Aberdaron

Aberdaron is a community and former fishing village at the western tip of the Llŷn Peninsula (Welsh: Penrhyn Llŷn) in the Welsh county of Gwynedd. It lies Vorlage:Convert west of Pwllheli and Vorlage:Convert south west of Caernarfon, and has a population of 1,019. It is sometimes referred to as the "Land's End of Wales" (Welsh: Pendraw'r Byd).

The village was the last rest stop for pilgrims heading to Bardsey Island (Welsh: Ynys Enlli), the legendary "Island of 20,000 saints"; it is now a popular holiday resort. The beach was awarded a Seaside Award in 2008, and the coastal waters are part of Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau Special Area of Conservation (Welsh: Ardal Cadwraeth Arbennig Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau), one of the largest marine designated sites in the United Kingdom. The coast itself forms part of Glannau Aberdaron ac Ynys Enlli Special Protection Area (Welsh:Ardal Gwarchodaeth Arbennig Glannau Aberdaron ac Ynys Enlli), and in 1956 was included in Llŷn Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty {Welsh: Ardal o Harddwch Naturiol Eithriadol Llŷn).

Bardsey Island; the coastal area around Porthor; and the nearby villages of Llanfaelrhys, Penycaerau, Rhoshirwaun, Rhydlios, Uwchmynydd and Y Rhiw are included in the community.

Etymology

Aberdaron means "Mouth of the Daron", a reference to the river which flows into Aberdaron Bay in the village; in English Afon Daron means "Oak River".

History

Evidence from the Iron Age hill fort at Castell Odo, on Mynydd Ystum, one of the most important archaeological sites in Wales, suggests that the area around Aberdaron was colonised early, as a wave of Celtic settlers explored the Irish Sea, probably around the 4th century BC. The construction was wholly defensive, but in later phases defence appears to have been less important, and in the last phase the ramparts were deliberately flattened, suggesting there was no longer a need for defence. It appears that, by then, Aberdaron was a peaceful farming community. Ptolemy calls the Llŷn Peninsula Ganganorum Promontorium (English: Peninsula of the Gangani); the Gangani were a tribe of Irish Celts, and it is thought there may have been strong and friendly links with Leinster.

After Gruffydd ap Cynan, the King of Gwynedd, escaped imprisonment at Chester, he sought sanctuary in St Hywyn's Church, and fled in the monks' boat.

The church at Aberdaron had the ancient privilege of sanctuary. In 1094 Gruffydd ap Cynan, the exiled King of Gwynedd, sought refuge in the church while attempting to recapture his throne; he escaped in the monastic community's boat to Ireland. He regained his territories in 1101, and in 1115 Gruffydd ap Rhys, the exiled prince of Deheubarth, took refuge at Aberdaron to escape capture by Gwynedd's ruler. Henry I of England had invaded Gwynedd the previous year, and faced by an overwhelming force, Gruffydd ap Cynan had been forced to pay homage and a substantial fine to Henry. The King of Gwynedd, seeking to give up the exiled prince to Henry, ordered that the fugitive prince be dragged from the church by force, but his soldiers were beaten back by the local clergy; Gruffydd ap Rhys escaped under cover of night and fled south to join up with his supporters in Ystrad Tywi.

Edward I and his court visited Aberdaron in 1284 on their way to Bardsey Island.

After the English Civil War, when the Parliamentarians under Oliver Cromwell introduced a strongly Protestant regime, Catholicism remained the dominant religion in the area. Catholics, who had largely supported the Royalist side, were often considered to be traitors and efforts were made to eradicate the religion. The persecution even extended to Aberdaron, and in 1657 Gwen Griffiths of Y Rhiw was summoned to the Quarter Sessions as a "Papist".

During World War II, Y Rhiw played a vital role in preparations for the Normandy Landings. A team of electronic engineers set up an experimental ultra high frequency radio station, from where they were able to make a direct link to stations in Fishguard and Llandudno. The system employed a frequency which the German forces were unable to either monitor or jam, and was used in the landings in 1944.

Governance

Aberdaron, Bardsey Island, Bodferin, Llanfaelrhys and Y Rhiw were civil parishes in the cwmwd (English: commote) of Cymydmaen within Cantref Llŷn, in Caernarfonshire. Under the provisions of the Public Health Act 1848 they became part of Pwllheli Rural Sanitary District, which from 1889 formed a second tier of local government in Caernarfonshire. In 1886, Y Rhiw was absorbed into the smaller Llanfaelrhys, and under the Local Government Act 1894 the four remaining parishes became part of Llŷn Rural District. In 1934 Bodferin, Llanfaelrhys, and parts of Bryncroes and Llangwnnadl, were amalgamated into Aberdaron.

Llŷn Rural District was abolished in 1974, and Bardsey Island was absorbed into Aberdaron to form a community within Dwyfor District in the new county of Gwynedd. Dwyfor itself was abolished when Gwynedd became a unitary authority in 1996.

The community now forms an electoral division of Cyngor Gwynedd, electing one councillor. In 2008, William Gareth Roberts of Plaid Cymru was re-elected.

Aberdaron Community Council has 12 elected members, who represent three wards: Aberdaron De, Aberdaron Dwyrain and Aberdaron Gogledd. In the 2008 elections ten Independent councillors and one from Plaid Cymru were elected unopposed.

Since 1950 Aberdaron has been part of Caernarfon parliamentary constituency, and has been represented by Hywel Williams of Plaid Cymru since 2001. In the National Assembly for Wales it has since 2007 formed part of Dwyfor Meirionnydd assembly constituency, represented by Dafydd Elis-Thomas, the Presiding Officer of the assembly, and also from Plaid Cymru. The constituency forms part of the electoral region of Mid and West Wales.

Geography

Aberdaron stands on the shore of Aberdaron Bay in a small valley at the confluence of the Afon Daron and Afon Cyll-y-felin, between the headlands of Uwchmynydd to the west, and Trwyn y Penrhyn to the east. At the mouth of the bay stand two islands, Ynysoedd Gwylanod, composed of Ynys Gwylan-fawr and Ynys Gwylan-fach. The coastline is rocky, with crags, screes and low cliffs. Heather covered hills are separated by valleys occupied by pastures.

The bridge over the Afon Cyll-y-Felin was one of two built in 1823 in the centre of Aberdaron.

To the east, Mynydd Rhiw, Mynydd y Graig and Mynydd Penarfynydd form a Vorlage:Convert series of hog-back ridges of igneous rock which reaches the sea at Trwyn Talfarach. Above Vorlage:Convert the ridges are topped by hard gabbro. At its northern end Mynydd Rhiw rises to Vorlage:Convert, the outcrop of Clip y Gylfinhir (English: Curlew's Crag) looming above the village of Y Rhiw. Mynydd Penarfynydd is one of the best exposures of intrusive, layered, igneous rock in the British Isles.

East of Y Rhiw is an extensive low-lying plateau between Vorlage:Convert and Vorlage:Convert above sea level. The coastal rock is softer here, and the sea has been free to erode the rock and boulder clay to form sand, resulting in the spacious beach of Porth Neigwl (English: Hell's Mouth).

West of Aberdaron, four peaks rise above the rocky shoreline at Uwchmynydd. Mynydd Anelog stands Vorlage:Convert high, Mynydd Mawr at Vorlage:Convert, Mynydd y Gwyddel rises to Vorlage:Convert and Mynydd Bychestyn is Vorlage:Convert above sea level.

Bardsey Island lies Vorlage:Convert off Pen y Cil. The island is Vorlage:Convert wide and Vorlage:Convert long. The north east rises steeply from the sea to a height of Vorlage:Convert. The western plain, in contrast, comprises low, and relatively flat, cultivated farmland. In the south the island narrows to an isthmus, connecting to a peninsula.

The golden hair lichen, which is very sensitive to air pollution, is found in Aberdaron

The coast around Aberdaron has been the scene of a great number of shipwrecks. In 1822 the Bardsey Island lighthouse tender was wrecked, with the loss of six lives and in 1752 the schooner John the Baptist, carrying a cargo of oats from Wexford to Liverpool, was wrecked on the beach at Aberdaron. The sailing ship Newry, with 400 passengers bound from Warrenpoint to Québec, was wrecked at Porth Orion in 1880. The crew abandoned the passengers, leaving just the captain, ship's mate and one sailor, assisted by three local men, to lead 375 men, women and children to safety. A great storm swept the country on 26 October 1859 and many ships were lost. Nine were wrecked at Porthor, seven of them with complete loss of life. On the south coast, vessels were often driven ashore at Porth Neigwl by a combination of south westerly gales and treacherous offshore currents.. The Transit was lost in 1839, the Arfestone the following year, and the Henry Catherine in 1866. The bay earned it's English title, "Hell's Mouth", from its reputation for wrecks during the days of the sailing ship.

Aberdaron is noted for low levels of air pollution, and is one of the few sites in the United Kingdom for the golden hair lichen, a striking bright orange lichen which is very sensitive to air pollution. The climate is relatively mild and, due to the Gulf Stream, frosts are rare in winter.

Economy

Sheep have been raised in the Llŷn Peninsula for over a thousand years, and wool exports have been important throughout history. Fleeces were spun at home by local people, who were paid a small wage to spin the wool and produce yarn. The main product locally was felt, produced by soaking the cloth in water and beating it with large wooden paddles until the wool forms a thick mat which can be flattened, dried and cut into lengths. There were two fulling mills on the Afon Daron, in addition to three corn mills, and lichen was gathered around Y Rhiw, from which a grey dye was extracted. Arable crops consisted mainly of wheat, barley, oats and potatoes.

Two shipwrecked sailors were murdered on the beach at Porth Neigwl in 1742. Two local men from Y Rhiw were found guilty of the crime and hanged.

Wrecking and smuggling were used to supplement local incomes. In 1743 John Roberts and Huw Bedward from Y Rhiw were found guilty of the murder of two shipwrecked sailors on the beach at Porth Neigwl on 6 January 1742, and hanged. Jonathan Morgan had been killed by a knife thrust into the nape of his neck, and Edward Halesham, described as a boy, had been choked to death. A ship claimed to be from France unloaded illicit tea and brandy at Aberdaron in 1767, and attempted to sell its cargo to the locals. In 1809 a Revenue cutter discovered salt being smuggled at Porth Cadlan, and in 1824 a schooner on route from Guernsey to Scotland was reported to have offloaded lace, tea, brandy and gin at Y Rhiw.

During the 19th century good quality limestone and a small amount of lead ore were quarried in the village. Jasper was mined at Carreg,, granite was quarried at Porth y Pistyll, and there was a brickworks at Porth Neigwl. The main source of income, however, was herring fishing. A regular shipping service was operated to Liverpool, exporting pigs, poultry and eggs; the vessels returned laden with coal for the neighbourhood. Limestone was also imported and offloaded into the water at high tide, then collected from the beach when the tide went out. Lime was needed to reduce the acidity of the local soil, and lime kilns were built on the beaches at Porthor, Porth Orion, Porth Meudwy, Aberdaron and Y Rhiw to convert the limestone to quicklime. There was shipbuilding at Porth Neigwl, where the last ship, a sloop named the Ebenezer, was built in 1841; and at Porthor, which came to an end with the building of a schooner, the Sarah, in 1842. Aberdaron's last ship, the sloop Victory, had been built in 1792, and the last ship to come out of Porth Ysgo had been another sloop, the Grace, in 1778.

The outbreak of World War I resulted in a great demand for manganese as a strengthening agent for steel. Ore had been discovered at Y Rhiw in 1827, and the industry became a substantial employer in the village. Over 113,000 tons of ore were extracted between 1840 and 1945, and in 1906 the industry employed 200 people.

Tourism began to develop after 1918. The first tourist guide to the village had been published in 1910 and extolled the virtues of "the salubrious sea and mountain breezes". In addition to the two hotels in the village, local farmhouses took in visitors, which provided an extra source of income.

At the 2001 census 59.4 per cent of the population were in employment, and 23.5 per cent were self employed; the unemployment rate was 2.3 per cent; and 16.0 per cent were retired. Of those employed, 17.7 per cent worked in agriculture; 15.8 per cent in the wholesale and retail trades; 10.7 per cent in construction; and 10.5 per cent in education. Those working from home amounted to 32.3 per cent; 15.2 per cent travelled less than Vorlage:Convert to their place of work; and 23.6 per cent travelled more than Vorlage:Convert. The community is included in Pwllheli and Llŷn Regeneration Area and was identified in the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2005 as the electoral division in Gwynedd with least access to services; and was ranked 13th in Wales.

Demography

Aberdaron had a population of 1,019 in 2001, of which 20.6 per cent were below the age of 16, and 18.7 per cent were over 65 years of age. Owner occupiers inhabited 53.7 per cent of the dwellings; and 21.7 per cent were rented; 19.6 per cent were holiday homes. Central heating was installed in 62.8 per cent of dwellings; but 2.4 per cent were without sole use of a bath, shower or toilet. The proportion of households without use of a vehicle was 14.3 per cent; but 40.9 per cent had two or more. The population was predominantly white British; 97.8 per cent identifying themselves as such; 71.9 per cent were born in Wales; and 26.9 per cent in England.

Population change in Aberdaron
Year	1801	1811	1821	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881
Aberdaron	1,141	1,442	1,234	1,389	1,350	1,239	1,266	1,247	1,202
Bardsey Island	(4)	71	86	84	90	92	81	84	132
Bodferin	58	87	61	56	64	57	50	62	42
Llanfaelrhys	224	246	262	258	236	255	208	198	186
Y Rhiw	282	318	380	358	378	376	370	340	350
Total	1,705	2,164	2,023	2,145	2,118	2,019	1,975	1,931	1,912
Year	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1941	1951	1961	2001
Aberdaron	1,170	1,119	1,106	1,075	983	{1}	1,275	1,161	1,019
Bardsey Island	77	124	53	58	54	{1}	14	17	(2)
Bodferin	45	49	43	43	36	{1}	{2}	{2}	{2}
Llanfaelrhys	490	499	495	449	385	{1}	{2}	{2}	{2}
Y Rhiw	{3}	{3}	{3}	{3}	{3}	{1}	{2}	{2}	{2}
Total	1,782	1,791	1,697	1,625	1,458	{1}	1,289	1,178	1,019
Notes: (1) census not held in 1941 due to World War II (2) included in figure for Aberdaron (3) included in figure for Llanfaelrhys (4) figure unavailable for Bardsey Island in 1801 census Sources: University of Essex : Online Historical Population Reports A Vision of Britain Through Time : Total Population : Aberdaron Civil Parish A Vision of Britain Through Time : Total Population : Bardsey Island Civil Parish A Vision of Britain Through Time : Total Population : Bodferin Civil Parish A Vision of Britain Through Time : Total Population : Llanfaelrhys Civil Parish A Vision of Britain Through Time : Total Population : Y Rhiw Civil Parish

Landmarks

Y Gegin Fawr was built in the 13th century as a communal kitchen for pilgrims heading to Bardsey Island; it now serves as a tearoom.

Two stone bridges, Pont Fawr and Pont Fach, built in 1823, cross the Afon Daron and Afon Cyll y Felin in the centre of the village. Beyond the bridges the road opens up to create a small market square. The Old Post Office was designed by Portmerion architect, Clough Williams-Ellis.

Y Gegin Fawr was built in the 13th century as a communal kitchen where pilgrims could claim a meal on their way to Bardsey Island. Aberdaron was the last place on the route for rest and refreshment and pilgrims often had to wait weeks in the village for a chance to cross the treacherous waters of Bardsey Sound {Welsh: Swnt Enlli).

Islyn Bakery, built of corrugated iron, is on the main road to Pwllheli.

Next to the car park is a field, Cae y Grogbren (English: Gallows Field), near which is a large red rock. In the Middle Ages, the Abbott from the monastery on Bardsey Island would come to the rock to dispense justice to local criminals. If they were found guilty, the wrong-doer would be hanged and thrown into Pwll Ddiwaelod (English: The Bottomless Pool). The pool is a kettle lake, formed at the end of the Ice Age, when blocks of ice were trapped underground and melted to form round, deep pools.

Above the village, on the Afon Daron, stands Bodwrdda, an early 16th century stone-built house, which had a fulling mill adjacent. Two large brick-built wings were later added, giving an imposing three-storey facade containing early 17th century windows. To the south, Penrhyn Mawr is a substantial late 18th century gable-fronted farmhouse.

Bardsey Island

→ Hauptartikel: Bardsey Island

Bardsey Island, Vorlage:Convert off the mainland, was inhabited in neolithic times, and traces of hut circles remain. During the fifth century the island became a refuge for persecuted Christians, and a small Celtic monastery existed before the arrival of Saint Cadfan in 516. Under his guidance St Mary's Abbey, an Augustinian monastery was built. In medieval times three pilgrimages to Bardsey Island were considered to be of equivalent benefit to the soul as one to Rome. For centuries the island was important as "the holy place of burial for all the bravest and best in the land". Bards called it "the land of indulgences, absolution and pardon, the road to Heaven, and the gate to Paradise". St Mary's Abbey was demolished in 1537, as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII. The choir stalls, two screens and the bells were transferred to Llanengan, where the church was built the same year. People still walk the journey to Aberdaron and Uwchmynydd each year in the footsteps of the saints, although today only ruins of the old abbey's tower remain. A Celtic cross amidst the ruins commemorates the 20,000 saints reputed to be buried on the island. A Methodist chapel was built in 1875, in response to a request from the islanders, by Spencer Bulkeley Wynn, the 3rd Baron Newborough.

A gnarled and twisted apple tree found on the island is believed to be the only survivor of an orchard that was tended by the monks who lived there a thousand years ago. Experts on the varieties of British apples believe that this strain, the Bardsey Apple (Welsh: Afal Enlli), is the only one in the world. Cuttings from the tree have been planted so that they can be sold to raise money for the Bardsey Island Trust.

Both King Arthur and Merlin are reputed to be buried in a cave on the island. According to legend, the Thirteen Rarities of Arthur's regalia were brought to the House of Glass on Avalon, which some have identified as Bardsey Island. This was where Arthur's wounds were healed, and was to be his last resting place. The name of Arthur's sister, Gwenonwy, lives on in the area in the form of a large rock, Maen Gwenonwy, found off­shore to the east of Aberdaron.

Each year 7,000 pairs of Manx shearwaters come ashore under cover of darkness to nest on Bardsey Island.

The island was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1986, and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is now a favourite bird-watching location; thousands of birds pass through each year on their way to their breeding or wintering grounds. Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory (Welsh: Gwylfa Maes ac Adar Ynys Enlli), founded in 1953, nets and rings 8,000 birds each year to learn about their migration patterns. Chiffchaffs, goldcrests and wheatears are usually the first to pass through, followed by sedge warblers and willow warblers, whitethroats and spotted flycatchers. About thirty species regularly nest on the island, including ravens, little owls, oystercatchers and the rare chough. Among hundreds of sea birds, razorbills, guillemots, fulmars and kittiwakes spend the summer nesting on the island's eastern cliffs, the numbers reflecting the fact that there are no land predators such as rats or foxes to worry about. On a dark moonless night an eerie cackling can be heard across the island as 7,000 pairs of Manx shearwaters come ashore to lay and incubate their eggs in abandoned rabbit warrens or newly-dug burrows.

The island is one of the best places in Gwynedd to see grey seals. In mid summer over two hundred can be seen, sunbathing on the rocks or bobbing about in the sea, and about fifteen pups are born each autumn. Their sharp teeth and strong jaws are perfect for breaking the shells of lobsters and crabs which dwell in the waters. It is also possible to spot bottlenose and Risso's dolphins, and porpoises. The currents around the island flush in food-rich waters, and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society has been carrying out surveys since 1999 to find out which areas are important for feeding and nursing calves.

At times, the wind and the fierce sea currents make sailing between the island and the mainland impossible. Sometimes boats are unable to reach or leave Bardsey Island for weeks, and in 2000 seventeen island visitors became stranded for two weeks when gales prevented a boat going to rescue them.

Bardsey Lighthouse, Vorlage:Convert high, was built in 1821 on the southern coast of the island. It has an unusual design, square shaped, and is striped in red and white horizontal bands. In 1987 the lighthouse was converted to automatic operation and is now monitored from the Trinity House depot at Harwich.

The island was bought by the Bardsey Island Trust (Welsh: Ymddiriedolaeth Ynys Enlli) in 1979, after an appeal supported by the Church in Wales and several Welsh academics and public figures. The trust is financed through membership subscriptions, grants and donations, and is dedicated to protecting the wildlife, buildings and archaeological sites of the island; promoting its artistic and cultural life; and encouraging people to visit as a place of natural beauty and pilgrimage. When, in 2000, the trust advertised for a tenant for the Vorlage:Convert sheep farm on the island, they had 1,100 applications. The tenancy is now held by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

Llanfaelrhys

Porth Ysgo is reached by a steep slope from Llanfaelrhys, Vorlage:Convert east of Aberdaron, past a disused manganese mine in Nant y Gadwen. Where the path from Ysgo reaches the beach, a waterfall, Pistyll y Gaseg, tumbles over the cliff. At the eastern end of the bay is Porth Alwm, where the stream from Nant y Gadwen flows into the sea. The south facing beach is composed of fine, firm sand.

To the west, King Arthur's last battle against his arch enemy, Mordred, was supposedly fought in the fields around Porth Cadlan. Offshore lies a rock, Maen Gwenonwy, named after Arthur's sister.

Lladron Maelrhys are two large stones on the border between Llanfaelrhys and Y Rhiw. It is claimed that years ago thieves broke into St Maelrhys Church, intent on stealing money. Caught in the act, they fled for their lives but were caught as they approached Y Rhiw, and killed on the spot. The stones mark their burial place. Another version claims that as they crossed the parish boundary they were turned to stone for their sacrilege.

Porthor

Porthor (English:Whistling Sands) is a cove Vorlage:Convert north of Aberdaron that has smooth white sand. When dry, the sand whistles, or squeaks, underfoot. The crescent shaped beach is backed by steep cliffs of relatively hard rock, from which the cove has been sculpted by the rough seas. The bay is the centre of a National Trust estate which consists of Vorlage:Convert of shoreline, headland and farmland, and includes Mynydd Carreg and Mynydd Anelog.

The beach at Porthor is part of a Vorlage:Convert coastal estate owned by the National Trust.

On the hill summits that dot the headlands are heather and gorse, shaped by the prevailing wind. Thrift and wild thyme thrive on the acidic soil. The cliffs are a stronghold of the chough, and a nesting place for razorbills and guillemots. On the lower rocks, in reach of the waves, are plentiful lichens, seaweeds, sponges, limpets and barnacles.

To the south are Dinas Bach and Dinas Mawr, twin peninsulas formed from weathered pillow lavas 600 million years old, that are thought to have been early fortified sites from the Iron Age. Kittiwakes, cormorants and shags can be seen on the cliffs, while farm birds such as the yellowhammer frequent the gorse.

On Mynydd Anelog, experimental plots have been marked out to monitor different methods of managing heather to discover the best way the habitat can be conserved for the future.

North of Porthor is Porth Iago, a south facing narrow inlet and rocky cove, which has a small beach and steep cliffs.

Rhoshirwaun

Rhoshirwaun lies Vorlage:Convert to the north east of Aberdaron, and was formerly a marshy area. It provided fuel from peat cuttings, pasture for animals and accommodated squatters, mainly fishermen, who had encroached on the common with the tacit acceptance of the community. An inclosure act was drawn up in 1802, designed to remove all squatters who had been there less than twenty years. Resistance to the evictions was fierce and was only suppressed by a contingent of dragoons. The act was finally applied in 1814; new roads were built across the moor; boundaries were established; allotments allocated; and wetland reclaimed.

Castell Odo, on Mynydd Ystum, is one of Europe's earliest Iron Age Settlements, and stands Vorlage:Convert above sea level. The hill fort, Vorlage:Convert in diameter, has visible traces of eight circular huts; pottery found on the site dates from 425 BC. Legend has it that a giant, Odo Gawr, is buried under a cairn of stones on the summit; nearby is a huge rock known as Carreg Samson, supposedly thrown from Uwchmynydd by Samson. The holes in the rock are said to be the imprint of his fingers; a pot of gold reputedly lies under it.

To the east of the village, Felin Uchaf is an educational centre exploring ways of living and working in partnership with the environment. Developed on a redundant farm, it provides residential courses in rural skills and sustainable agriculture; a traditional Iron Age roundhouse has been built on the site.

Uwchmynydd

Uwchmynydd, Vorlage:Convert to the south west of Aberdaron, has a long history of human settlement. Mesolithic flints have been found in the area, and a neolithic stone axe was discovered on Mynydd Mawr. Hut circles are visible on the summits, and part of a Roman anchor was recovered off Trwyn Bychestyn.

At Mynydd Mawr the picnic site has views which, on a fine day, take in Cardigan Bay, Bardsey Island and the Wicklow Mountains; at night, South Stack Lighthouse is visible in the distance. A road to the summit, owned by the National Trust, was built during World War II to provide access to the heights, where men were posted to give early warning to Liverpool of Luftwaffe air raids. The former Coastguard lookout point, manned for nearly 80 years before becoming redundant in 1990, provides views over Bardsey Sound to the island; the hut contains an exhibition, and a mural created by local children.

The headland at Braich y Pwll is the only known location on the British mainland for the spotted rock rose, which produces bright yellow petals that last only one day. The coast here has open grass heath land and mountain, giving way to rugged sea cliffs and coves. There is a profusion of wildlife, and it is an ideal vantage point to watch the spring and autumn bird migrations. Choughs, Peregrine falcons, kestrels, puffins, stonechats, guillemots and Manx shearwaters can be seen, and dolphins, porpoises and seals can be spotted in the water.

Above the sea cliffs are the remains of Capel Mair (English: St Mary's Church), where it was customary for pilgrims to invoke the protection of the Virgin Mary before making the dangerous crossing to Bardsey Island. At the foot of Mynydd Mawr is Ffynnon Fair (English: St Mary's Well), the last stop for pilgrims crossing to Bardsey Island. The well is a freshwater spring which is covered twice daily by the sea, emerging from the ebbing tide with crystal clear water.

Cwrt, now a large farm, was the administrative centre of Bardsey Island's mainland estates, and was known as the "Court of Bardsey". The steepest cliffs in the Llŷn Peninsula are at Y Parwyd, the scene of a local ghost story. In 1794 a newly married couple moved into a cottage nearby. Within a few years they were disturbed by a phantom, but when they read a verse from the Bible, the phantom would retreat towards Y Parwyd and hover over the cliff edge before disappearing. The couple finally moved to Bodferin. In 1801 a ship pilot was put ashore on the rocks below the cliffs. Although very drunk, he managed to climb the cliff face and, reaching the top, fell asleep in a sheep pen. In the early morning, he awoke and, still drunk, headed for home. He walked in the wrong direction, however, and disappeared over the cliff edge into the sea.

The traditional embarkation point for pilgrims crossing to Bardsey Island was at Porth Meudwy (Welsh: Hermit's Cove), now a lobster fishing cove. Further south is Porth y Pistyll which has good views of Ynysoedd Gwylanod, home to puffin and guillemot colonies, and Pen y Cil, where the Precambrian pillow lavas are exposed, revealing how they have been contorted over time.

Y Rhiw

Bwlch y Garreg Wen at Y Rhiw, built in 1731, is a croglofft cottage, a type of agricultural worker's house found throughout the Llŷn Peninsula.

The mountain-top hamlet of Y Rhiw is Vorlage:Convert to the east. There are fine views of the Llŷn Peninsula towards Snowdonia. On the slopes of Mynydd Rhiw is a late Stone Age burial chamber, and neolithic quarries. Nearby on Mynydd y Graig are three hill forts, several hut circles and terraced fields that are thought to date from the late Iron Age. In 1955 a Bronze Age cinerary urn was uncovered in the village.

Plas yn Rhiw, owned by the National Trust, is an early 17th century house that was restored by the Keating sisters in 1939, advised by Clough Williams-Ellis. It is believed that the house is on or near the site of an earlier defended house, built by Meirion Goch in the 10th century to prevent incursions by Vikings into Porth Neigwl.

Transport

Aberdaron lies at the end of the B4413 from Pwllheli. Buses to Nefyn and Pwllheli are operated by Arriva Buses Wales and Nefyn Coaches. Bardsey Boat Trips and Enlli Charters run ferries to Bardsey Island. The nearest railway station is at Pwllheli.

Education

In the early 19th century a school for the education of poor children was held, alternating on a four year cycle between Aberdaron, Llanfaelrhys, Bryncroes and Y Rhiw. A national school opened at Y Rhiw in 1877 and had 74 pupils on its register; it closed in 1965.

Primary education is now provided by Ysgol Crud y Werin in Aberdaron, which has 48 pupils, and by Ysgol Llidiardau in Rhoshirwaun, established in 1880, which has 30 pupils. At the last school inspection by Estyn at Ysgol Crud y Werin, in 2008, no pupils were entitled to free school meals and 84 percent came from homes where Welsh was the main spoken language. Welsh is the main medium of teaching.. Ysgol Llidiardau was last inspected in 2009, when 18 percent of pupils were entitled to free school meals and 36 percent came from homes where Welsh was the predominant language. Secondary school pupils mainly attend Ysgol Botwnnog.

Culture

Aberdaron is a predominantly Welsh speaking community; 75.2 percent of the population speak the language. A mobile library visits a number of sites in the community each week; in summer, harp recitals and concerts are held in St Hywyn's Church; and Gŵyl Pen Draw'r Byd (English: The Land's End Festival) is a yearly event which includes beach side concerts and competitions on the shore; a concert is held in the evening at Morfa Mawr Farm. Since 2008, Gŵyl Pentre Coll (English: The Lost Village Festival), has been held at Felin Uchaf, in Rhoshirwaun; the festival features contemporary acoustic music.

The poet Ronald Stuart Thomas was vicar of St Hywyn's Church from 1967 to 1978; when he retired he lived for some years in Y Rhiw. An ardent Welsh nationalist who learnt to speak Welsh, his poetry was based on his religious faith. In 1995 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and he was widely regarded as the best religious poet of his time. The subject of one of R S Thomas's poems, Richard Robert Jones, better known as "Dic Aberdaron", was born in the village in 1780. Despite very little formal education, he is said to have been fluent in fourteen languages, and spent years traveling the country accompanied by his books and his cat.

William Rowlands won a prize at the National Eisteddfod in 1922, for an adventure story written for boys. The book, Y Llong Lo (English: The Coal Ship) was published in 1924, and told the story of two boys who stow away on one of the ships that brought coal to Porth Neigwl. The South African poet Roy Campbell published The Flaming Terrapin, written in a croglofft cottage above Porth Ysgo, in 1922; he was considered to be one of the best poets of the period between the two World Wars. Considered one of the most significant Welsh poets of the 15th century, Dafydd Nanmor, in Gwallt Llio, compared the striking yellow colour of the rocks at Uwchmynydd, covered by golden hair lichen, to the colour of his loved one's hair.

Yorkshire born poet, Christine Evans, lives half the year on Bardsey Island, spending the winters at Uwchmynydd. She moved to Pwllheli as a teacher, and married into a Bardsey Island farming family. On maternity leave in 1976, she started writing poems, and her first book was published seven years later. Cometary Phrases was Welsh Book of the Year 1989 and she was the winner of the inaugural Roland Mathias Prize in 2005.

Edgar Ewart Pritchard, an amateur film-maker from Brownhills, produced "The Island in the Current", a colour movie of life on Bardsey Island. in 1953. A copy of the film is held by the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales. A candle lantern, discovered in 1946 in a cowshed at Y Rhiw, is now displayed in St Fagans National History Museum; and Iron Age pottery found at Castell Odo is on display at Gwynedd Museum and Art Gallery in Bangor.

Dilys Cadwaladr, the former school teacher on Bardsey Island, in 1953 became the first woman to win the Crown at the National Eisteddfod for her long poem Y Llen; and artist Brenda Chamberlain twice won the Gold Medal for Art at the Eisteddfod. Some of the murals she painted can still be seen on the walls of Carreg, her island home from 1947 to 1962. Wildlife artist Kim Atkinson, whose work has been widely exhibited in Wales and England, spent her childhood on the island and returned to live there in the 1980s.

Since 1999, Bardsey Island Trust has appointed an Artist in Residence to spend several weeks on the island producing work which is later exhibited on the mainland. A Welsh literary residence was created in 2002; singer-songwriter Fflur Dafydd spent six weeks working on a collection of poetry and prose. Her play Hugo was inspired by her stay, and she has produced two novels, Atyniad (English: Attraction), which won the prose medal at the 2006 Eisteddfod; and Twenty Thousand Saints, winner of the Oxfam Hay Prize, which tells how the women of the island, starved of men, turn to each other.

It was tradition for Bardsey Island to elect the King of Bardsey (Welsh:Brenin Enlli), and from 1820 onwards he would be crowned by Baron Newborough or his representative. The crown is now kept at Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool, although calls have been made for it to return to Gwynedd. At the outbreak of World War I, the last king, Love Pritchard, offered himself and the men of the island for military service, but he was refused as he was considered too old at the age of 71. Pritchard took umbrage, and declared the island to be a neutral power. In 1925 Pritchard left the island for the mainland, to seek a less laborious way of life, but died the following year.

Petty spurge, euphorbia peplus, has been found to cure 71 per cent of cases of basal cell carcinoma.

Owen Griffith, a qualified pharmacist from Penycaerau, who was known as the "Doctor of the Wild Wart", used a traditional herbalist remedy to cure basal cell carcinoma, also known as rodent ulcer. The remedy had supposedly been passed on to the family 300 years earlier by an Irish tinker. In 1932 a woman died while receiving treatment and, even though the inquest into her death found that no blame was apportioned to the treatment, the Chief Medical Officer for Caernarfonshire vociferously condemned the treatment in the press. Former patients came out in support of the pharmacist, and petitions were sent to the Department of Health demanding that a licence be granted to Griffith and his cousin. In 2006 a Queensland biotechnology company announced that a gel which uses the raw sap of petty spurge had been found in tests to cure 71 percent of the tumours.

There are several folk tales of the Tylwyth Teg, the fairy people who inhabited the area and an invisible land in Cardigan Bay. One tells of a farmer from Aberdaron who was in the habit of stepping outside his house before retiring to bed. One night he was spoken to by a stranger, who asked why the farmer was annoyed by him. The farmer, confused, asked what the stranger meant and was told to stand with one foot on the stranger's. This he did, and could see another house, just below his own, and that all the farm's slops went down the chimney of the invisible house. The stranger asked if the farmer would move his door to the other side of the house, which the farmer subsequently did, walling up the original door. From that day, the farmer's livestock flourished, and he became one of the most prosperous men in the area.

Religion

A church was founded in Aberdaron in the 6th century by Saint Hywyn, a follower of Saint Cadfan. This was a significant institution, a monastery and centre of religious learning, rather than simply a place of worship for the locals. The present double naved St Hywyn's Church (Welsh: Eglwys Hywyn Sant), built in 1137 and known as "The Cathedral of Llŷn", stands above the shore and was on the pilgrim route to Bardsey Island. It contains a 12th century Romanesque arched door, and a square bell turret. The church was extended in 1417 and abandoned in 1841, when the locals decided to build a new church, Eglwys Newydd, in the village. The new building however, proved unpopular and the congregation returned in 1906. Inside is a display about the life and works of the poet, Ronald Stuart Thomas, and in the churchyard stand Y Meini Feracius a Senagus (English: The Veracius and Senacus Stones), the tombstones of two 5th century Christian priests, found in the 18th century on farmland near Mynydd Anelog. In 2008 the church became the centre of controversy when the local vicar blessed a gay civil partnership, after approval by the local church council. The vicar was reprimanded by Barry Morgan, the Archbishop of Wales. Referring to the Archbishop's protests, the vicar stated "There was a bit of a to-do about it".

St Hywyn's Church was built in 1137 on the site of a 6th century religious foundation and is known as the "The Cathedral of Llŷn".

The church at Llanfaelrhys is the only one in the United Kingdom dedicated to Saint Maelrhys, the cousin of both Saint Cadfan and Saint Hywyn, who accompanied them to Wales from Brittany. Legend attributes the building of the church to a trader who landed a cargo of flour near Aberdaron during a famine. He used the profit from his sale to construct a small church for the locals. Much of the building is medieval. The font dates back to the 15th century, and there are plain hard wooden benches on the north side; on the south side are 19th century wooden box pews. The graveyard contains the graves of the three Keating sisters, who restored Plas yn Rhiw.

St Aelrhiw's Church at Y Rhiw was built in 1860 on the footings of an earlier church. It consists of a small nave and short chancel; aisles to the north and south; and has boulder built walls and a slate roof. The churchyard contains the graves of some of the bodies that were washed up at Porth Neigwl during World War I.

Above Porth Iago is the site of the ancient St Medin's Church, now just a mound in the middle of a field. It used to be the parish church of Bodferin.

Capel Nebo at Y Rhiw was built in 1813 for the Congregationalists.

One of the first non-conformists in the area was Morgan Griffith of Y Rhiw. In 1745 he was brought before the court in Pwllheli where he was jailed for failing to renounce his beliefs. After his release he returned to Y Rhiw and began to preach again. Re-arrested, he was returned to a prison ship in England, where he subsequently died. Two of the earliest non-conformist chapels in the Llŷn Peninsula were established at Penycaerau, in 1768, and Uwchmynydd, in 1770. The Congregationalists opened Cephas Independent Chapel in 1829. At Y Rhiw, Capel Nebo was built in 1813 by the Congregationalists. The Wesleyan Methodists followed in 1878 at Capel Pisgah, and the Calvinistic Methodists at Capel Tan y Foel. Capel Bethesda, the Baptist chapel at Rhoshirwaun, was built in 1904.

Aberdaron is also home to a Seventh-day Adventist youth camp named Glan-yr-afon, located Vorlage:Convert from the village centre.

At the 2001 census 73.9 percent of the population claimed to be Christian, while 15.0 percent stated that they had no religion.

Sport

Aberdaron hosts numerous sailing regattas featuring clinker built boats unique to the area. There is a popular regatta every August where the races are open to everyone. Sea angling trips are operated from Porth Meudwy, fishing for pollock, coley and mackerel. Wrasse, bass, mullet and gurnard are also possible. Bass and coley can be caught from the rocks at Porth Iago; and wrasse, pollock and mackerel are plentiful. Access is difficult at Uwchmynydd, but pollock, mackerel, wrasse and conger are caught; huss are plentiful; and ling are found occasionally.

The village is a popular walking centre and lies on the Llŷn Coastal Path {Welsh: Llwybr Arfordir Llŷn), which runs Vorlage:Convert from Caernarfon to Porthmadog. Kayaking is possible from both Aberdaron and Porth Neigwl, and the south facing "sunshine coast" is a major attraction. There are camping facilities for canoeists on the shores of Porth Neigwl. Tidal streams are generally weak, although landing conditions are tricky when there is wind or swell from the south.

The area has excellent diving. Underwater visibility at Bardsey Island extends to 20 metres and there is a rich variety of sea life; it is considered some of the best diving in Gwynedd. The Ynysoedd Gwylanod are particularly popular, and the wreck of the Glenocum, in Aberdaron Bay, is excellent for novices, having a maximum depth of 8 metres. An extremely large conger eel lives in the lower section of the boiler openings. There is spectacular diving at Pen y Cil, where there is a slate wreck and an unusual cave dive. Nearby, Carreg Ddu is an isolated rocky island in Bardsey Sound, though care must be taken as there are strong currents.

Bathing is popular along the coast. Aberdaron Beach, facing south west, is sandy, gently shelving and safe, and received a Seaside Award in 2008. Porthor also attracts bathers, and has sands which squeak when walked on. In 2009 the beach at Porth Neigwl was awarded a Green Coast Award. Porth Ysgo is rated to have the best bouldering in Wales, due to its diverse textures and shapes, and perfect sea washed gabbro. Aberdaron Beach is a good environment for all levels of surfing, producing consistent and well-formed waves, although it can be dangerous at high tide when the waves break directly onto boulders underneath the cliff. Porth Neigwl, over Vorlage:Convert long, has surfing even when other local beaches are blown out, producing great waves that are suitable for all levels of surfer; the better surfers head for the northern end. Porthor is a popular spot for body boarding, and is often favoured by learners.

External links

Commons: Aberdaron – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• Y Rhiw
• Geograph : Photographs of Aberdaron