Trans-regulatory element
Trans-regulatory elements are genes which may modify (or regulate) the expression of distant genes.[1] More specifically, trans-regulatory elements are DNA sequences that encode trans-acting factors (often proteins such as transcription factors).
Trans-regulatory elements work through an intermolecular interaction between two different molecules and so are said to be "acting in trans". For example (1) a transcribed and translated transcription factor protein derived from the trans-regulatory element; and a (2) DNA regulatory element that is adjacent to the regulated gene. This is in contrast to cis-regulatory elements that work through an intramolecular interaction between different parts of the same molecule: (1) a gene; and (2) an adjacent regulatory element for that gene in the same DNA molecule.
Examples of trans-acting factors include the genes for:[2]
- Subunits of RNA polymerase
- Proteins that bind to RNA polymerase to stabilize the initiation complex
- Proteins that bind to all promoter of specific sequences, but not to RNA polymerase (TFIID factors)
- Proteins that bind to a few promoters and are required for transcription initiation (positive regulators of gene expression)
Examples
Trans-acting factors can be categorized by their interactions with the regulated genes, cis-acting elements of the genes, or the gene products.
DNA binding
DNA binding trans-acting factors regulate gene expression by interfering with the gene itself or cis-acting elements of the gene, which lead to changes in transcription activities. This can be direct initiation of transcription.[3] promotion or repression of transcriptional protein activities.[4]
Specific examples include:
DNA editing
DNA editing proteins edit and permanently change gene sequence, and subsequently the gene expression of the cell.[5][6] All progenies of the cell will inherit the edited gene sequence.[7] DNA editing proteins often take part in the immune response system of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, providing high variance in gene expression in adaptation to various pathogens.[8]
Specific examples include:
See also
References
- ^ Gilad Y, Rifkin SA, Pritchard JK (August 2008). "Revealing the architecture of gene regulation: the promise of eQTL studies". Trends Genet. 24 (8): 408–15. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.06.001. PMC 2583071. PMID 18597885.
- ^ McClean, Phillip. "Cis-Acting element and trans-acting factors". 1998.
- ^ Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (2000). "Transcription and RNA polymerase". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3520-5.
- ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Berk A, Darnell JE, Zipursky SL, Baltimore D, Matsudaira P (2000). "Section 10.5: Eukaryotic Transcription Activators and Repressors". Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3136-8.
- ^ Roth DB (December 2014). "V(D)J Recombination: Mechanism, Errors, and Fidelity". Microbiology Spectrum. 2 (6). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0041-2014. PMC 5089068. PMID 26104458.
- ^ McGinn J, Marraffini LA (January 2019). "Molecular mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 17 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0071-7. PMID 30171202.
- ^ Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport M, Schlomchik M (2001). "B-cell activation by armed helper T cells". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-3642-6.
- ^ Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport M, Schlomchik M (2001). "The generation of diversity in immunoglobulins". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-3642-6.
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