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Reculver

römisches Fort im englischen Kent
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Vorlage:Good article Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox UK place Reculver is a village and coastal resort about Vorlage:Convert east of Herne Bay in south-east England, in a ward of the same name, in the City of Canterbury district of Kent. It is about Vorlage:Convert east by north of the county town of Maidstone, and about Vorlage:Convert east by south from London. Reculver once occupied a strategic location at the north-western end of the Wantsum Channel, a sea lane which separated the Isle of Thanet and the Kent mainland until the late Middle Ages. This led the Romans to build a small fort there at the time of their conquest of Britain in 43 AD, and, starting late in the 2nd century, they built a larger fort, or castrum, called Regulbium, which later was part of the chain of Saxon Shore forts. The military connection resumed in the Second World War, when Barnes Wallis's bouncing bombs were tested in the sea off Reculver.

After the Romans left Britain early in the 5th century, Reculver became a landed estate of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Kent. The site of the Roman fort was given over for the establishment of a monastery dedicated to St Mary in 669 AD, and King Eadberht II of Kent was buried there in the 760s. During the Middle Ages Reculver was a thriving township with a weekly market and a yearly fair, and it was a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich. The twin spires of the church became a landmark for mariners known as the Twin Sisters, and the 19th century facade of St John's Cathedral in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney, Australia, is a copy of that at Reculver.

Reculver declined as the Wantsum Channel silted up, and coastal erosion claimed many buildings constructed on the soft sandy cliffs. The village was largely abandoned in the late 18th century, and most of the church was demolished in the early 19th century. Protecting the ruins and the rest of Reculver from erosion is an ongoing challenge.

The 20th century saw a revival as a tourism industry developed and there are now three caravan parks. The census of 2001 recorded 135 people in the Reculver area, nearly a quarter of whom were in caravans at the time. Reculver Country Park is a Special Protection Area and Site of Special Scientific Interest, which has rare clifftop meadows and is important for migrating birds.

History

 
Map of Kent early in the 5th century, showing how Reculver (marked here as "Reculbium") was then at the north-eastern corner of mainland Kent, with the Wantsum Channel between it and the Isle of Thanet: Gardiner, S.R., A School Atlas Of English History, 1892

Toponymy

The earliest recorded form of the name, Regulbium, was Celtic in origin, meaning "at the promontory", or "great headland", and, in Old English, this became corrupted to Raculf, sometimes given as Raculfceastre, giving rise to the modern "Reculver".[1][Fn 1] The form "Raculfceastre" includes the Old English place-name element "ceaster", which frequently relates to "a [Roman] city or walled town".Vorlage:Sfn

Pre-historic and Roman

Stone Age flint tools have been washed out from the cliffs to the west of Reculver,[2] and a Mesolithic tranchet axe was found at Reculver in 1960, but this was probably a casual loss.Vorlage:Sfn Evidence for human settlement at Reculver begins with late Bronze Age and Iron Age ditches, which indicate an "extensive phased settlement",[3] where a Bronze Age palstave and Iron Age gold coins have been found.[4] This was followed by a Roman "fortlet" dating to their conquest of Britain, which began in 43 AD,[5] and a full-size Roman fort, or castrum, called Regulbium, which was started late in the 2nd century: this date is derived in part from a re-construction of a uniquely detailed plaque, fragments of which were found by archaeologists in the 1960s.[6] The plaque effectively records the establishment of the fort, since it records the construction of two of its principal buildings, the basilica and the sacellum.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 2] These were found by archaeologists, together with probable officers' quarters, barracks and a bath house.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 3] A Roman oven was also found Vorlage:Convert south-east of the fort, which was probably used for drying food such as corn and fish: the main chamber of the oven measured about 16 feet (4.9 m) by 15 feet (4.8 m) overall, and was found to be "unique and cleverly engineered".Vorlage:Sfn

 
Part of the south wall of Regulbium

The fort was located at what was then the north-eastern extremity of mainland Kent, overlooking the sea lane later known as the Wantsum Channel, which lay between it and the Isle of Thanet: the fort's location thus lay at the "main point of contact in the system [of Saxon Shore forts]",Vorlage:Sfn and allowed observation from the fort on all sides.Vorlage:Sfn The entrance to the headquarters building, or principia, faced north, indicating that the fort's main gate was on its north side, facing the eponymous promontory and the sea.Vorlage:Sfn The fort was connected to the network of Roman roads through a link to Canterbury, about Vorlage:Convert to the south-west.Vorlage:Sfn It must also have had a harbour nearby,Vorlage:Sfn and, though this has not yet been found, it was probably near to the fort's southern or eastern side.[7][Fn 4] Roman forts were normally accompanied by a civilian settlement, or vicus, and it is clear that significant Roman structures and features existed outside the north and west sides of the fort, mostly in areas now lost to the sea, and that the vicus at Reculver was "extensive".Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 5] It may have covered "some ten hectares [25 acres] in all."Vorlage:Sfn

Towards the end of the 3rd century a Roman naval commander named Carausius was given the task of clearing pirates from the sea between the Roman provinces in Britain, or Britannia, and on the European mainland.[8] In so doing he established a new chain of command, the British part of which was later to pass under the control of a Count of the Saxon Shore. The Notitia Dignitatum, a Roman administrative document of the early 5th century, shows that the fort at Reculver became part of this arrangement, but archaeological evidence indicates that it was abandoned in the 360s.Vorlage:Sfn

Monastery and church

 
Reculver church viewed from the north-east, between the churchyard wall and the perimeter of the Roman fort, in 1755: a similar view in The Gentleman's Magazine, September 1809, notes that the building at right was formerly a chapel.[9]

After the Roman occupation of Britain ended in about 410, Reculver became a landed estate of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Kent, possibly with a royal toll-station or a "significant coastal trading settlement,"Vorlage:Sfn given the types and quantity of coins found there.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 6] Other early Anglo-Saxon items found at Reculver include a fragment of a gilt bronze brooch, or fibula, which was originally circular and set with coloured stones or glass,[10][Fn 7] a claw beaker,[11] and pottery.[12] King Æthelberht of Kent was traditionally said to have moved his royal court there from Canterbury in about 597, for example by John Duncombe in 1784,Vorlage:Sfn and to have built a palace on the site of the Roman ruins;Vorlage:Sfn but, while archaeological excavation has shown no evidence of this, Æthelberht's household would have been peripatetic, and the story has been described as probably a "pious legend".[13][Fn 8] A church was built on the site of the Roman fort in about 669, when King Ecgberht of Kent granted land for the foundation of a monastery there, which was dedicated to St Mary.[14]

The monastery developed as the centre of a "large estate, a manor and a parish",Vorlage:Sfn and, by the early 9th century, it had become "extremely wealthy",Vorlage:Sfn but it then fell under the control of the archbishops of Canterbury.Vorlage:Sfn By the 10th century the church and the estate were in the hands of the kings of Wessex, though the church may have remained a monastery, despite the likelihood of Viking attacks.[15] The church and the estate were given back to the archbishops of Canterbury in 949 by King Eadred of England, at which time the estate centred on Reculver included Hoath, Herne and land in the west of the Isle of Thanet.Vorlage:Sfn

By 1066 the monastery had become a parish church.Vorlage:Sfn However, in 1086 Reculver was named in Domesday Book as a hundred, with the estate centred on Reculver valued at £42.7s. (£42.35);Vorlage:Sfn and, in the 13th century, the parish of Reculver remained one of "exceptional wealth".Vorlage:Sfn The church building was extended considerably during the Middle Ages, including the addition of the towers in the 12th century,Vorlage:Sfn indicating that the settlement at Reculver had become a "thriving township",Vorlage:Sfn with "dozens of houses".Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 9] The parish was broken up in 1310, when chapelries at Herne and, on the Isle of Thanet, St Nicholas-at-Wade and All Saints were converted into parishes, though Hoath was still a perpetual curacy belonging to Reculver parish in the 19th century.[16] Records for the poll tax of 1377 show that there were then 364 individuals of 14 years and above, not including "honest beggars", in the reduced parish of Reculver, who paid a total £6.1s.4d. (£6.07) towards the tax.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 10]

Decline and loss to the sea

 
Estate map of Reculver of 1685:[17] the church, the "chapel-house", the Roman fort and the former town of Reculver, described as "Village-lyke" in 1540.Vorlage:Sfn

The thriving township and parish of medieval Reculver owed much of their wealth to their position on a maritime trade route through the Wantsum Channel, already present in Anglo-Saxon times and exemplified by Reculver's membership of the Cinque Port of Sandwich later in the Middle Ages.Vorlage:Sfn The importance of the Wantsum Channel was such that, when the River Thames froze in 1269, trade between Sandwich and London had to be carried out overland.Vorlage:Sfn Historical records for the channel are sparse after 1269, perhaps "because the route was so well known as to be taken for granted [in the Middle Ages], the whole waterway from London to Sandwich being occasionally spoken of as the 'Thames'".[18] But silting and inning had closed the channel to traffic by about 1460,Vorlage:Sfn and the first bridge was built over it at Sarre in 1485, since ferries could no longer operate across it.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 11]

Reculver was also diminished by coastal erosion. By 1540, when John Leland recorded a visit to Reculver, the coastline to the north had receded to within little more than a quarter of a mile (402 m) of the "Towne [which] at this tyme [was] but Village lyke".[20] Soon after, in 1576, William Lambarde described Reculver as "poore and simple".Vorlage:Sfn In 1588 there were 165 communicants – people in Reculver parish taking part in services of holy communion at the church – and in 1640 there were 169,Vorlage:Sfn but a map of "about 1630"Vorlage:Sfn shows that the church then stood only about Vorlage:Convert from the shore. In January 1658 the local justices of the peace were petitioned concerning "encroachments of the sea ... [which had] since Michaelmas last [29 September 1657] encroached on the land near six rods [[[:Vorlage:Convert]]], and will doubtless do more harm".Vorlage:Sfn The village's failure to support two "beer shops" in the 1660s points clearly to a dwindling population,Vorlage:Sfn and the village was mostly abandoned around the end of the 18th century, its residents moving to Hillborough, about Vorlage:Convert south-west of Reculver but within Reculver parish.[21] At about this time,

Vorlage:Quotation

 
Reculver towers, framed by the Millennium Cross of 2000 and the King Ethelbert Inn

By 1800 there were only five or six houses left at Reculver, inhabited "mostly by fishermen and smugglers".Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 12] Concern about erosion of the cliff on which the church stood instigated a proposal to preserve it, at an estimated cost of £8,277, but a decision was taken on 12 January 1808 to seek the church's demolition instead.[23] By March 1809, erosion of the cliff had brought it to within Vorlage:Convert of the church, and demolition was begun in September that year.[24][Fn 13] Trinity House intervened to ensure that the towers were preserved as a navigational aid, and in 1810 it bought what was left of the structure for £100 and built the first groynes, designed to protect the cliff on which it stands.[30] The vicarage was abandoned at the same time as the church, or a little earlier,Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 14] and a replacement parish church was built at Hillborough, opening in 1813.[32]

When the Hoy and Anchor Inn at Reculver fell into the sea, the redundant vicarage was used as a temporary replacement under the same name.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 15] Despite the report in 1800 that there were then only five or six houses left at Reculver,Vorlage:Sfn a new Hoy and Anchor Inn was built by 1809,[35] and this was renamed as the King Ethelbert Inn in the 1830s.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 16] Further construction work is indicated by a stone over the doorway to the inn bearing a date of 1843,[36] and it was later extended into the form in which it stands today, "probably ... in 1883".Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 17] Today the site of the church is managed by English Heritage, and the village has all but disappeared.[Fn 18] The sea defences protecting the church continue to be maintained by Trinity House.Vorlage:Sfn In 2000 the surviving fragments of an early medieval cross which once stood inside the old church were used to design a Millennium Cross to commemorate two thousand years of Christianity. This stands at the entrance to the car park and was commissioned by Canterbury City Council.[38]

Bouncing bombs

 
Barnes Wallis and others watch a practice Upkeep prototype strike the shoreline at Reculver, 1943

During the Second World War, the Reculver coastline was one location used to test Barnes Wallis's bouncing bomb prototypes.Vorlage:Sfn Reculver was chosen for its seclusion,Vorlage:Sfn though the presence of the church towers as a clear marker for the bombers, and the potential to recover prototypes owing to the shallow water, probably were also factors.Vorlage:Sfn Different, inert versions of the bomb were tested at Reculver, leading to the development of the operational version known as "Upkeep".[39] This bomb was used by the RAF's 617 Squadron in Operation Chastise, otherwise known as the Dambuster raids, in which dams in the Ruhr district of Germany were attacked on the night of 16–17 May 1943 by formations of Lancaster bombers. The operation was led by Wing Commander Guy Gibson, for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 17 May 2003, a Lancaster bomber overflew the Reculver testing site to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the exploit.[40]

Two prototype bouncing bombs, about Vorlage:Convert long and Vorlage:Convert wide, lay in marshland behind the sea wall at Reculver until about 1977, when they were removed by the Army.Vorlage:Sfn Other prototypes were recovered from the shoreline at Reculver in 1997, one of which is displayed in Herne Bay Museum and Gallery, a little over Vorlage:Convert to the west of Reculver.[41] Others are on display in Dover Castle and in the Spitfire & Hurricane Memorial Museum at the former RAF Manston, on the Isle of Thanet.[42]

Governance

In the 10th century charter by which King Eadred gave Reculver to the archbishops of Canterbury, the boundary of the mainland part of the estate was about the same as those for the parishes of Reculver, Hoath and Herne, and the estate included part of the Isle of Thanet.[43][Fn 19] In 1086, Domesday Book named Reculver as a hundred,Vorlage:Sfn meaning that it was probably then the meeting-place for the hundred court.Vorlage:Sfn As well as Reculver itself, the hundred of Reculver included Hoath and Herne, and it may also have included the neighbouring area of Thanet.Vorlage:Sfn The parishes of Herne, to the west of Reculver, and St Nicholas-at-Wade on the Isle of Thanet were created from parts of Reculver parish in 1310,[44] though these new parishes continued to have a subordinate relationship with the parish of Reculver into the 19th century, while Hoath remained a perpetual curacy of Reculver.[45] By 1377 the local hundred was named after Bleangate,[46][Fn 20] in a detached part of Chislet parish, and, by the 17th century, it included Chislet, Herne, Hoath, Reculver, Stourmouth, Sturry and Westbere.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 21]

Reculver parish was recorded as tithings – known in Kent as "borghs"Vorlage:Sfn – under various names in Bleangate hundred for the purposes of the Hearth Tax, levied between 1662 and 1689.[48] In 1663 it was divided into Reculver Street borgh and Brookgate borgh, which were recorded under a parish heading for Reculver, together with Hoath borgh.[49] In 1673 Reculver borgh and Brookgate borgh were recorded under a heading for Herne parish, and Hoath was recorded under its own parish heading.[50] However, borghs in Kent, and tithings generally, were related to the manorial and hundredal administration of the county, rather than to the parishes in which they lay.Vorlage:Sfn By the time of the Hearth Tax, Bleangate hundred had been divided into two half hundreds, and the constable of the northern half hundred was chosen at the court leet of the manor of Reculver,Vorlage:Sfn which by 1800 was usually held at Herne.Vorlage:Sfn

 
Map of Reculver electoral ward, 2010

Reculver's parish boundary, enclosing an area of about Vorlage:Convert, remained the same for both ecclesiastical and civil purposes from its division in 1310 until 1934.[51] Included were Reculver, Hillborough, Bishopstone and Brook (now Brook Farm), and the parish extended west almost to Beltinge, in Herne parish, and to Broomfield in the south-west – where the boundary with Herne parish ran along the centre of the main thoroughfare, now Margate Road – and it was bounded in open country on the south-east and east by the parish of Chislet.[52][Fn 22] In 1934 the civil functions of the parish were merged into the civil parish of Herne Bay.[51] Conversely, Reculver is now in an electoral ward of the same name, in the local government district of Canterbury, which includes Beltinge, Bishopstone, Brook Farm and Hillborough, and extends into the eastern part of the town of Herne Bay.[53] This ward has three seats on Canterbury City Council, and, in the local elections of 2011, these seats were won by the existing holders Jennie Edwards, Gillian Reuby and Ann Taylor, all Conservative.[54]

At the national level Reculver is in the English parliamentary constituency of North Thanet, for which Roger Gale (Conservative) has been MP since 1983.[55] In the general election of 2010, Gale won 22,826 votes (52.57%), giving him a majority of 13,528. Labour won 9,298 votes (21.42%), the Liberal Democrats 8,400 (19.35%), and the United Kingdom Independence Party 2,819 (6.5%).[55] For European elections Reculver is in the South East England constituency. MEPs elected in the European election of 2009 were Daniel Hannan, Richard Ashworth, Nirj Deva and James Elles (Conservative); Sharon Bowles and Catherine Bearder (Liberal Democrats); Nigel Farage and Marta Andreasen (United Kingdom Independence Party); Caroline Lucas (Green Party; replaced by Keith Taylor in 2010);[56][Fn 23] and Peter Skinner (Labour).[58]

Geography

 
Reculver viewed from the Country Park cliff-top, which is eroding at about Vorlage:Convert per year. The sea defences at centre date to the 1990s. Until the late 18th century, the centre of Reculver village was slightly left of centre in the area shown.

Reculver is located on the north coast of Kent about Vorlage:Convert east of Herne Bay, Vorlage:Convert west of Margate, Vorlage:Convert east by north of the county town of Maidstone and Vorlage:Convert east by south from London. It once occupied a strategic location on routes between continental Europe and the east coast of England, but this has been obscured by sedimentation and coastal erosion.Vorlage:Sfn In the Iron Age it lay on a promontory at the north-western entrance to the Wantsum Channel, a sea lane between the Isle of Thanet and the Kent mainland, which silted up during the Middle Ages.[59][Fn 24] The ruins of a Roman fort and a medieval church stand on the remains of the promontory, a low hill with a maximum height of Vorlage:Convert, which is the "last seaward extension of the Blean Hills."Vorlage:Sfn

Sediments laid down around 55 million years ago are particularly well displayed in the cliffs at Reculver.[60] Nearby Herne Bay is the type location for the Thanet Sand Formation, a fine-grained sand that can be clayey and glauconitic and is of Thanetian (late Paleocene) age.[61] It rests unconformably on the Chalk Group[61] and forms the base of the cliffs in the Reculver and Herne Bay area.Vorlage:Sfn Above the Thanet Sand are the Upnor Formation, a medium sandstone,[62] and the sandy clays of the Harwich Formation at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary.[63] The highest cliffs, rising to a maximum height of about Vorlage:Convert to the west of Reculver,[64] have a cap of London Clay,Vorlage:Sfn a fine silty clay of Eocene age.[65]

These rocks are easily washed away by the sea.[66] It has been estimated that the Roman fort was originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the sea, but the cliffs are eroding at a rate of approximately Vorlage:Convert a year.Vorlage:Sfn Coastal erosion had washed away most of Reculver village by 1800, leading residents to re-locate to Hillborough, within Reculver parish.[67] A plan is in place to manage this erosion whereby some parts of the coastline such as the country park will be allowed to continue eroding, and others – including the site of the Roman fort and the medieval church – will be protected from further erosion.[68] New sea defences were built in the 1990s, including covering the beaches around the church with boulders.[69]

The warmest time of year in Kent is in July and August, with average maximum temperatures of around Vorlage:Convert, and the coolest is in January and February, with average minimum temperatures of around Vorlage:Convert.[70] Average maximum and minimum temperatures are about 0.5 °C higher than they are nationally.[71] Locations on the north coast of Kent, like Reculver, are sometimes warmer than areas further inland, owing to the influence of the North Downs to the south.[72] Average annual rainfall in Kent is about Vorlage:Convert, with the highest rainfall from October to January.[70] This is lower than the national average annual rainfall of Vorlage:Convert[71] and occasional drought conditions can lead to the imposition of hosepipe bans.[73]

Demography

In the census of 1801, the number of people present in the parish of Reculver, enclosing an area of about Vorlage:Convert and including the settlements of Reculver, Hillborough, Bishopstone and part of Broomfield, was given as 252, and this figure remained roughly stable until the 20th century when it increased dramatically: in the census of 1931, the number was given as 829.[74][Fn 25] In 2005 the population of Reculver was estimated to increase from "about twenty [permanent residents] ... to over 1,000 at the height of the [summer] holiday season".Vorlage:Sfn

 
Postcard of Reculver from 1913, with a tourist cafe in the foreground

In the 2001 census the relevant census area covered Vorlage:Convert[76] and included only Reculver and outlying farms and houses, in which 135 people were found, almost a quarter of whom were in caravans.[77] All were born in the United Kingdom except for three individuals from the Republic of Ireland and three from South Africa. Gender was given as 69 female and 66 male, and the age distribution was 12 individuals aged 0–5 years (8.8%), 16 aged 6–16 years (14%), 30 aged 17–35 years (22.2%), 14 aged 36–45 years (10.3%), 44 aged 46–64 years (32.5%) and 21 aged 65 years and over (15.5%). Half (67) of all the individuals recorded were described as economically active, with 58 of these having employers and nine being self-employed; none were recorded as full-time students or unemployed. Twenty-four people were described as retired (17.7%). Of those aged 16–74 years, 14 (12.8%) were placed at the highest level for education or qualification. Christianity was the only religion represented, by 99 individuals, with 22 recorded as having no religion and 14 whose religion was not stated.[77] From April 2001 to March 2002 the average gross weekly income of households in the ward of Reculver, which includes Beltinge, Bishopstone, Hillborough and most of the eastern part of the town of Herne Bay, was estimated by the Office for National Statistics as £560,[78] or £29,120 per year.

In the 2011 census the relevant census area was identical to Reculver electoral ward, an area of Vorlage:Convert, including the settlements of Reculver, Beltinge, Bishopstone and Hillborough, and producing information for the area as a whole.[79] Therefore, while the total resident population of the ward at the 2011 census numbered 8,845, detailed information comparable to that of the 2001 census is unavailable.

Economy

 
Looking east across the mouth of the former Wantsum Channel, from Reculver churchyard: an oyster hatchery is to the right. Margate is on the horizon.

In the Middle Ages, Reculver was a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich.[80] The connection with Sandwich may have begun in the 11th century, and membership of the Cinque Ports involved Reculver in supplying ships and men for the king's use, in return for concessions such as tax exemption.[81] In 1220 King Henry III granted the archbishop of Canterbury a market to be held weekly at Reculver on Thursdays,[82] and an annual fair was held there on Saint Giles's Day, 1 September.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 26]

Today Reculver is dominated by static caravan parks, the first of which appeared after the Second World War.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 27] Also present are a country park, The King Ethelbert public house, which is a free house,[Fn 28] and a nearby shop and cafe.[2] Reculver was defined as a "key heritage area" in 2008, and there are plans for its development as a destination for green tourism.[83][Fn 29] Canterbury City Council's Reculver Masterplan, adopted in 2009, envisaged the creation of 100 touring pitches in its caravan park, south-east of the Roman fort, which was then leased to the Camping and Caravanning Club, partly to address a decline in the static caravan market.[84] In 2013 it was reported that the Camping and Caravanning Club had surrendered its lease on the caravan park and that Canterbury City Council intended to close it and incorporate it into the country park.[85]

On the eastern side of Reculver is a hatchery for oysters belonging to a seafood company which is based in Reculver.[86] Young oysters are transplanted from there to the sea bed at Whitstable.[87] Oysters from the "Rutupian shore" – the shoreline around Richborough, a little over Vorlage:Convert south-east of Reculver – were noted as a delicacy by the 1st–2nd century Roman poet Juvenal,Vorlage:Sfn and in 1576 oysters from Reculver itself were "reputed as farre to passe those of Whitstaple, as Whitstaple doe surmount the rest of this shyre [of Kent] in savorie saltnesse."Vorlage:Sfn

Culture and community

Culture

Twin Sisters

 
Remains of St Mary's church viewed from the west, September 2005

A byname for the towers of the ruined church is the "Twin Sisters", and an account of how this first arose was current about a hundred years after its supposed happening in the late 15th century, but in its usual form, for example in a 19th-century travel guide,Vorlage:Sfn it is mostly an invention created around "pseudo-historical detail".Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 30] The Ingoldsby Legends includes a re-invention of the story in which two brothers, Robert and Richard de Birchington, are substituted for the two sisters.[91]

Crying baby

It is reported that the sound of a crying baby is often heard in the grounds of the fort and among the ruins of the church.[92] Archaeological excavations conducted in the 1960s within the fort revealed numerous infant skeletons buried under and in the walls of Roman structures, probably barrack blocks, from which coins were recovered and dated to 270–300 AD.[93] It is unknown whether the babies were selected for burial because they were already dead, perhaps stillborn, or if they were killed for the purpose, but they were probably buried in the buildings as ritual sacrifices.[94][Fn 31] A baby's feeding bottle was also found on its side in an excavated floor and within Vorlage:Convert of one of the infant skeletons, but it need not have been connected with the burials.Vorlage:Sfn

Community facilities

The nearest post office to Reculver is in Beltinge, about Vorlage:Convert to the west-southwest.[95] The nearest general practitioner (GP) surgery is about Vorlage:Convert to the south-west, between Bishopstone and Hillborough, with others located in Beltinge, Herne Bay, Broomfield and St Nicholas-at-Wade.[96] While the nearest general hospital to Reculver is the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, about Vorlage:Convert to the west in Herne Bay,[97] the nearest hospital with an Accident and Emergency (A&E) department is the Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Hospital, about Vorlage:Convert to the east in Margate.[98] The nearest community centre is Reculver and Beltinge Memorial Hall, about Vorlage:Convert to the west-southwest.[99]

Landmarks

 
King Hlothhere of Kent grants land to Abbot Berhtwald and his monastery at Reculver in 679, in the earliest surviving original Anglo-Saxon charter.Vorlage:Sfn

Ruined church of St Mary

The medieval towers of the ruined church of St Mary are Reculver's "most dominant features".Vorlage:Sfn These towers were added in the late 12th century to an existing church, which was founded in 669, when King Ecgberht of Kent granted land at Reculver to Bassa the priest for the foundation of a monastery.[14] It may be that King Ecgberht's intention in founding a monastery at Reculver was to create an ecclesiastical centre with a strong English element, to counterbalance domination of the Canterbury church by Archbishop Theodore, from Tarsus, now in Turkey, Abbot Hadrian of St Augustine's, from North Africa, probably Cyrenaica, and their equally "non-native followers."[100][Fn 32]

The foundation of this church, sited within the remains of the Roman fort of Regulbium, exemplifies the "widespread practice [in Anglo-Saxon England] of re-using Roman walled places for major churches",Vorlage:Sfn and the new church was built "almost completely from demolished Roman structures".Vorlage:Sfn The original structure formed a nave measuring Vorlage:Convert by Vorlage:Convert and an apsidal chancel, which was externally polygonal but internally round, and was entered from the nave through a triple arch formed by two columns made of limestone from Marquise, in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France.[101][Fn 33] Around the inside of the apse was a stone bench, and two small rooms, or porticus, were built out from the north and south sides of the chancel, from which they could be accessed.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 34] The presence of a stone bench around the inside of the apse has been attributed to influence from the Syrian Church, at a time when its followers were being displaced.Vorlage:Sfn

Ten years after the foundation of the monastery, in 679, King Hlothhere of Kent granted lands at Sturry, about Vorlage:Convert south-west of Reculver, and at Sarre, in the western part of the Isle of Thanet, across the Wantsum Channel to the east, to Abbot Berhtwald and to the monastery.[103] The grant was made at Reculver, the charter in which it was recorded was probably written by a Reculver scribe, and the grant of Sarre in particular "must be regarded as a sign of enormous royal favour to the [church at Reculver]".Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 35] In the original, 7th century charter recording this grant, Reculver is referred to as a civitas, or city, but this is probably a reference to either its Roman origins or its monastic status, rather than a large population centre.[104] In 692 Reculver's abbot Berhtwald, a former abbot of Glastonbury in Somerset, was elected archbishop of Canterbury.Vorlage:Sfn Bede, writing no more than 40 years later, described him as having been well educated in the Bible and experienced in ecclesiastical and monastic affairs,Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 36] but in terms indicating that Berhtwald was not a scholar.Vorlage:Sfn

Further charters show that the monastery at Reculver continued to benefit from Kentish kings in the 8th century, under abbots Heahberht, Deneheah and Hwitred, acquiring lands in Higham Upshire and Sheldwich and the toll due for one ship at Fordwich.[105] By the early 9th century Reculver had become "extremely wealthy",Vorlage:Sfn but from then on it appears in records as "essentially a piece of property".Vorlage:Sfn In 811 control of Reculver was in the hands of Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury, who is recorded as having deprived Reculver of some of its land,Vorlage:Sfn and soon after Reculver featured in a "monumental showdown"Vorlage:Sfn between Archbishop Wulfred and King Coenwulf of Mercia over the control of monasteries,Vorlage:Sfn to which the subsequent control of Reculver by archbishops of Canterbury has been attributed.Vorlage:Sfn By the 10th century Reculver had ceased to be an important church in Kent, and, together with its territory, it was under the control of the kings of Wessex.Vorlage:Sfn In a charter of 949 King Eadred of England gave Reculver back to the archbishops of Canterbury, at which time the estate included Hoath and Herne, land at Sarre, in Thanet, and land at Chilmington, about Vorlage:Convert south-west of Reculver.[106][Fn 37]

 
Triple arch of the 7th-century church, between the nave and the chancel until demolition in the early 19th century: the arch was Vorlage:Convert high, and the columns Vorlage:Convert.Vorlage:Sfn

Reculver may have remained home to a monastic community into the 10th century, despite the likelihood of Viking attacks.[15][Fn 38] A monk of Reculver named Ymar was recorded as a saint in the early 15th century by Thomas Elmham, who found the name in a martyrology, and wrote that Ymar was buried in St John’s church, Margate: Ymar was probably killed by Danes in the 10th century, and hence regarded as a martyr.[107] The last abbot is recorded as "Wenredus",[108] though when he was abbot is unknown. In the first half of the 11th century the church was referred to as a monastery governed by a dean named Givehard (Guichardus),[109] with two monks named Fresnot and Tancrad, indicating the presence of a religious community of Continental origin, possibly Flemings.Vorlage:Sfn By 1066 the monastery had become a parish church, with no baptismal function, and its territory had become part of the endowment of the archbishops of Canterbury.Vorlage:Sfn Domesday Book records the archbishop's annual income from Reculver in 1086 as £42.7s. (£42.35): this value can be compared with, for example, the £20 due to him from the manor of Maidstone, and £50 from the borough of Sandwich.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 39] Included in the Domesday account for Reculver, as well as the church, farmland, a mill, salt pans and a fishery, are 90 villeins and 25 bordars: these numbers can be multiplied four or five times to account for dependents, as they only represent "adult male heads of households".Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 40]

By the 13th century Reculver parish provided an ecclesiastical benefice of "exceptional wealth",Vorlage:Sfn which led to disputes between lay and Church interests.Vorlage:Sfn In 1291 the Taxatio of Pope Nicholas IV put the total income due to the rector and vicar of Reculver at about £130.[112][Fn 41] Included in the parish were chapels of ease at St Nicholas-at-Wade and All Saints, both on the Isle of Thanet, and at Hoath and Herne.Vorlage:Sfn

The parish was broken up in 1310 by Robert Winchelsey, archbishop of Canterbury from 1294 to 1313, who created parishes from Reculver's chapelries at Herne and, on the Isle of Thanet, St Nicholas-at-Wade and All Saints, in response to the difficulties posed by the distance between them and their mother church at Reculver, and a "steady increase in population".[114][Fn 42] At this time All Saints became part of St Nicholas-at-Wade parish, and its church was later demolished.Vorlage:Sfn However, Reculver continued to receive payments from the parishes of Herne and St Nicholas-at-Wade in the 19th century as a "token of subjection to Reculver",Vorlage:Sfn as well as for the repair of Reculver church, and it retained a perpetual curacy at Hoath.[44]

 
Reculver church as it was in 1800 (above), and in the early 1900s (below). The church is decayed in the earlier view, but retains its spires. The Trinity House wind vanes in the later view were removed some time after 1928,Vorlage:Sfn but the ruins remain in a similar state today.

The church building was considerably enlarged over time: the outer walls of the porticus were extended to enclose the nave in the 8th century, forming a series of rooms, including chapels on both northern and southern sides, and a porch across the western side; the towers were added as part of an extension with a new west front in the late 12th century, when the internal walls of the porticus were demolished, creating aisles on the north and south sides of the nave; the original apse was demolished and the chancel more than doubled in size, incorporating a triple east window with columns of Purbeck marble, in the 13th century; and north and south porches were added to the nave in the 15th century.[116][Fn 43] The towers were topped with spires by 1414, since they are shown in an illustrated map drawn by Thomas Elmham in or before that year.[117][Fn 44] The addition of the towers, and the extent to which the church was enlarged in the Middle Ages, suggest that "a thriving township must have developed nearby."[119] However, the church retained many prominent Anglo-Saxon features, and, on a visit to Reculver in 1540, one of these raised John Leland to "an enthusiasm which he seldom displayed":Vorlage:Sfn

Vorlage:Quotation

This cross had been removed from the church by 1784.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 45] In 1927 archaeologists discovered what was believed to be the base of a 7th–century cross,Vorlage:Sfn and it has been suggested that the monastery at Reculver was originally built around this cross.[120] The Reculver cross has been compared with the Anglo-Saxon Ruthwell Cross – an open-air preaching cross in Dumfries and Galloway, ScotlandVorlage:Sfn – and traces of paint on fragments of the Reculver cross show that its details were once multicoloured.Vorlage:Sfn Later, stylistic assessments indicate that the cross, carved from a re-used Roman column, probably dates from the 8th century or the 9th, and that the stone believed to have been the base may have been the original, 7th century altar.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 46]

No other buildings belonging to the monastery have been found by archaeologists, but they may all have been in the area to the north of the church, which has been lost to the sea.Vorlage:Sfn A building which stood west-northwest of the church, and was used as a cottage until it was demolished by the sea in 1781,[121] may have had an Anglo-Saxon doorway, and appears to have had the dimensions of an Anglo-Saxon church.Vorlage:Sfn Leland reported another building outside the churchyard, where it was believed that a parish church had stood while the main church at Reculver was still a monastery:Vorlage:Sfn this building, formerly a chapel dedicated to St James, was later known as the "chapel-house", and stood in the north-eastern corner of the fort until it collapsed into the sea in 1802.[122][Fn 47]

 
Demolition of the church in progress: viewed from the south-east, the main feature is the 7th-century triple chancel arch, with one of its two columns already taken down.

This period of destruction culminated in the demolition of almost all of the church of St Mary itself. In the autumn of 1807 a northerly storm combined with a high tide brought erosion of the cliff on which the church stood to within the churchyard, destroying "ten yards [9.1 m] of the wall around the churchyard, not ten yards from the foundation of the church".[123] A scheme had previously been devised by John Rennie the Elder to preserve the church by means of sea defences, at an estimated cost of £8,277.[23] Instead, at a vestry meeting on 12 January 1808, and at the instigation of the vicar, Christopher Naylor, it was decided that permission would be sought from the Archbishop of Canterbury to demolish the church and build a new one at a more suitable location.[124][Fn 48] Permission was granted and demolition began in September 1809, using gunpowder:[127][Fn 13]

Vorlage:Quotation

The demolition of this "shrine of early Christendom", and exemplar of Anglo-Saxon church architecture and sculpture,Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 49] was otherwise thorough, and it is now represented only by the ruins on the site, material incorporated into a replacement parish church at Hillborough,[129] fragments of the cross, and the two stone columns which had been part of the church's triple arch. The columns and fragments of the cross are on display in Canterbury Cathedral.[2][Fn 50] Two thousand tons of stone from the demolished church were sold and incorporated into the harbour wall at Margate, known as Margate Pier, which was completed in 1815.[130] A storm destroyed the spires at a date prior to 1819, and Trinity House replaced them with similarly shaped, open structures, topped by wind vanes.[131][Fn 51] These structures remained until they were removed some time after 1928.Vorlage:Sfn The ruins of the church, and the site of the Roman fort within which it was built, are now in the care of English Heritage,[132] and the sea defences protecting the church continue to be maintained by Trinity House.Vorlage:Sfn

 
The facade of St John's Cathedral, Parramatta, NSW, Australia

The twin towers and west front of St John's Cathedral, Parramatta, in Sydney, Australia, which were added in 1817–1819, are based on those of the church at Reculver.[133] Efforts to save Reculver church were still under way when Governor Lachlan Macquarie and his wife Elizabeth had left England for Australia in 1809; Elizabeth Macquarie asked John Watts, the governor's aide-de-camp from 1814 to 1819, to design the towers:

Vorlage:Quotation

In 1990 a stone from Reculver was presented to St John's Cathedral by the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England, now English Heritage.[134]

Country park

 
Eurasian Curlew at Reculver, 2007

Reculver Country Park is a Special Protection Area (SPA), Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Ramsar site, due partly to the birds that visit Reculver each year during their migrations from the Arctic, and is managed by Canterbury City Council and the Kent Wildlife Trust.[135] It comprises a narrow strip of protected, cliff-top land about Vorlage:Convert long, running from the remaining enclosure of the Roman fort and the church ruins west to Bishopstone Glen. In winter Brent Geese and wading birds such as Sanderlings and Turnstones may be seen, during the summer months the largest colony of Sand Martins in Kent nest in the soft cliffs,[136] on top of which Fulmars were also reported to have begun nesting in 2013,[137] and wading Curlews may be seen at any time. The grasslands on the cliff top are among the few remaining cliff top wildflower meadows left in Kent, and are home to butterflies and Skylarks. Also present is the nationally scarce species of digger wasp Alysson lunicornis.[138][Fn 52] The park first won a Green Flag Award in 2005, and it is estimated that over 200,000 people visit it each year, including up to 3,500 students for educational trips.[139] Canterbury City Council's Reculver Masterplan envisages purchasing farmland to the south of the country park to replace land lost to the sea through coastal erosion.[140]

In 2011 it was found that the shoreline in the Herne Bay area, including Reculver, had come under threat from an invasive species, the Carpet sea squirt (Didemnum vexillum), also known as "marine vomit".[141] First recorded in UK waters in 2008, the Carpet sea squirt is indigenous to the sea around Japan, but it has been carried to other parts of the world, including New Zealand and the USA,[142] on boat hulls, fishing equipment, and floating seaweed. Carpet sea squirt can overgrow other, sessile species, "potentially smothering species living in gravel and affecting fisheries."[142][Fn 53]

Centre for renewable energy

A visitor centre in Reculver Country Park re-opened in 2009 as the Reculver Renewable Energy and Interpretation Centre, "marking 200 years of the moving of Reculver village".[143][Fn 54] The centre features a log burner fuelled by logs from the Blean woodland, solar and photovoltaic panels provide electrical power for the centre, and it has displays and information describing the history, geography and wildlife of the area.[143]

Transport

 
Looking west from Reculver churchyard: in medieval times a harbour lay in the area of sea to the right. Most of Reculver village lay in the area of the car park and the adjacent sea. The nearest building on the left is the King Ethelbert Inn, built and extended in the 19th century. The bus stop is adjacent to the inn.

Reculver is at the end of an unclassified road, Reculver Lane, and is about Vorlage:Convert by road from the nearest major junction of the A299, or "Thanet Way". From Roman times Reculver was connected to Canterbury by a road, the presence of which is reflected in parish boundaries for much of its length.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 55] The Reculver end of this road has disappeared owing to coastal erosion, but it is marked as "The King’s highe Way" on an estate map of 1685.Vorlage:Sfn Remains of a Roman road leading to the east gate of the fort have also been found, which were "substantial ... consisting of a sandstone platform [10–13 feet (3–4 m)] wide and at least [11 inches (30 cm)] deep."[148]

In 1817 the nearest coaching route to Reculver was that running between London, Canterbury and the Isle of Thanet, which passed through Upstreet, about Vorlage:Convert south of Reculver, before entering Thanet.Vorlage:Sfn In 1839 coaches and vans ran daily from Herne Bay to Canterbury and on to destinations on the southern and eastern coasts of Kent, with access to the English Channel, at Deal, Dover, Sandgate and Hythe.Vorlage:Sfn In 1865 transport between Herne Bay and Reculver was available by "fly" – a type of one-horse hackney carriage.[149]

As of 2014 a bus service, route 7/7A, which is operated on behalf of Kent County Council, connects Reculver directly with Herne Bay and Canterbury daily except Sundays and bank holidays.[150] Other destinations on this route include Reculver Church of England Primary School at Hillborough, Broomfield, Chislet, Hoath and the railway station at Sturry, on the Ashford to Ramsgate line. Route 36 connects Reculver with Herne Bay and Margate daily except Sundays.[151] Other destinations on this route include Reculver Church of England Primary School at Hillborough, Beltinge, Birchington-on-Sea and Westgate-on-Sea. The bus stop at Reculver is adjacent to the King Ethelbert Inn.

The nearest railway stations to Reculver are at Herne Bay, about Vorlage:Convert to the west, and Birchington-on-Sea, about Vorlage:Convert to the east. Both stations are on the Chatham Main Line, running between London's Victoria station and Ramsgate, on the south-eastern coast of the Isle of Thanet.[152] The railway first reached Herne Bay from the west in 1861, and was extended to Ramsgate Harbour railway station by 1863,Vorlage:Sfn but no provision was made for direct access from Reculver. A short-lived goods station for Reculver was opened on the main line in 1864, and in 1884 the South Eastern Railway proposed a branch from its Ashford to Ramsgate line to serve Reculver and Herne Bay, but this was never built.Vorlage:Sfn Rudimentary houses were erected by the railway company on marshland near Reculver in 1858 for the navvies who constructed the line through the area; these had been taken over by enginemen of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway by October 1904, when they were replaced by cottages.Vorlage:Sfn

 
Reculver from the sea: All About Margate and Herne Bay, 1865

There is no formal access to Reculver by sea. Passenger steamships called at Herne Bay pier on their route between London and destinations along the north coast of Kent from 1832, but this service ceased in 1862.[153] However, Reculver has had connections with the sea since the 1st century, when the Roman fort of Regulbium had a supporting harbour,Vorlage:Sfn and the quantity and variety of coins found at Reculver dating from the 7th century to the 8th are almost certainly related to its location on a "major trading route".Vorlage:Sfn Anglo-Saxon Reculver probably had its own harbour, and the monastery at Reculver may well have operated a "fleet of ships and its own boatyard."Vorlage:Sfn Details in the 10th century charter in which King Eadred gave Reculver to the archbishops of Canterbury suggest that there was then an island north of Reculver, with its own "mini-Wantsum [Channel, which] could have provided a sheltered channel for beaching and berthing ships";[154] the present day Black Rock beyond the shoreline at Reculver may be a remnant of this island.Vorlage:Sfn

In the 16th century, oysters dredged at Reculver were reported as better than any in Kent,Vorlage:Sfn and, in the 17th century, an inlet north-west of Reculver was described as "anciently for a harber of ships, called now The Old Pen".Vorlage:Sfn In the 18th century there was a place for landing passengers and goods at Reculver village.[155] The former name of the King Ethelbert Inn at Reculver, the "Hoy and Anchor", makes reference to hoys, a local type of merchant sailing vessel,Vorlage:Sfn which continued to serve the coastline around Reculver in the mid-19th century, by which time the remnant of the village had been recorded as home only to "fishermen and smugglers".[156] A travel guide of 1865 advised that

Vorlage:Quotation

Coastguards were stationed at Reculver from the mid-19th century until they were withdrawn in the mid-20th century,[157] but the towers of the ruined church of Reculver remain a landmark for mariners, both practically and through their use to mark the division between areas covered by Thames Coastguard and Dover Coastguard.[158]

Education

Reculver Church of England Primary School is adjacent to the church at Hillborough, in Reculver parish, where Reculver residents relocated in the late 18th century and early 19th century due to coastal erosion.[159] In 2006 the school was ranked above both the local and national averages in most criteria,[160] but it was rated as "satisfactory" (Grade 3) in most aspects by an Ofsted report in July 2010, when it had 489 pupils.[161] In a Section 8 report,[162] released in November 2011, remedial progress at the school was described as "satisfactory".[161] After another Section 8 report, released in March 2013, the school was placed under "special measures", meaning that it was "failing to give its pupils an acceptable standard of education, and the persons responsible for leading, managing or governing the school [were] not demonstrating the capacity to secure the necessary improvement in the school";[163] but a further Section 8 report of November 2013 described the school as making "reasonable progress towards the removal of special measures."[161] As of 10 March 2014, when the school had 466 pupils, 100% of the 71 pupils who were eligible for Key Stage 2 assessment achieved level 4 or above in reading, writing and arithmetic; for the school as a whole this figure was 61%, whereas the English national average was 75%.[164] The school's site also hosts Beltinge Day Nursery and Reculver Breakfast and Afterschool Club.[165] The nearest school for older children is Herne Bay High School.[166]

Religion

 
Reculver parish church of St Mary the Virgin, Hillborough, built in 1876

A new Anglican parish church for Reculver was built at Hillborough, about Vorlage:Convert south-west of Reculver, but within Reculver parish, as a replacement for the old church of St Mary the Virgin at Reculver.[33] The new church was given the same dedication as the old one, to St Mary the Virgin, and, standing on a plot of land bought for £30, it was consecrated on 13 April 1813.[167] A "miserable little [church] ... built in a rough and poverty-stricken style",[33] it was replaced by the present structure, which was begun in 1876 and consecrated on 12 June 1878.[168]

The church begun in 1876 was built by Gothic Revival architect Joseph Clarke,Vorlage:Sfn who was surveyor for the diocese of Canterbury at the time.[169] It has seating for about 100 people, and is a "simple and relatively plain building",[170] though it incorporates stonework from the old church at Reculver.[129][Fn 56] A war memorial stands at the edge of the churchyard, facing into the adjacent Reculver Lane, and records the names of 27 parishioners who died fighting in the First World War and the Second World War.[171]

Notable people

King Eadberht II of Kent was buried in the church at Reculver in the 760s.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 57] His tomb was in the south porticus of the church, adjacent to the chancel, though this later became part of the church's south aisle.Vorlage:Sfn This was traditionally believed to be the tomb of King Æthelberht I of Kent,[173][Fn 58] and was "of an antique form, mounted with two spires".Vorlage:Sfn Simon of Faversham, a 14th-century philosopher and theologian, was appointed rector of Reculver but was forced to defend his appointment to the pope, and died in France, either on his way to the papal curia in Avignon or after his arrival, some time before 19 July 1306.[174]

 
A full-size replica of the Susan Constant, in which Robert Hunt, former vicar of Reculver, sailed to the Colony of Virginia in 1606

The first recorded owner of Brook, about Vorlage:Convert south-southwest of Reculver, but within Reculver parish, was Nicholas Tingewick,[175] physician to King Edward I and, until 1310, rector of Reculver.[176] He was regarded as the "best doctor for the king's health",[176] and there are more records of his medical practice than there are for "most physicians of his time."[176] Brook subsequently passed to James de la Pine, sheriff of Kent in the early 1350s.[177][Fn 59] His grandson sold it to an ancestor of Henry Cheyne,Vorlage:Sfn who was elected knight of the shire for Kent in 1563, and was created "Lord Cheyney" in 1572.[178] He had sold all of his possessions in Kent by 1574 to "finance his extravagance",[178] and Brook subsequently became the property of Sir Cavalliero Maycott, who was a leading courtier to Elizabeth I and James I.Vorlage:Sfn He had a "handsome monument [in the church at Reculver] representing Sir Cavalliero and Lady Maycote, with their eight children, all in alabaster figures, kneeling".Vorlage:Sfn Brook is now Brook Farm, where there is a remnant of Maycott's home in the form of a gateway,Vorlage:Sfn which is a "very rustic Elizabethan affair",Vorlage:Sfn all of brick, with mouldings.Vorlage:Sfn[Fn 60]

Thomas Broke, alderman and MP for Calais in the mid-16th century,[180] may have been a son of Thomas Brooke of Reculver, as well as being a "religious radical".[181] Ralph Brooke, officer of arms as Rouge Croix Pursuivant and York Herald under Elizabeth I and James I, died in 1625 and was buried in the church at Reculver, where he was commemorated by a black marble tablet on the wall of the chancel, showing him dressed in his herald's coat.[182]

Robert Hunt, vicar of Reculver from 1595 to 1602, became minister of religion to the English colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, sailing there in the ship Susan Constant in 1606, and probably celebrated "the first known service of holy communion in what is today the United States of America on 21 June 1607."[183] Barnabas Knell was vicar of Reculver from 1602 to 1646: during the English Civil War his son Paul Knell, born in about 1615, was chaplain to a regiment of Royalist cuirassiers, to whom he preached a sermon, "The convoy of a Christian", at the siege of Gloucester in August 1643.[184] An estate map of 1685 shows that much of Reculver then belonged to James Oxenden, who spent much of his life as an MP for Kent constituencies, between 1679 and 1702.[185]

References

Footnotes

Vorlage:Reflist

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

Bibliography

Vorlage:Refbegin

Vorlage:Refend

Vorlage:Commons category

Vorlage:Canterbury

  1. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  2. ↑ a b c Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1, Section 2.0 "Historical Context". (2008). canterbury.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  3. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; "(West of Fort on Cliff)" & "Reculver". (2006). Heritage Gateway. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  4. ↑ "Palstave, found at Reculver" & "Iron Age gold coins (5), found at Reculver". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  5. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  6. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; "Regulbium". ( 2007). English Heritage PastScape. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  7. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  8. ↑ "Ahead of his time: Carausius was a pirate, a rebel and the first ruler of a unified Britain". (2010). The Independent. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  9. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, Plate I.
  10. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; "Keystone garnet disc brooch from Reculver". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  11. ↑ "AS claw beaker, Reculver". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  12. ↑ "Anglo Saxon Pagan pottery from Reculver". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  13. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  14. ↑ a b Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  15. ↑ a b Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  16. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  17. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb.
  18. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb, citing Scott-Robertson, W., ‘Thanet’s Insulation’, Archaeologia Cantiana, XII, 1878, p. 338.
  19. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb, quoting Scott-Robertson, W., ‘Thanet’s Insulation’, Archaeologia Cantiana, XII, 1878, p. 338.
  20. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  21. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  22. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 91, 1821, p. 319; Coastguard, "1.1 Before the Coastguard". (2009). The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  23. ↑ a b The Literary Panorama, 3, 1808, cols. 1309–10; John Rennie (1761–1821), p. 56. (not dated). Institution of Civil Engineers. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  24. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, p. 802; The Gentleman's Magazine, 201, 1856, p. 315; "Reculver, St Mary Parish Records". (2012). Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral. Retrieved 5 April 2014; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  25. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  26. ↑ The Literary Panorama, 3, 1808, cols. 1309–10.
  27. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, p. 801.
  28. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 201, 1856, p. 315.
  29. ↑ "Reculver, St Mary Parish Records". (2012). Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  30. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; "Modern church proud of links to Roman times". (2014). Canterbury Times. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  31. ↑ a b The Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, p. 802.
  32. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 201, 1856, p. 317 & note; "Parish church of St Mary the Virgin, Hillborough". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  33. ↑ a b c The Gentleman's Magazine, 201, 1856, p. 317 & note.
  34. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, Plate II; "King Ethelbert Pub Reculver 1808". (1808). Google+. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  35. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, p. 907.
  36. ↑ a b "Reculver Lane Herne Bay / The King Ethelbert Public House". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  37. ↑ "Possible Deserted Medieval Village at Reculver". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  38. ↑ Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1, Section 2.1 "Bronze Age to Late Norman". (2008). canterbury.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  39. ↑ "Media". (2007). The Dambusters (617 Squadron). Retrieved 16 July 2010 ("Upkeep test drop 1" & "Upkeep test drop 2").
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  61. ↑ a b British Geological Survey: The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units — Result Details Thanet Sand Formation. NERC, 2010, abgerufen am 17. September 2010.
  62. ↑ British Geological Survey: The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units — Result Details Upnor Formation. NERC, 2010, abgerufen am 17. September 2010.
  63. ↑ British Geological Survey: The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units — Result Details Harwich Formation. NERC, 2010, abgerufen am 17. September 2010.
  64. ↑ Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1, Section 4.1 "Topography, Landscape and Sea" (2008). canterbury.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  65. ↑ British Geological Survey: The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units — Result Details London Clay Formation. NERC, 2010, abgerufen am 17. September 2010.
  66. ↑ Reculver Country Park Geology Resource Pack. (not dated). Kent Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
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  75. ↑ "Accommodation Type – People (UV42)". (2004). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  76. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen censusarea.
  77. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen census2001.
  78. ↑ "Neighbourhood Statistics Area: Reculver (ward) Income: Model-Based Estimates". (not dated). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  79. ↑ "Area: Reculver (Ward) Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics". (not dated). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 April 2014; "Census: Usual residents by resident type, and population density, number of households with at least one usual resident and average household size". (2012). Kent County Council. Retrieved 1 April 2014. (Clicking on the link downloads a document in .xls format.)
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  86. ↑ "Invasive carpet seasquirt spreads rapidly on the Herne Bay coast". (2011). KentOnline. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  87. ↑ "The Return of the Natives: Whitstable's oysters back in fashion". (2009). Mail Online. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
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  97. ↑ "Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, Herne Bay". (not dated). NHS. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  98. ↑ "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Hospital". (not dated). NHS. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
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  102. ↑ "The church of St Mary, Reculver, Kent". (2011). Anglo-Saxon Churches in England. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
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  116. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb; "History and Research: Reculver Towers and Roman Fort". (not dated). English Heritage. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
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  120. ↑ "Anglo-Saxon Minster and the ruins of St Mary's Church". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  121. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, Plate I.
  122. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; "Chapel of St James, Reculver". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
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  124. ↑ The Literary Panorama, 3, 1808, cols. 1309–10; Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  125. ↑ The Literary Panorama, 3, 1808, cols. 1129–30.
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  128. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, 79, 1809, pp. 801–2.
  129. ↑ a b Vorlage:Harvnb; "Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin, Hillborough". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  130. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; "Margate Pier - The Pier Structure". (2006). thanetarch. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  131. ↑ a b "Reculver towers plaque". (2011). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  132. ↑ "Reculver Towers and Roman Fort". (not dated). English Heritage. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  133. ↑ "St John's Anglican Cathedral". (not dated). NSW Government Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
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  135. ↑ "Reculver Country Park". (not dated). Kent County Council. Retrieved 8 April 2014; Reculver Country Park Management Plan 2013 to 2018, Section 2.5 "Habitats and Biodiversity". (2013). canterbury.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2014; Reculver Country Park Wildlife Resource Pack. (not dated). Kent Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
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  138. ↑ "Natural Areas 106 North Kent Coast". (not dated). Natural England. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  139. ↑ Reculver Country Park Management Plan 2013 to 2018, Section 1.1 "Visitors". (2013). canterbury.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2014; "Green Flag to fly at Reculver". (2005). Canterbury City Council Online. Retrieved 11 April 2014; "Reculver Country Park & Reculver Towers". (not dated). Visit Canterbury. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
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  144. ↑ "H.M.S.O. Boundary Commission Report 1885, Kent". (1885). Vision of Britain. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  145. ↑ "Ordnance Survey of England and Wales Revised New Series, 20 and 24". (1903). Vision of Britain. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
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  147. ↑ "Historical maps". (2009). Vision of Britain. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  148. ↑ "Reculver (East of the Fort)". (2006). Heritage Gateway. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  149. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; "Fly" (noun 5). (1913). Webster's 1913 Dictionary. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  150. ↑ "7/7A Canterbury – Broomfield – Herne Bay". (2014). Traveline. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  151. ↑ "36 Herne Bay – Margate". (2014). Traveline. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  152. ↑ "London and the South East Rail Services". (2013). ATOC. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  153. ↑ "History of the pier". (not dated). Herne Bay Pier Trust. Retrieved 28 December 2011; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  154. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  155. ↑ "Buildings on Reculver Foreshore". (2014). Kent County Council. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  156. ↑ Vorlage:Harvnb; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  157. ↑ "British Coastguards 1841 - 1901 - Table of References". (2011). Genuki. Retrieved 29 December 2011 ("References" are to census records showing coastguards at Reculver and Bishopstone); Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1, Section 2.4 "The 20th Century". (2008). canterbury.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  158. ↑ "Consultation on the future of HM Coastguard". (2011). www.publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  159. ↑ "Reculver C of E Primary School. (2014). reculver.kent.sch.uk. Retrieved 8 April 2014; Vorlage:Harvnb.
  160. ↑ "Reculver Church of England Primary School". (2006). BBC News Online. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  161. ↑ a b c "Inspection Reports Reculver Church of England Primary School". (2014). Ofsted. Retrieved 8 April 2014 (Click on the relevant link to download the Ofsted report in PDF format).
  162. ↑ "Monitoring inspections for maintained schools". (2014). Ofsted. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  163. ↑ "Inspection Reports Reculver Church of England Primary School" & "Monitoring inspections for maintained schools". (2014). Ofsted. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
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  165. ↑ "Beltinge Day Nursery" & "Reculver Breakfast and Afterschool Club". (2012). Ofsted. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
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