time". In: UTSOA Platform 2017: Convergent Voices. 17. November 2017, S. 10 (researchgate.net).
  3. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/deneen.l.brown: All-black towns across America: Life was hard but full of promise. In: Washington Post. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  4. ↑ Joshua Inwood, Anne Bonds: Confronting White Supremacy and a Militaristic Pedagogy in the U.S. Settler Colonial State. In: Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 106. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 17. März 2016, ISSN 2469-4452, S. 521–529, doi:10.1080/24694452.2016.1145510 (englisch, tandfonline.com).
  5. ↑ Here's What's Become Of A Historic All-Black Town In The Mississippi Delta In: NPR.org. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch). 
  6. ↑ [Author meta content here]: Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy - California Scholarship. doi:10.1525/california/9780520273436.001.0001/upso-9780520273436-chapter-005 (englisch, universitypressscholarship.com).
  7. ↑ HAROON KHAREM: Chapter Two: INTERNAL COLONIALISM: WHITE SUPREMACY AND EDUCATION. In: Counterpoints. 208. Jahrgang, 2006, S. 23–47 (jstor.org).
  8. ↑ One man’s dream of an all-black settlement came alive in Kansas, if only for a few decades In: Timeline, 14. März 2017. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 
  9. ↑ Reading List | Homeplace: Planning and African American Communities In: Places Journal. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  10. ↑ When Does It Become Social Justice? Thoughts on Intersectional Preservation Practice - Preservation Leadership Forum - A Program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch). 
  11. ↑ Lisa K. Bates, Sharita A. Towne, Christopher Paul Jordan, Kitso Lynn Lelliott, Lisa K. Bates, Sharita A. Towne, Christopher Paul Jordan, Kitso Lynn Lelliott, Monique S. Johnson: Race and Spatial Imaginary: Planning Otherwise/Introduction: What Shakes Loose When We Imagine Otherwise/She Made the Vision True: A Journey Toward Recognition and Belonging/Isha Black or Isha White? Racial Identity and Spatial Development in Warren County, NC/Colonial City Design Lives Here: Questioning Planning Education’s Dominant Imaginaries/Say Its Name – Planning Is the White Spatial Imaginary, or Reading McKittrick and Woods as Planning Text/Wakanda! Take the Wheel! Visions of a Black Green City/If I Built the World, Imagine That: Reflecting on World Building Practices in Black Los Angeles/Is Honolulu a Hawaiian Place? Decolonizing Cities and the Redefinition of Spatial Legitimacy/Interpretations & Imaginaries: Toward an Instrumental Black Planning History. In: Planning Theory & Practice. 19. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 15. März 2018, ISSN 1464-9357, S. 254–288, doi:10.1080/14649357.2018.1456816 (englisch, tandfonline.com).
  12. ↑ Andrea Roberts: The Homeplace Aesthetic: Principles of Place Preservation in Deep East Texas's Vernacular African American Landscape | Cornell AAP. In: aap.cornell.edu. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  13. ↑ The Texas Freedom Colonies Project. In: www.thetexasfreedomcoloniesproject.com. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  14. ↑ search results, James H. Conrad, Richard Orton: Freedom Colonies: Independent Black Texans in the Time of Jim Crow. University of Texas Press, Austin 2005, ISBN 978-0-292-70642-2 (englisch, amazon.com).
  15. ↑ Andrea R Roberts: THE TEXAS FREEDOM COLONIES PROJECT - A Participatory Action, Social Justice Initiative (2016 Version ). (englisch, academia.edu).
  16. ↑ Confronting Urban Design’s Diversity Crisis With a Return to Black Places. In: nextcity.org. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  17. ↑ rea Raye RobertsTexas A, M. University | TAMU · Department of L, scape Architecture, Urban Planning 4 40 · Doctor of Philosophy: Andrea Raye Roberts | Doctor of Philosophy | Texas A&M University, Texas | TAMU | Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning. In: ResearchGate. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  18. ↑ Archive from Thursday, April 27, 2017 - In the Media - April 2017 Roundup - Office of Alumnae/i Affairs & Development (OAAD) - Vassar College. In: alums.vassar.edu. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  19. ↑ Andrea Roberts PhD: Our Invisible Wakandas: A Black Planning Scholar’s Reflections on Black Panther & Saving Historic… In: Medium. 19. Februar 2018, abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018.
  20. ↑ Andrea R Roberts: THE TEXAS FREEDOM COLONIES PROJECT - A Participatory Action, Social Justice Initiative (2016 Version ). (englisch, academia.edu).
  21. ↑ TEXAS FREEDOM COLONIES PROJECT ATLAS & SURVEY (PORTAL). In: www.thetexasfreedomcoloniesproject.com. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  22. ↑ Critical Sankofa Planning-Mobilizing Texas Freedom Colony Memories | Not That But This. In: notthatbutthis.com. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  23. ↑ Vorlage:Citation
  24. ↑ Urban Planning Faces Possible Diversity Setback. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch). 
  25. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/deneen.l.brown: Black towns, established by freed slaves after the Civil War, are dying out. In: Washington Post. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  26. ↑ Confronting Urban Design’s Diversity Crisis With a Return to Black Places. In: nextcity.org. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018 (englisch).
  27. ↑ Oklahoma’s All-Black Towns | This Land Press - Made by You and Me. In: thislandpress.com. Abgerufen am 17. Juli 2018.
  28. ↑ https://www.motherjones.com/media/2016/06/tamina-texas-photo-marti-corn/
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