ទូរគមនាគមន៍នៅប្រទេសកម្ពុជា
| Telecommunications | |
|---|---|
| |
| Communications towers in Kampong Thom | |
| Telephone land lines | 530,000 (2011)[១] |
| Mobile lines | 13.8 million (2011)[១] |
| Telephone country code | +855[១] |
| Internet hosts | 13,784 (2012)[១] |
| Internet users | 738,641 (2012)[២] |
| Internet country code | .kh[១] |
ទូរគមនាគមន៍នៅប្រទេសកម្ពុជា រួមមាន ទូរស័ព្ទ វិទ្យុ ទូរទស្សន៍ និងសេវាកម្ម អ៊ីនធឺណិត ត្រូវបានកំណត់ដោយ ក្រសួងប្រៃសណីយ៍ និងទូរគមនាគមន៍។ ការដឹកជញ្ជូន និងការប្រកាស ត្រូវបានស្តារឡើងវិញភាគច្រើនបំផុតនៅទូទាំងប្រទេសនេះក្នុងដើមទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ 1980 អំឡុងពេល សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតនៃ របបកម្ពុជា បន្ទាប់ពីត្រូវបានបង្អាក់ក្រោម របបខ្មែរក្រហម។
នៅក្នុងខែមករា ឆ្នាំ1987 ស្ថានីយ៍ទំនាក់ទំនងទំហំ Intersputnik របស់សូវៀតបានចាប់ផ្តើមប្រតិបត្ដិការនៅក្នុងរាជធានីភ្នំពេញ និងបានបង្កើតការភ្ជាប់ទំនាក់ទំនង២ មាន ទូរគមនាគមន៍រវាង កម្ពុជា និងរដ្ឋធានីម៉ូស្គូ ,ហាណូយ ,វៀងចាន់ និងទីក្រុងប៉ារីស។ ការបញ្ចប់នៃស្ថានីយ៍ផ្កាយរណបផែនដីបានស្ដារឡើងវិញ ទូរស័ព្ទ និងtelex បានតភ្ជាប់ក្នុងចំណោម រាជធានីភ្នំពេញ, ទីក្រុងហាណូយ និងបណ្តាប្រទេសផ្សេងទៀត ជាលើកទីមួយចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ 1975។ បើទោះបីជាសេវាទូរគមនាគមន៍ត្រូវបានកំណត់ពីដំបូងទៅកាន់រដ្ឋាភិបាល ការទំនាក់ទំនងនេះបានជួយបំបាត់ភាពឯកោរបស់ប្រទេសមួយទាំងខាងក្នុងនិង អន្តរជាតិ។ នាពេលបច្ចុប្បន្ននេះដោយលទ្ធភាពនៃទូរស័ព្ទចល័ត ការទំនាក់ទំនងបើកចំហដល់មនុស្សទាំងអស់គ្នា។
ទូរស័ព្ទ
- Fixed: 530,000 lines, 95th in the world, 4 per 100 persons (2011)[១]
- Mobile cellular: 13.8 million lines, 58th in the world, 92 per 100 persons (2011)[១]
- Satellite earth stations: 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)[១]
- International access code: 855[១]
ក្រុមហ៊ុនគមនាគមន៍របស់រាជរដ្ឋាភិបាលគឺទូរគមនាគមន៍កម្ពុជា បានបង្កើតឡើងនៅឆ្នាំ 2006 ដែលជាការពង្រីកនៃនាយកដ្ឋានប្រតិបត្ដិការទូរគមនាគមន៍របស់ក្រសួងប្រៃសណីយ៍ និងទូរគមនាគមន៍មួយ។
សេវា Fixed line នៅក្នុងរាជធានីភ្នំពេញនិងបណ្តាខេត្តផ្សេងទៀតគឺអាចប្រើបាន។ ប្រព័ន្ធទូរស័ព្ទចល័តត្រូវបានគេប្រើយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយនៅក្នុងតំបន់ទីក្រុងដើម្បីជៀសវាងបញ្ហាកង្វះ fixed-line network។ ប្រព័ន្ធគ្របដណ្តប់របស់ទូរស័ព្ទដៃត្រូវបានពង្រីកយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័សនៅក្នុងតំបន់ជនបទ។
ការទទួលបានការហៅអន្តរជាតិគឺមានគ្រប់គ្រាន់ប៉ុនតែមានតម្លៃថ្លៃ។ Fixed line និងសេវាទូរស័ព្ទចល័តមានសម្រាប់ប្រទេសទាំងអស់មកពីរាជធានីភ្នំពេញ និងបណ្តាទីក្រុងឬទីរួមខេត្ត ។ [1]
បណ្តាញទូរស័ព្ទចល័ត
| បណ្តាញ | ក្រុមហ៊ុន | Mobile Prefixes | Mobile Examples | Landline Prefixes | Landline Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Beeline |
Sotelco Ltd. |
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Mobitel |
CamGSM Co., Ltd. |
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- |
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CooTel |
Xinwei (Cambodia) |
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Excell |
GT-TELL (Cambodia) |
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- |
- |
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Metfone |
Viettel (Cambodia) |
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- |
- |
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qb |
Cambodia Advance Communications |
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- |
- |
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Smart |
Smart Axiata Co., Ltd |
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វិទ្យុ និង ទូរទស្សន៍
នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2009 បណ្ដាញផ្សព្វផ្សាយនៅកម្ពុជាត្រូវបានគេលាយចូលជាមួយ ក្រុមហ៊ុនសាធារណៈ , ឯកជន និងឯកជនរួមគ្នាគ្រប់គ្រងដោយរដ្ឋមួយ។[១]
ស្ថានីយ៍វិទ្យុ
នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2009 មានប្រហែល 50 ស្ថានីយ៍វិទ្យុដែលចាក់ផ្សាយ។ ការផ្សាយរបស់រដ្ឋជាមួយ នឹងស្ថានីយ៍ជាច្រើន បានរួមក្នាដ៏ធំមួយនៃបណ្ដាញផ្សព្វផ្សាយជាសាធារណៈ និងឯកជន។ ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយអន្តរជាតិជាច្រើនបានកើតមានឡើង។[១]
ភ្នំពេញ
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ស្ថានីយ៍ខេត្ត
មានស្ថានីយ៍វិទ្យុផ្សេងទៀតគឺនៅក្នុងខេត្តមានដូចខាងក្រោម: បន្ទាយមានជ័យ, បាត់ដំបង, កំពង់ចាម, កំពង់ធំ, កំពត, កណ្តាល, ខេត្តប៉ៃលិន, ព្រះវិហារ, សៀមរាប, ខេត្តព្រះសីហនុ និង ខេត្តស្វាយរៀង។
ទូរទស្សន៍
នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2009 មានស្ថានីយ៍ទូរទស្សន៍ចាក់ផ្សាយចំនួន 9 ដែលមានប្រតិបត្តិការច្រើនបំផុតនៅលើបណ្តាញ រួមមាន ស្ថានីយ៍របស់រដ្ន និង ស្ថានីយ៍បញ្ជូនបន្ត។ ប្រព័ន្ធខ្សែកាប និងផ្កាយរណបគឺចាប់ផ្តើមមានដំណើរការ។
Broadcast and cable networks
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Provincial television stations
- Kandal Province - Broadcasting on channel 27, Bayon Television is Cambodia's only UHF channel. A private television company belonging to Prime Minister Hun Sen, it also operates Bayon Radio FM 95 MHz. It was established in January 1998.
- Mondulkiri - Established in 1999, relays TVK on channel 10.
- Preah Vihear - Established in 2006, broadcasts on channel 7.
- Ratanakiri - Established in 1993, relays TVK on channel 7.
- Siem Reap - Established in 2002, relays TV3 on channel 12.
Internet
During 2012 Internet access was somewhat available to the people of Cambidia, particularly in urban centers, and some 50 percent of Cambodians were able to access the Internet through their mobile phones, according to the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.[១១]
- Internet Users: 738,641 users, 122nd in the world; 4.9 per 100 persons, 187th in the world (2012)[២]
- Fixed broadband: 30,653 subscriptions, 121st in the world; 0.2 per 100 persons, 158th in the world (2012)[១២]
- Mobile broadband: 1,032,781 subscriptions, 70th in the world; 6.9 subscriptions per 100 persons, 100th in the world (2012)[១៣]
- Internet Hosts: 13,784 hosts, 129th in the world (2012)[១]
- Country code: .kh[១]
Internet service providers
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Internet censorship and surveillance
In its Freedom on the Net 2013 report, Freedom House gives Cambodia a "Freedom on the Net Status" of "partly free".
Compared to traditional media in Cambodia, new media, including online news, social networks and personal blogs, enjoy more freedom and independence from government censorship and restrictions. However, the government does proactively block blogs and websites, either on moral grounds, or for hosting content deemed critical of the government. The government restricts access to sexually explicit content, but does not systematically censor online political discourse. Since 2011 three blogs hosted overseas have been blocked for perceived antigovernment content. In 2012, government ministries threatened to shutter internet cafes too near schools—citing moral concerns—and instituted surveillance of cafe premises and cell phone subscribers as a security measure.[១៤]
Early in 2011, very likely at the urging of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, all Cambodian ISPs blocked the hosting service Blogspot, apparently in reaction to a December 2010 post on KI-Media, a blog run by Cambodians from both inside and outside the country. The site, which is often critical of the administration, described the prime minister and other officials as "traitors" after opposition leader Sam Rainsy alleged they had sold land to Vietnam at a contested national border. All ISPs but one subsequently restored service to the sites following customer complaints. In February 2011, however, multiple ISPs reinstated blocks on individual Blogspot sites, including KI-Media, Khmerization—another critical citizen journalist blog—and a blog by the Khmer political cartoonist Sacrava.[១៤]
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without appropriate legal authority. During 2012 NGOs expressed concern about potential online restrictions. In February and November, the government published two circulars, which, if implemented fully, would require Internet cafes to install surveillance cameras and restrict operations within major urban centers. Activists also reported concern about a draft “cybercrimes” law, noting that it could be used to restrict online freedoms. The government maintained it would only regulate criminal activity.[១១]
The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press; however, these rights were not always respected in practice. The 1995 press law prohibits prepublication censorship or imprisonment for expressing opinions; however, the government uses the penal code to prosecute citizens on defamation, disinformation, and incitement charges. The penal code does not prescribe imprisonment for defamation, but does for incitement or spreading disinformation, which carry prison sentences of up to three years. Judges also can order fines, which may lead to jail time if not paid. The constitution requires that free speech not adversely affect public security.[១១]
The constitution declares that the king is “inviolable,” and a Ministry of Interior directive conforming to the defamation law reiterates these limits and prohibits publishers and editors from disseminating stories that insult or defame government leaders and institutions. The continued criminalization of defamation and disinformation and a broad interpretation of criminal incitement constrains freedom of expression.[១១]
The law provides for the privacy of residence and correspondence and prohibits illegal searches; however, NGOs report that police routinely conduct searches and seizures without warrants.[១១]
Corruption remains pervasive and governmental human rights bodies are generally ineffective. A weak judiciary that sometimes fails to provide due process or fair trial procedures is a serious problem. The courts lack human and financial resources and, as a result, are not truly independent and are subject to corruption and political influence.[១១]
See also
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
- ↑ ១,០០ ១,០១ ១,០២ ១,០៣ ១,០៤ ១,០៥ ១,០៦ ១,០៧ ១,០៨ ១,០៩ ១,១០ ១,១១ ១,១២ "Communications", Cambodia, World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ ២,០ ២,១ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012", International Telecommunications Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
- ↑ Beeline, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ Cellcard, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ CooTel, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ Xinwei, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ Excell, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ Metfone, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ qb, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ Smart, website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ ១១,០ ១១,១ ១១,២ ១១,៣ ១១,៤ ១១,៥ "Cambodia", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 21 March 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ↑ "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
- ↑ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
- ↑ ១៤,០ ១៤,១ "Cambodia country report", Freedom on the Net 2013, Freedom House, 3 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
External links
- Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
- Telecom Cambodia
- Television stations in Cambodia
- Cambodia Cultural Profile,[តំណភ្ជាប់ខូច] Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts/Visiting Arts.
- "3G phones banned in anti-porn drive", China Daily (Associated Press), 26 May 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- "Rights group condemns "online censorship" by Cambodian government", Asia-Pacific News, Monsters and Critics, 16 February 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
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- Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook
- អត្ថបទទាំងអស់ដែលមានតំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅខូច
- អត្ថបទទាំងអស់ដែលមានតំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅខូចពីOctober 2013
- អត្ថបទដែលមានបរាមាត្រកាលបរិច្ឆេទអសុពលភាពក្នុងទំព័រគំរូ
- Communications in Cambodia
- Telecommunications in Cambodia
- Internet censorship by country
- Internet in Cambodia