Cliquish function

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In mathematics, the notion of a cliquish function is similar to, but weaker than, the notion of a continuous function and quasi-continuous function. All (quasi-)continuous functions are cliquish but the converse is not true in general.

Definition

Let $X$ be a topological space. A real-valued function $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ is cliquish at a point $x\in X$ if for any $\epsilon >0$ and any open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ there is a non-empty open set $G\subset U$ such that

|f(y)-f(z)|<\epsilon \;\;\;\;\forall y,z\in G

Note that in the above definition, it is not necessary that $x\in G$ .

Properties

If $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ is (quasi-)continuous then $f$ is cliquish.
If $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ and $g:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ are quasi-continuous, then $f+g$ is cliquish.
If $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ is cliquish then $f$ is the sum of two quasi-continuous functions .

Example

Consider the function $f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ defined by $f(x)=0$ whenever $x\leq 0$ and $f(x)=1$ whenever $x>0$ . Clearly f is continuous everywhere except at x=0, thus cliquish everywhere except (at most) at x=0. At x=0, take any open neighborhood U of x. Then there exists an open set $G\subset U$ such that $y,z<0\;\forall y,z\in G$ . Clearly this yields $|f(y)-f(z)|=0\;\forall y\in G$ thus f is cliquish.

In contrast, the function $g:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ defined by $g(x)=0$ whenever $x$ is a rational number and $g(x)=1$ whenever $x$ is an irrational number is nowhere cliquish, since every nonempty open set $G$ contains some $y_{1},y_{2}$ with $|g(y_{1})-g(y_{2})|=1$ .