男性气质
男性化或男子氣、男人味指的是某種行為或事物體現出來的、令人聯想到男性氣概的現象，它不單取決於生理特征，在不同文化中也會有不同的、具象或抽象的表現形式。[1][2][3] 男性化的行為或事物一般可以與女性化的行為或事物形成鮮明對照。[4][5]
例如勇氣、自立和自信等通常被看做男性化的特征，[6][7][8] 不過在某些文化和社會中也有完全不同的認識，[9] 甚至恰好相反。[10] 過度強調男子氣概將導致大男子主義。[11]
參考文獻
- 腳註
- ^ Marianne van den Wijngaard. Reinventing the sexes: the biomedical construction of femininity and masculinity. Race, gender, and science. Indiana University Press. 1997: 171 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-253-21087-9.
- ^ Hale Martin, Stephen Edward Finn. Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. U of Minnesota Press. 2010: 310 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-8166-2445-3.
- ^ Richard Dunphy. Sexual politics: an introduction. Edinburgh University Press. 2000: 240 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-7486-1247-5.
- ^ Ferrante, Joan. Sociology: A Global Perspective 7th. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. : 269–272. ISBN 0-8400-3204-8.
- ^ Gender, Women and Health: What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?', The World Health Organization
- ^ Vetterling-Braggin, Mary "Femininity," "masculinity," and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussion
- ^ Worell, Judith, Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1 Elsevier, 2001, ISBN 0-12-227246-3, ISBN 978-0-12-227246-2
- ^ Thomas, R. Murray. Recent Theories of Human Development. Sage Publications. 2000: 248. ISBN 0761922474.
Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits (courage, strong will, ambition, independence, assertiveness, initiative, rationality and emotional control).
- ^ Witt, edited by Charlotte. Feminist Metaphysics: Explorations in the Ontology of Sex, Gender and Identity. Dordrecht: Springer. 2010: 77. ISBN 90-481-3782-9.
- ^ Are computers masculine or feminine?. orion.math.iastate.edu. [7 March 2015].
- ^ Machismo (exaggerated masculinity) - Encyclopædia Britannica online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [6 March 2015].
- Bibliography
- Beynon, John. Chapter 4: Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis'. Masculinities and culture. Philadelphia: Open University Press. 2002: 75–97. ISBN 978-0-335-19988-4.
- Reeser, Todd W. Masculinities in theory: an introduction. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4051-6859-5.
- Connell, R.W. 3. The Social Organization of Masculinity. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: Polity. 2001. ISBN 978-0-520-24698-0.
- Levine, Martin P. (1998). Gay Macho. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-4694-2.
- Stibbe, Arran. (2004). "Health and the Social Construction of Masculinity in Men's Health Magazine." Men and Masculinities; 7 (1) July, pp. 31–51.
- Strate, Lance "Beer Commercials: A Manual on Masculinity" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001
外部鏈接
- The Men's Bibliography, a comprehensive bibliography of writing on men, masculinities, gender and sexualities, listing over 16,700 works. (mainly from a constructionist perspective)
- Boyhood Studies, features a 2200+ bibliography of young masculinities.
- Practical Manliness, A manly blog that applies "historical ideals to modern men".
- The ManKind Project of Chicago, supporting men in leading meaningful lives of integrity, accountability, responsibility, and emotional intelligence
- NIMH web pages on men and depression, talks about men and their depression and how to get help.
- Article entitled "Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound" The symbolism of the story as it relates to the Wounded Masculinity of Men by Richard Sanderson M.Ed., B.A.
- BULL, Print and online literary journal specializing in masculine fiction for a male audience.
- Art of Manliness, An online web magazine/blog dedicated to "reviving the lost art of manliness".
- The Masculinity Conspiracy, An online book critiquing constructions of masculinity.
- Men in America, series by National Public Radio