CrossFit

Fitnesstrainingsmethode und Wettkampfsport
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CrossFit is a strength and conditioning fitness methodology. Its stated goal is to create "the quintessential athlete, equal parts gymnast, Olympic weightlifter,sprinter, rower and 800meter runner."[1] Crossfit is not sport-specific and promotes broad and general overall physical fitness. Its growing popularity has been fueled by an open source and virtual community Internet model.

Description

CrossFit maintains that proficiency is required in each of 10 fitness domains: cardiovascular/respiratory endurance, stamina, strength, flexibility, power, speed, agility, balance, coordination, and accuracy.[1] CrossFit says it increases work capacity and speed in these domains by provoking neurologic and hormonal adaptations across all metabolic pathways. The program's weightlifting component includes complex, compound movements with heavy loads. CrossFit also uses kettlebells, gymnastics rings, pull-up bars and many calisthenics exercises. CrossFit may call on athletes to run, row, climb ropes, jump up on boxes, flip giant tires, and carry odd objects. They can also bounce medicine balls against the floor or a target on a wall.

CrossFit workouts typically call for athletes to work hard and fast, often with no rest. Many CrossFit gyms use scoring and ranking systems, transforming workouts into sport. [2][3]

CrossFit adaptations include programs tailored for children, seniors, football players, military special forces candidates, triathletes and martial artists. Most CrossFit gyms also offer "Boot Camp" or "Elements of CrossFit" introductory classes for beginners.[4]

History and growth

Datei:2007 CF Cert 2.JPG
CrossFit Trainer Certification, 2007

Greg Glassman, a former gymnastVorlage:Fact, created the CrossFit training methodology in the 1980s. The program gained the attention of various military and law enforcement agencies. In 1995, Glassman was hired to train the Santa Cruz, CA police department. The first CrossFit gym opened in Santa Cruz in 1995. The CrossFit website, launched in 2001, now includes an extensive video library of exercise demonstrations and a very active discussion forum. The number of CrossFit-affiliated gyms has grown from 18 in 2005 to 1,000 on March 2, 2009. According to Canada's Business News Network, CrossFit is "one of the fastest growing fitness movements on the planet."[5]

CrossFit's affiliate model rejects franchising and requires few start up expenditures. CrossFit headquarters certifies CrossFit trainers, approves applications for gyms to become affiliates and publishes "The CrossFit Journal", but does not share in revenue from membership fees. Affiliate owners pay either $500, $1,000 or $2,000 annually for affiliation and are then free to develop their own programming, instructional methods and membership fee structure. CrossFit says this de-centralized model, somewhat similar to open source software projects, allows best practices to emerge from a diversity of approaches. [5] Monthly membership fees generally range from $85 to $300, with $150 a fee often charged. Many affiliates feature small group classes that allow for individual coaching. Classes often include a warm up, a skill development segment, and a high-intensity timed workout that lasts 10 to 20 minutes.

Some Crossfit athletes perform the "Workout of the Day" posted at the CrossFit website and never visit a CrossFit gym. Others formulate their own workouts based on CrossFit's principles.Vorlage:Fact

In 2007, the United States Marine Corps began a shift in its physical training program. The emphasis is moving away from aerobic training and toward more combat-oriented "functional fitness training" [6] by incorporating CrossFit principles. Many U.S. and Canadian police and fire departments, U.S. Army Special Forces and the Canadian Forces now base some of their physical training on CrossFit principles.[7][8]

CrossFit is also being adopted by a growing number of high school physical education teachers and by teams at both the high school and college level. [9]

CrossFit Games

Every year the CrossFit games are held to find the fittest man and woman on the planet. The CF games consist of two days and anywhere from 4-7 workouts, these workouts are a grueling test of not only the athletes physical fitness but also their mental state. The top CrossFit athletes have to push past the pain and fatigue and take their mind and body to really dark place that only they can find within them.

Criticism

Vorlage:Criticism-section


CrossFit has been criticized for its perceived "cult-like" mentality.[1][10] Some fitness professionals[2][11] and a senior officer who commands the U.S. Navy’s Center for Personal and Professional Development[12] believe CrossFit workouts are so intense that participants risk injury or even death from rhabdomyolysis. CrossFit has also been criticized for lax certification standards [1] and oversight of its affiliates. Everyone who pays $1,000 to attend a weekend seminar is certified as a CrossFit trainer; there are no pre-requisites or exams.[1] In October 2008, a Virginia jury awarded $300,000 in damages to a man disabled by a workout at a gym that had been CrossFit-affiliated, but was not affiliated at the time of the alleged injury. (The trainer was not certified by Crossfit and CrossFit was not named as a defendant.)[12] CrossFit subsequently announced formation of the affiliate-owned CrossFit Risk Retention Group to provide a form of self-insurance and vigorously defend any future lawsuits. CrossFit says its rate of rhabdomyolysis is a small fraction of the rate for many other sports or conventional police and military training. It says actuarial studies proving that claim are forthcoming

CrossFit responds to criticism that its program is too intense by citing an essential element of its methodology: workouts should always be individually scaled and varied. Critics fault CrossFit's high participant drop out rate (up to 80% at Glassman's Santa Cruz gym).[2] CrossFit responds that its high intensity and competitive atmosphere are not for everyone. CrossFit says the drop out rate is also high at conventional gyms — where many clients rely on machines, record few performance gains, and pay in advance for annual memberships they quickly abandon.

References

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  1. a b c d Barker Jill: Crossfit is fast and furious, Montreal Gazette, 14. Februar 2006. Abgerufen am 21. November 2007 
  2. a b c Roy Wallack: A workout that is fast, furious and not for the faint of heart (PDF) In: Los Angeles Times, April 10, 2006. Abgerufen am 21. November 2007 
  3. Scott, Paul: A no-nonsense look at the often nonsensical world of fitness clubs. In: Best Life Magazine. 23. Oktober 2007;.
  4. Rebekah Sanderlin: Commando-create workout has cult following, Fayetteville Observer, 18. Dezember 2006. Abgerufen am 21. November 2007 
  5. a b Working Out (CrossFit) (Video), Business News Network, November 2, 2007 
  6. A Concept for Functional Fitness. (PDF) CrossFit, November 2006;.
  7. Rutland, Wade: Large Group Fitness Training. (PDF) In: CrossFit Journal. CrossFit, Juni 2006;.
  8. Rutland, Capt L.W., Williams, Capt J.T. and Capt Jeff Bird: The Canadian Infantry School's Austere AFOP Briefing. (PDF) CrossFit, 1. August 2006;.
  9. Stewart, I.A.: UCSC Notebook: Men's rugby getting fit for the season (Memento des Originals vom 23. Dezember 2007) In: Santa Cruz Sentinel, December 14, 2007 
  10. Hefferman, Virginia: God's Workout In: New York Times, March 23, 2008 
  11. Dube, Rebecca: No puke, no pain - no gain. In: Globe and Mail. 11. Januar 2008;: „The CrossFit exercise craze promises elite fitness for the masses via the Internet. But while some devotees brag about throwing up from overexertion, others have been hospitalized after tackling their workouts too hard.“
  12. a b Mitchell, Bryan: Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging In: Marine Corps Times, August 16, 2006. Abgerufen am 16. August 2008