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Zhao (Familienname)

Familienname (趙/赵)
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Vorlage:Infobox family name Vorlage:Chinesetext

Zhao / Chao or Chiu (chinesisch 趙, Pinyin Zhào, W.-G. Chao, Vorlage:Lang-vi, Vorlage:Korean) is a common Chinese family name, ranking as the 7th most common surname in Mainland China. Zhao is the first surname in the famous Hundred Family Surnames – the traditional list of all Chinese surnames – because it was the royal surname of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) when the list was compiled.

On occasion, Zhao can denote the much less common family name Zhào (兆).

History

Zhao is one of the most ancient of Chinese surnames, and its origins are partly shrouded in legend. During the reign of King Mu of Zhou (976/956 BC – 922/918 BC), an officer named Zaofu (chinesisch 造父) proved exceptionally adept at training horses and driving chariots and won the respect of King Mu. During a battle with the eastern state of Xu, a non-Chinese state which was resisting Zhou rule, Zaofu drove a chariot into the battle and escorted King Mu back to the Zhou capital. In gratitude, King Mu enfeoffed Zaofu as the lord of Zhao, a town in what is now Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, to be held by his descendants in perpetuity. Zaofu's descendants took Zhao as a surname to mark their prestigious association with the city. Records such as Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian say that Zaofu was a descendant of legendary kings Zhuanxu, Shaohao, and the Yellow Emperor.

The town Zhao became part of the state of Jin during the Warring States period, when the Zhou Dynasty began to collapse. In 403 BC, Jin split into three smaller states, one of which was the state of Zhao. During this period, the common ancestral name Ying (嬴) split into 14 clan names: Lian (廉), Xu (徐), Jiang (江), Qin (秦), Zhao (趙), Huang (黄), Liang (梁), Ma (馬), Ge (葛), Gu (谷), Mou (繆), Zhong (鍾), Fei (費), and Qu (瞿).

The Zhao clan rulers of State of Qin and State of Zhao were highly successful, and State of Zhao were one of the last major states conquered by the State of Qin during its unification of China.

As with all ancient Chinese surnames, the Zhao family was constantly added to by marriages, its bestowal upon commoners for meritorious deeds, and its adoption by non-Chinese peoples assimilated into Han Chinese culture. The Zhao name experienced a great revival after Zhao Kuangyin became the first emperor of the Song Dynasty in 960 AD, leading to 300 years of Zhao rule over China. Notably, it is during this dynasty that the famous Hundred Family Surnames – the traditional list of all Chinese surnames – was compiled, leading the surname Zhao, that of the royal house, to be the first name listed.

However, some cadet clans on the mainland have genealogy records preserved from the Cultural Revolution as well as some Hata clans of Japan, which could trace back to a significant amount of generations to verify the authenticity of the bloodline.

Relation with the Gioro Clan

After the fall of the Northern Song dynasty, the emeritus emperor Huizong (Zhao Ji) and his son emperor Qinzong (Zhao Huan) were captured by the by the Jurchen people in Jingkang Incident along with the rest of the remaining members of the Northern Song royal house who were forced into exile in Manchuria. Huizong's third brother Zhao Si King Yue (越王赵偲) lived in Gioro and was the founder of the Gioro clan in which the Qing Imperial Family Aisin-Gioros (愛新覺羅) and Irgen Gioro are cadet branches.

The rise of the Qing Dynasty occurred following the Battle of the Shanhai Pass. The historical context can be summarized in a poem to illustrate the three parties involved:

朱家麵﹐李家磨﹐ 做成一個大饃饃﹐ 送給對巷趙大哥。

The poem above is translated as: Zhou family's flour, Li family's mill produce a big bun, which is handed to big brother Zhao.

Zhou (朱) refers to the surname of the Ming Dynasty royals who lost control of China. Li (李) refers to Li Zicheng, the first Emperor of the Shun Dynasty who briefly gained control of China. The Aisin Gioro Clan of the Qing Dynasty are referred to as big brother Zhao (趙), which is the surname of their ancestors from the captured Northern Song Royal family.

Evolution of the Zhao clan

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zhao Clan (趙氏) - China, Royal house of Song Dynasty
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aisin Gioro Clan (愛新覺羅) Royal House of Qing Dynasty
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gioro Clan (覺羅氏) - Gioro, Manchuria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Irgen Gioro (伊尔根觉罗)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zhao clan (趙氏) - Royal house of Qin Dynasty
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 太秦公, 秦長連, 秦野, 秦人, 秦川, 秦上, 秦下, 秦內, 秦井, 秦多, 秦當, 秦佐,秦冠, 秦前, 秦黨, 秦原, 秦部, 秦許, 秦常, 秦勝, 秦人部, 秦川邊, 秦大藏, 秦小宅, 秦井手, 秦中家, 秦田村, 秦長田, 秦物集, 秦泉寺, 秦高橋, 秦達布, 秦佐此佐...
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hata clan (秦氏) - Japan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ying (Ancestral name) (赢姓) - Royal house of Qin (state)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The clans of Lian (廉), Xu (徐), Jiang (江), Qin (秦), Zhao (趙), Huang (黄), Liang (梁), Ma (馬), Ge (葛), Gu (谷), Mou (繆), Zhong (鍾), Fei (費), and Qu (瞿)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Prominent people with the family name

See also

References

  • Kangqi Chen: 郎潜纪闻初笔二笔三笔 (Langqian Notes 1st, 2nd and 3rd Edition). Zhonghua Book Company, 1997, ISBN 978-7-101-01702-1 (douban.com).
  • Jiaji Du: 八旗与清朝政治论稿 (The Political Papers of Eight Banners and Qing Dynasty). Renmin Publishing House, 2008, ISBN 978-7-01-006753-7 (douban.com).
  • Zengyi Hu: 新满汉大词典 (A Comprehensive Manchu-Chinese Dictionary). Xinjiang People's Publishing House, 1994, ISBN 978-7-228-02404-9 (douban.com).
  • Hungjeo: 八旗满洲氏族通谱 (Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book). Liaohai Publishing House, 2002, ISBN 978-7-80669-189-2 (douban.com).
  • Guangping Jin, Qicong Jin, Ulhicun: 爱新觉罗氏三代满学论集 (The Paper Collection of Three Generations of Aisin Gioro). Yuanfang Publishing House, 1996, ISBN 978-7-80595-148-5 (douban.com).
  • Qicong Jin: 金启孮谈北京的满族 (Jin Qicong Talks About Beijing Manchus). Zhonghua Book Company, 2009, ISBN 7-101-06856-1 (douban.com).
  • Jooliyan: 啸亭杂录 (Xiaoting Various Records). Zhonghua Book Company, 1980, ISBN 978-7-101-01751-9 (douban.com).
  • Ke Xu: 清稗类钞 (Classified Collection of Qing Notes). Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, ISBN 978-7-101-01073-2 (douban.com).
  • Tonggui Yang: 沈故 (Old Story of Shenyang). Liaohai Book Company, 1933 (gujibook.com).
  • Erxun Zhao: 清史稿 (Draft History of Qing). Zhonghua Book Compary, 2009, ISBN 978-7-101-00750-3 (douban.com).
  • Li Zhao: 满族姓氏寻人辞典 (Dictionary and Origin of Manchu Family Names). Liaoning Nationality Publishing House, 2012, ISBN 978-7-5497-0286-2 (douban.com).
  • Yi Zhao, Yuanzhi Yao: 簷曝杂记 竹叶亭杂记 (Yanpu Various Notes & Zhuyeting Various Notes). Zhonghua Book Company, 1997, ISBN 978-7-101-01748-9 (douban.com).
  • “赵氏”撰写《红楼梦》
  • Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Rimer, J. Thomas and Yamazaki Masakazu trans. (1984). "On the Art of the Nō Drama: The Major Treatises of Zeami." Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Teshima, Ikuro (1973). The Ancient Refugees From Religious Persecution in Japan: The Tribe of Hada - Their Religious and Cultural Influence. 1.
  • Shinsen Shōjiroku "出自秦始皇帝三世孫孝武王也"
  • McCullough, William H. (1999). "The capital and its society". The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2: Heian Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-521-22353-9.
  • McCullough, William H. (1999). "The capital and its society". The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2: Heian Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 97-98. ISBN 0-521-22353-9.
  • Ben Ami-Shillony, The Jews and the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders, pp. 135–7 (Rutland, VT: Tuttle, 1991)
  • Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. pdf

Vorlage:Surname

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