Research and development
Research and development (R&D) refers to a wide range of activities by businesses, governments and academic institutions designed to gather knowledge and test new ideas.[1] This often leads to the development of new products or new ways of doing things.[2] R&D generally has three main activities.[3] These are: basic research, applied research and development.[3] Basic research is aimed at getting new knowledge with no immediate use or purpose in mind.[3] Applied research is just the opposite. It is research for a definite purpose or product.[3] Development has more to do with adding features to a product. Often, development is a process of eliminating all but the best idea to arrive at the best solution.[4] Basic and applied research costs are often written off as expenses while the costs of development are added to the cost of the product.[5] R&D often results in owning intellectual property such as patents.[5] In Europe, R&D is called research and technical/technological development (RTD).[2]
In 2015, Volkswagen was the world's leading spender in R&D[6]}}
References
- ↑ Rodney Michael. "What is Research and Development? - Definition, Methods & Examples". Study.com. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Research And Development - R&D". Investopedia. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bronwyn H. Hall (December 2006). "Research and Development" (PDF). Economics Laboratory, University of California; Berkeley. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ Bradford Goldense (16 September 2014). "What's The Difference Between Research and Development?". Machine Design. Penton. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "research and development (R&D)". Business Dictionary. WebFinance Inc. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ "The top innovators and spenders". Strategy&. PwC. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Other websites
- See research articles about technology research and development in universities at: https://cloviahamiltonblog.wordpress.com/research/