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Cloud computing

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In Computer science Cloud computing is a software architecture model for Internet-based computing, it is the development and use of computer technology on the Internet. The cloud is a metaphor for the Internet based on how the internet is descried in computer network diagrams; which means it is an abstraction hiding the complex infrastructure of the internet.[1] It is a style of computing in which IT-related capabilities are provided “as a service”,[2] allowing users to access technology-enabled services from the Internet ("in the cloud")[3] without knowledge of, or control over the technologies behind these servers.[4]

According a to paper published by IEEE Internet Computing in 2008 "Cloud Computing is a paradigm in which information is permanently stored in servers on the Internet and cached temporarily on clients that include computers, laptops, handhelds, sensors, etc."[5]

Cloud computing is a general concept that utilizes software as a service (SaaS), such as Web 2.0 and other technology trends, all depends on the Internet for satisfying users needs. For example, Google Apps provides common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the Internet servers.

Brief

Comparisons

Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing (a form of distributed computing whereby a "super and virtual computer" is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks), utility computing (the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity)[6] and autonomic computing (computer systems capable of self-management).[7] Indeed many cloud computing deployments are today powered by grids, have autonomic characteristics and are billed like utilities, but cloud computing can be seen as a natural next step from the grid-utility model.[8] Some successful cloud architectures have little or no centralised infrastructure or billing systems whatsoever including peer to peer networks like BitTorrent and Skype and volunteer computing like SETI@home.[9]

Architecture

The majority of cloud computing infrastructure currently consists of reliable services delivered through data centers that are built on computer and storage virtualization technologies. The services are accessible anywhere in the world, with The Cloud appearing as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of customers and typically offer service level agreements.[10] Open standards and open source software are also critical to the growth of cloud computing.[11]

Characteristics

As customers generally do not own the infrastructure, they are merely accessing or renting, they can forego capital expenditure and consume resources as a service, paying instead for what they use. Many cloud computing offerings have adopted the utility computing model which is analogous to how traditional utilities like electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a subscription basis. By sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power between multiple tenants, utilization rates can be improved (as servers are not left idle) which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development. A side effect of this approach is that "computer capacity rises dramatically" as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads.[12] Adoption has been enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth" which makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.

Providers

Cloud computing is being driven by providers including Amazon, Google, EMC Corp., Salesforce and Yahoo! as well as traditional vendors including Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel[13], Microsoft[14] and SAP[15]. It is adopted from individual users through large enterprises as General Electric, L'Oréal, Procter & Gamble and Valeo.[16][17].

History

The Cloud[18] is a metaphor for the Internet,[19] derived from its common depiction in network diagrams (or more generally components which are managed by others) as a cloud outline.[20]

The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility" (indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s) and the term cloud was already in commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks.[21] By the turn of the 21st century, cloud computing solutions had started to appear on the market,[22] though most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service.

Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble and (having found the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements) providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.[23]

2007 saw increased activity, including Google, IBM and a number of universities embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project,[24] around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled.[25]

In August 2008 Gartner observed that "organisations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas".[26]

Political issues

The Cloud spans many borders and "may be the ultimate form of globalisation"[27]. As such it is the subject of complex geopolitical issues, whereby providers must satisfy a myriad of regulatory environments in order to deliver service to a global market. This dates back to the early days of the Internet, where libertarian thinkers felt that "cyberspace was a distinct place calling for laws and legal institutions of its own"; author Neal Stephenson envisaged this as a tiny island data haven called Kinakuta in his science-fiction classic novel Cryptonomicon[27].

Although there have been efforts to harmonise the legal environment (such as US-EU Safe Harbor), providers like Amazon Web Services are currently catering to the major markets (typically the United States and European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability zones"[28]. Nonetheless there are still concerns about security and privacy from individual through governmental level (eg the USA PATRIOT Act and use of national security letters and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act's Stored Communications Act).

In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term '"cloud computing" (Template:US trademark) in the United States. It received a "Notice of Allowance" in July 2008 which was subsequently canceled on August 6, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application less than a week later.

In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General Public License, a version of GPLv3 designed to close a perceived legal loophole associated with Free software designed to be run over a network, particularly software as a service. An application service provider is required to release any changes they make to Affero GPL open source code.

Key characteristics

Template:Cleanup-section

  • Capital expenditure minimized and thus low barrier to entry as infrastructure is owned by the provider and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Services are typically being available to or specifically targeting retail consumers and small businesses.
  • Device and location independence[29] which enables users to access systems regardless of location or what device they are using (eg PC, mobile).
  • Multitenancy enabling sharing of resources (and costs) among a large pool of users, allowing for:
    • Centralization of infrastructure in areas with lower costs (eg real estate, electricity)
    • Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load levels)
    • Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10-20% utilised.[23]
  • Performance is monitored and consistent but can be affected by insufficient bandwidth or high network load.
  • Reliability by way of multiple redundant sites, which makes it suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery,[30] however IT and business managers are able to do little when an outage hits them.[31] Historical data on cloud outages is tracked in the Cloud Computing Incidents Database.[32]
  • Scalability which meets changing user demands (e.g. Flash Crowds) quickly, without having to engineer for peak loads. Massive scalability and large user bases are common but not an absolute requirement.
  • Security which typically improves due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc. but which raises concerns about loss of control over certain sensitive data. Accesses are typically logged but accessing the audit logs themselves can be difficult or impossible.
  • Sustainability through improved resource utilisation, more efficient systems and carbon neutrality.[33]

Components

Application

A cloud application leverages The Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. For example:

Client

A cloud client is computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on The Cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services, and which is in either case essentially useless without it.[34] For example:

Infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure (e.g. Infrastructure as a service) is the delivery of computer infrastructure (typically a platform virtualization environment) as a service.[42] For example:


Platform

A cloud platform (eg Platform as a service) (the delivery of a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service) facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.[43] For example:

Service

A cloud service (eg Web Service) is "software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network"[44] which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software (eg Software plus services) or end users directly.[45] For example:

Storage

Cloud storage is the delivery of data storage as a service (including database-like services), often billed on a utility computing basis (eg per gigabyte per month).[46] For example:

Traditional storage vendors have recently begun to offer their own flavor of cloud storage, sometimes in conjunction with their existing software products (e.g. Symantec's Online Storage for Backup Exec). Others focus on providing a new kind of back-end storage optimally designed for delivering cloud storage (EMC's Atmos), categorically known as Cloud Optimized Storage.

Architecture

Cloud architecture[47] is the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing (eg hardware, software) as designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces (usually web services).[48]

This is very similar to the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.

Cloud architecture extends to the client where web browsers and/or software applications are used to access cloud applications.

Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds , each independently delivering data to applications or users.

Roles

Provider

A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties. Usually this requires significant resources and expertise in building and managing next generation data centers. Some organisations are realising a subset of the benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal" cloud providers and servicing themselves, though they do not benefit from the same economies of scale and still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates some overhead. Nonetheless, significant operational efficiency and agility advantages can be realised even by small organisations and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already well underway.[49] Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernising its data centers which, like most computer networks were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.[23]

The companies listed in the Components section are providers.

User

A user is a consumer of cloud computing.[34] The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of increasing concern.[50][51] The rights of users is also an issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights (currently in draft).[52][53]

Vendor

A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of cloud computing.[54] For example:

Standards

A cloud standard is one of a number of existing (typically lightweight) open standards that have facilitated the growth of cloud computing, including:[56]


References

  1. ↑ The Internet Cloud
  2. ↑ Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-business
  3. ↑ What's the difference Between Cloud Computing and SaaS?
  4. ↑ Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing
  5. ↑ ORGs for Scalable, Robust, Privacy-Friendly Client Cloud Computing
  6. ↑ "It's probable that you've misunderstood "Cloud Computing" till now". TechPluto.
  7. ↑ What's In A Name? Utility vs. Cloud vs Grid
  8. ↑ I.B.M. to Push ‘Cloud Computing,’ Using Data From Afar
  9. ↑ ACM Ubiquity: Emergence of The Academic Computing Cloud
  10. ↑ Rajkumar Buyya1, Chee Shin Yeo1, Srikumar Venugopal1. "Market-Oriented Cloud Computing: Vision, Hype, and Reality for Delivering IT Services as Computing Utilities" (PDF). Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved on 31 July 2008.
  11. ↑ Open source fuels growth of cloud computing, software-as-a-service
  12. ↑ Cloud Computing: The Evolution of Software-as-a-Service
  13. ↑ With Their Heads in the Clouds
  14. ↑ [1]
  15. ↑ http://www.informationweek.com/news/services/saas/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207601148
  16. ↑ Google Apps makes its way into big business
  17. ↑ Google, Inc. Q2 2008 Earnings Call
  18. ↑ Cloud Computing: When Computers Really Do Rule
  19. ↑ What cloud computing really means
  20. ↑ The Internet Cloud
  21. ↑ July, 1993 meeting report from the IP over ATM working group of the IETF
  22. ↑ Internet Critic Takes on Microsoft
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Jeff Bezos' Risky Bet
  24. ↑ Google and I.B.M. Join in ‘Cloud Computing’ Research
  25. ↑ Keep an eye on cloud computing
  26. ↑ Gartner Says Worldwide IT Spending On Pace to Surpass $3.4 Trillion in 2008
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Computers without borders
  28. ↑ Feature Guide: Amazon EC2 Availability Zones
  29. ↑ The new geek chic: Data centers
  30. ↑ Cloud Computing: Small Companies Take Flight
  31. ↑ Google Apps Admins Jittery About Gmail, Hopeful About Future
  32. ↑ A New Resource, Born of a Cloud Feud
  33. ↑ Google to go carbon neutral by 2008
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Nimbus Cloud Guide
  35. ↑ Google's Open Source Android OS Will Free the Wireless Web
  36. ↑ In Sync to Pierce the Cloud
  37. ↑ Microsoft demos mobile cloud sync client
  38. ↑ CherryPal brings cloud computing to the masses
  39. ↑ Zonbu has alluring features, price
  40. ↑ GOS cloud computing
  41. ↑ Google Chrome Aims to Break Microsoft Windows
  42. ↑ EMC buys Pi and forms a cloud computing group
  43. ↑ Google angles for business users with 'platform as a service'
  44. ↑ "Web Services Glossary".
  45. ↑ The Emerging Cloud Service Architecture
  46. ↑ Google, Microsoft and Apple building online storage havens: you win
  47. ↑ Building GrepTheWeb in the Cloud, Part 1: Cloud Architectures
  48. ↑ Cloud Maturity Is Accelerating: More Than Just Reaction To The Hype?
  49. ↑ ACM Queue - Beyond Server Consolidation
  50. ↑ ORGs for Scalable, Robust, Privacy-Friendly Client Cloud Computing
  51. ↑ Google Privacy Practices Worse Than ISP Snooping, AT&T Charges
  52. ↑ Draft Cloud Computing: Bill of Rights Now Available
  53. ↑ Johnston, Sam (2008-09-16). "Cloud Computing:Bill of rights". Retrieved 2008-09-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  54. ↑ List of Cloud Platforms, Providers and Enablers
  55. ↑ Red Hat chief: 'The clouds will all run Linux'
  56. ↑ The Cloud and Standards
  57. ↑ Lock-in, security loom as dark side of Compute Cloud
  58. ↑ LinuxWorld/Next Generation Data Center attendees get schooled in cloud computing
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: The named reference cloudfeud was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
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