Sumer
Guā-māu
Sumer sī Mesopotamia tē-khu ê bûn-bêng, sī sè-kài-siōng siāng-chá ê bûn-bêng chi-it. Kî-tiong ê Ubaid sî-kî tāi-iok tī kong-gôan-chêng 6-chhian-nî ê sî-chūn; Uruk sî-kî tī kong-gôan-chêng 4-chhian-nî ê sî-chūn; Ông-tiâu sî-kî tī kong-gôan-chêng 3-chhian-nî. Sumer bûn-bêng āu-bé tī kong-gôan-chêng 2-chhian-nî ê sî-chūn ê hō͘ Babylon chhú-tāi.